The 4 parenting styles that hurt children the most, the last one, parents often do

I saw a video on the Internet about a dad's tearful self-report.

He saw a sentence written by his son on his own hand on his son's iPad: Kill the little tree father.

Little Tree's father was shocked, he didn't know what he had done to make a six-year-old hate himself so much.

He slowly asked the child to know that it was because he interfered too much with the child.

Writing homework is not good, eating is not slow, even the walking posture and what shoes he wears must control his son.

As parents, we may feel that we think: Isn't this discipline the right thing to do, and isn't education itself the right to correct the child's mistakes?

In fact, it is not, this is not education, but constantly compressing the child's growth space and constantly strangling the child's free will.

In real life, there will often be such a scene of a heart-wrenching parent-child relationship - parents take care of themselves, but children feel that they are inferior to orphans. Parents do their best to raise their children into enemies.

There are some parenting styles that are pushing the child away, that is, hurting the child with an invisible knife.

These four kinds of parents, all exert their own desire for control in different ways, are likely to unconsciously raise their children into enemies.

Parents with childhood trauma are prone to repeating the same mistakes

Children who have been hurt by their parents since childhood have silently said a word in their hearts: When I have a child, I will definitely not treat him like this.

If this oath had been true, there would have been no intergenerational transmission of the word in the dictionary.

In fact, children who have not been well loved since childhood will not be born to love children after becoming parents.

On the level of consciousness, they will regard the child as their own inner child, trying to compensate for that child, for compensating for the injured self.

But subconsciously, they will be jealous of their children, and the happiness of their children will arouse their inner pain.

They will identify with their parents' parenting style and their parents' strength. Then inflict the same pain on your own child.

Teacher Zeng Qifeng said: Parents will let their children repeat their trauma, so as to cultivate their children to be the people who understand themselves best.

Just like the little tree dad mentioned above, he was always scolded by his parents to go to the toilet to cry secretly, and he was counted down by his mother for half a month because he lost a shoe, which made him afraid to go home.

After becoming a father, he "inherited" that fear to his children.

Just like Su Mingyu's mother in "All Is Well", she herself grew up in a patriarchal family, and she is obviously a victim. After becoming a mother, she became an abuser again.

Just like the parents of our generation, they have suffered a lot of life themselves, and they can also be determined to fight hard and let their children live a good life.

But when they see us start to have no worries, even if we sleep lazily and buy high-end fruits once, they will nag for a long time.

Parents manipulate their children's lives by "repeating" the past.

There will also be a sentence "We were much worse than you when we were young" to arouse the child's sense of powerlessness.

This pain, passed down from generation to generation, has become a resentment of generations of children against their parents.

The dissatisfaction we once had with our parents has become the dissatisfaction that our children are now with us.

Narcissistic parents who control their children with high pressure

There was once a news story where a 24-year-old man called the police and said, "I killed someone, I killed me."

When the police arrived, he had only one request, which was to let the police take him away and ask to be detained.

The 24-year-old man is the father of two children. That night the two children were a little sleepy, and the mother kept nagging and urging him to take the children to sleep.

It was this urging that provoked the man's deep depression that had been buried in his heart for more than 20 years.

From childhood to adulthood, whether it is a small matter of eating and sleeping, or a big thing of getting married and having children, his mother always stares at him in every detail, urges him, asks him, and he does not have a little freedom.

Many parents are already old in their biological age, but psychologically, they are still like a baby waiting to be fed.

Governed by the sense of omnipotent narcissism, they feel that they are all-powerful, and what they want others must be satisfied immediately, otherwise they will cry and make a lot of noise.

The same is true for children, who require them to develop according to their own expectations and complete the big and small things they expect.

If not, their all-powerful narcissism will be frustrated, which will turn into almighty rage, they will vent at the child, they will keep nagging, and they will do things that hurt the child.

And children, as a weak and independent individual, have always been dominated by their parents.

In order to love their parents, they are willing to tolerate more, but in the process of forbearance, children will resent their parents more and more, and they will hate themselves more and more.

The phrase "I killed me" seems like a joke, but it is actually a subconscious outpouring.

Mom's high desire for control squeezed out his ego space. Mother and son have shared a soul for a long time, and the child has always been the one whose space has been compressed.

Finally to the point of intolerable, either he "killed" himself, completely obeyed his mother, and became a tool man without self.

Or, he "killed" his mother, completed his separation from her, and refused to accept the mother's will imposed.

Narcissistic parents who are too controlling have forced their children into the position of enemies step by step.

Parents who are too "innocent" tie their children up with feelings of guilt

There is a type of parent who is full of sadness.

They have lived a very hard life, burning themselves for the sake of their children. Reluctant to eat, reluctant to wear, eager to smash the bones to the child.

However, this kind of parent often cannot exchange their children's gratitude, but will also make the children resentful.

In "An Jia", there is an old Yan couple who sell buns, they make fifty cents a bun, live in a shop that sells buns, and rely on this accumulation of 3 million yuan to buy a house for their son.

They were reluctant to let their son eat even the pain of repaying the loan, but what did the son use to give back to them?

The son moved into a new house and threw his parents out of the house.

Such things are not unique, and they are really poignant.

But the truth behind this is that parents only pay and do not accept, using the "sense of innocence" to put themselves in the high position of the relationship.

In the popular TV series "Dear Child", the mother-in-law indulged in playing mahjong when she took the child, and threw the child off the stroller.

Instead of seeking forgiveness, she went home and lay on the ground to wipe the floor.

The son and daughter-in-law wanted to blame her, so she took out herself and wiped the ground three times, cooking hard every day to block each other's mouths.

Controlling children with feelings of guilt is also a common way for parents.

They can't face their own guilt and don't want to feel guilt, so they project guilt onto the child and let the child experience this guilt.

A person's guilt accumulates more, and it becomes anger, anger that wants to escape.

Therefore, in reality, parents who are bitter and bitter often raise children who do not understand gratitude. Over-giving parents make their children want to stay away.

Proper guilt can inspire a sense of responsibility. But excessive guilt can make people feel frightened.

Demeaning parents deprive their children of their self-esteem

When parents lack a sense of security in their hearts, they will gain a sense of inner security by controlling their children's lives.

There are many ways in which parents manipulate their children, some with guilt, some with indifference, some with violence, and some with derogatory ways.

One of the topics in Round Table Pie is why parents like to tell their children that they picked them up in the trash.

Dou Wentao said a point: In essence, this is a kind of manipulation, they just want to look at you with fear, and you are afraid that they will laugh.

"Making the child feel afraid" is indeed a good way to manipulate.

It is difficult for us to control a person who is stronger than us, and the weaker the person, the easier it is to be controlled.

Therefore, parents like to make their children feel that "I am so bad, no one wants me except my parents" through demeaning and negative ways, so as to better control their children.

They say it's love, it's for your own good, maybe at PUA.

I saw a post on the Internet where a netizen said that when he became an adult, his parents would open his door lock and rummage through his bag. No matter how low his eyebrows are, he will be scolded by his parents.

His parents treated him as a personal object, and they scolded him whenever they wanted. Even if he insults his personality, he has to kneel and lick back, otherwise his parents will say that he is not filial piety.

From this post, we can see the hatred of a child.

"Then I broke out and no one paid any attention to anyone".

The demeaning and insulting personality of the parents raises the child to become an enemy.

They are obviously for better control, but their mouths are full of "for your own good"

When one day, the child is unwilling to continue to live a life without dignity and no personality, it is the day of renunciation with the parents.

Write at the end

I believe that most parents are not willing to become hostile to their children.

I also know that most parents don't understand the way to love.

They don't recognize themselves and don't want to understand how their children feel.

Therefore, in the accumulation of bits and pieces, push the child away little by little.

So, what is the right love, and what is the love and freedom that children need?

A netizen said it well:

It is real love, it is not to panic and be afraid, it is that you can get rewarded for your efforts, it is I who love you and you love me, it is my sense of security and courage.

It's not easy to do this because many parents are injured children themselves.

That said, if we want to end intergenerational transmission and enjoy a fluid parent-child relationship, we must start by changing ourselves.

END

May Solar Terms Tuina is arranged in advance

Temperance to massage and do twice as effectively

How did the language universe come into being? 　　1. Scientists believe it originated as an incredible big bang between 13.7 billion years ago. It was an unimaginable big bang of energy, and it would take 12 billion to 15 billion years for light at the edge of the universe to reach Earth. The material emitted by the Big Bang drifts through space, and the huge galaxies made up of many stars are made of this material, and our sun is one of the countless stars. Originally, people imagined that the universe would not expand due to gravity, but scientists have found that there is a "dark energy" in the universe that produces a repulsive force that accelerates the expansion of the universe.　　2. Cosmology holds that the universe we observe, in the early stages of its conception, concentrates on a singularity in which an individual is actively small, extremely hot, and extremely dense. Around 14.1 billion years ago, the Big Bang occurred after the singularity, and the birth history of the universe in which we live began.　　3. 0.01 seconds after the Big Bang, the temperature of the universe is about 100 billion degrees. The main forms of material existence are electrons, photons, and neutrinos. After that, the substance spreads rapidly and the temperature decreases rapidly. 1 second after the Big Bang, it dropped to 10 billion degrees. 14 seconds after the Big Bang, the temperature was about 3 billion degrees. After 35 seconds, at 300 million degrees, chemical elements begin to form. The temperature keeps dropping and atoms keep forming. The universe is filled with clouds of gas. Under the action of gravity, they formed a star system, which has undergone a long evolution to become today's universe.　　What is the universe? How big is the universe? What is the age of the universe? 　　The universe is the general term for all things, the unity of time and space. From the latest observations, the farthest galaxy we have observed is 13 billion light-years away. That is, if a beam of light emanates from the galaxy at a rate of 300,000 kilometers per second, it will take 13 billion years to reach Earth. According to the Big Bang model of the universe, the age of the universe is about 20 billion years. How many galaxies are there in the universe? How many stars are there in each galaxy? 　　In this spherical space with a radius of 13 billion light-years, there are about 125 billion galaxies that have been discovered and observed, and each galaxy has tens of billions to trillions of stars like the Sun. So with a simple math problem, it's not hard to see how many stars there are in the universe we've already observed. In such a vast universe, the earth is really like a drop in the ocean, and it is insignificant. Basics of Astronomy (I) The Age of the Sun and earth? 　　It is estimated that the age of the Sun is 10 million to 2000 years older than the Earth, while with radiometric dating, the age of the Earth is 4.5 billion years, so the age of the Sun is 4.51 billion years. Introduction to the Milky Way is the galaxy to which the Earth and the Sun belong. It is named after the bright bands of its main body projected on the celestial sphere and is called the Milky Way by the continent. The Milky Way is swirling, with 4 spiral-shaped spiral arms extending evenly and symmetrically from the center of the Milky Way. The center of the Milky Way and the 4 spiral arms are all places where stars are densely packed. From a distance, the Milky Way looks like a large discus for physical exercise, with a diameter of 100,000 light-years, equivalent to 946,800,000 billion kilometers. The thickest part of the middle is about 3,000 to 12,000 light years. The Milky Way as a whole rotates poorly, and the Sun is located on a spiral arm called the Orion Arm, about 25,000 light-years from the center of the Milky Way. Most stars in the Milky Way are concentrated in a flat spherical space range that is shaped like a discus. The protruding part of the middle of the flat sphere is called a "nuclear sphere" and has a radius of about 7,000 light-years. The middle of the nucleus ball is called "silver core", and the surrounding area is called "silver disk". Outside the silver disk there is a larger spherical shape, where there are few stars and a small density, called a "silver halo", with a diameter of 70,000 light-years. The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy with a spiral structure, i.e. a silver center and two spiral arms that are 4500 light-years apart. The rotation speed and period of each part of it vary depending on the distance from the silver center. In 1971, British astronomers Lyndon Bell and Martin Ness analyzed infrared observations and other properties in the central region of the Milky Way, pointing out that the energy source at the center of the Milky Way should be a black hole, but since there is currently no conclusive evidence for massive black holes. How does the Milky Way work? How many years does the Sun orbit the Milky Way? What is the age of the Milky Way? 　　The Milky Way is a giant spiral galaxy of type Sb with a total of 4 spiral arms. Contains one to two hundred billion stars. The Sun is about 23,000 light-years away from the galactic center and orbits the galactic center at a speed of 250 km/s, with a period of about 250 million years. Regarding the age of the Milky Way, the current dominant view is that the Milky Way was born shortly after the Big Bang of the universe, and it is calculated in this way that the age of our Milky Way is about 14.5 billion years old, with an error of more than 2 billion years each. And the scientific community believes that the "Big Bang" of the birth of the universe occurred about ... 　　What is a galaxy? How many galaxies and stars are there in the universe? 　　Most of the light points on the dome are stars of the Milky Way, but there are also a considerable number of luminous bodies that are huge star groups similar to the Milky Way, which have historically been mistaken for nebulae, we call them extragalactic galaxies, and now we know that there are more than 100 billion galaxies, and the famous Andromeda Galaxy and the Great Magellanic Cloud are visible extragalactic galaxies to the naked eye. The ubiquity of galaxies suggests that it represents a hierarchy in the structure of the universe, which is a more fundamental level than stars from the point of view of cosmic evolution. There are 100 billion to 200 billion galaxies like the Milky Way in the universe. If the number of stars in the Milky Way is calculated as low as 200 billion (some people estimate that it is 1000 billion), the number of stars in the universe is calculated from this as 2×1022 to 4×1022, that is, 20 trillion to 40 trillion (some people have introduced 800 trillion to 5000 trillion billion). How many stars are there in the Milky Way? How many times the mass of the Milky Way is the Sun? How many stars are there in the universe? 　　About 90 percent of the Milky Way's material is concentrated in stars, and the Milky Way also contains gas and dust, which accounts for about 10 percent of the total mass of the Milky Way. The total mass of the Milky Way is about 1 trillion times the mass of our Sun, roughly 10 times the mass of all the stars in the Milky Way combined. The total mass of all stars in the Milky Way tends to be 700 billion solar masses, and it is calculated that the average mass of 1 star is 0.7 times the mass of the sun, so 700 billion solar masses means 1000 billion stars. There are about 80 billion to 125 billion galaxies in the universe, with 800 trillion billion stars, the error is about 10 times, and some people calculate that it is 5000 trillion billion stars, which will not exceed 6 times the actual situation. How many stars are born in the Milky Way each year? 　　The Milky Way is about 12 billion years old, during which time about 700 billion stars have formed, or more than 50 stars are born each year. About 500 stars have formed in the last 10 million years, and of course thousands of nebulae that are forming stars.　　Which galaxies are closest to the Milky Way? 　　The Centaur dwarf galaxy is the closest, located about 78,200 light-years away. Next up are the Large Magellanic Cloud, 159,000 light-years away, and the Magellanic Cloud, 189,000 light-years away. How far is Earth from the center of the Milky Way? 　　Earth is about 25,000 light-years from the center of the Milky Way, with an error of 1,600 light-years.　　How many Sun-like stars are there in the Milky Way? 　　There are about 26,348 stars of the same color and luminosity as the Milky Way like the Sun.　　How far are the edges of the solar system from the Sun? 　　The Kuiper Belt at the far reaches of the solar system is a disk-like region of wisdom nuclei and some large bodies, perhaps 24 billion kilometers from the Sun.　　What is a planet? How many planets are there in the solar system? 　　How to define the concept of planets has been a controversial issue in astronomy. The Congress of the International Astronomical Union adopted a new definition of "planet" on August 24, 2006, which includes the following three points: 1. It must be a celestial body orbiting the star; 2. The mass must be large enough that its own attraction and rotation speed must be balanced to make it spherical; 3. It must not be affected by other objects around the orbit and can clear other objects near its orbit. In general, planets must be more than 800 kilometers in diameter and more than 5 billion tons in mass.　　According to this definition, there are currently 8 planets in the solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. What is the order of the size of the planets in the solar system and the proportions relative to Earth? 　　1.Jupiter 1316 2.Saturn 745 3.Uranus 65.2 4.Neptune 57.1 5.Earth 1 6.Venus 0.856 7.Mars 0.150 8.Mercury 0.056 Ranking of the eight planets near and far, size and volume? 　　The nine planets in the solar system are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune in order of distance from the Sun.　　The masses are, from largest to smallest: Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus, Earth, Venus, Mars, Mercury The volume is in order from largest to smallest: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Earth, Venus, Mars, Mercury What is a star? How many stars can you see with the human eye at night? 　　Spherical or spherical-like objects composed of hot gas that emit their own light, stars are gas planets. The chemical composition of a normal star's atmosphere is similar to that of the Sun's atmosphere. According to the quality calculation, hydrogen is the most, helium is the second, and the rest are roughly oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, neon, silicon, magnesium, iron, sulfur and so on according to the content. The closest star to Earth is the Sun. This is followed by Proxima Centauri, which emits light that takes 4.22 years to reach Earth. On clear and moonless nights, and in areas without light pollution, the average person can see more than 6,000 stars with the naked eye. With the help of telescopes, hundreds of thousands or even millions of them can be seen.　 How are the masses and densities of stars measured? 　　Only special binary star systems can measure the mass, and the mass of general stars can only be estimated according to methods such as mass-light relationship. The measured mass of stars is between a few percent and 120 times the mass of the Sun, but most stars have masses between 0.1 and 10 solar masses. The density of stars can be derived from diameter and mass, ranging from about 10 g/cm (red supergiant) to 10 to 10 g/cm (neutron stars).　　What is a light-year and how many light-years is the diameter of the Milky Way? 　　Unit of length, refers to the distance of light walking in a vacuum, 1 light year = 94600 km, light from the Sun to the Earth takes about eight minutes, known to be the closest star to the Solar System is Proxima Centauri, it is 4.22 light years apart. The galaxy we are in, the Milky Way, is about 70,000 light-years in diameter, and assuming a near-light spaceship goes from one end of the Milky Way to the other, it will take more than 100,000 years.　　What is light?　　This is ironic. Light is all around us because it allows us to see things. But it's not easy to say exactly what it is. Light can be thought of as particles that sometimes have the nature of waves propagating through space-time. This is because light has a dual nature. If you want to describe it as a wave, imagine the rows of waves in the middle of the ocean. Of course, light waves are not composed of water but the joint propagation of electrical energy and magnetic energy in space. We call it electromagnetic waves or electromagnetic radiation. The speed of light waves in a vacuum is 300,000 kilometers per second. The distance from one crest to the next is called the wavelength, and the frequency of the wave that passes through a fixed point in one second is called the wave.　　Seeing the position of the sun in the sky on Earth? 　　The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, only two days a year. Ask a person where the sun rises in the morning, and he or she will usually answer: rising from the east. In the same way he or she usually says: At night the sun sets from the west. In fact, there are only two days of the year when the sun rises from due east and sets from due west, i.e. the vernal and autumnal equinoxes. From the vernal equinox to the autumnal equinox, people living in the northern hemisphere see the sun rise from the north-east and set from the north-west. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced during the summer solstice, when the sun rises in the largest direction in the north-east and sets in the largest direction in the north-west. From the autumnal equinox to the vernal equinox, people living in the northern hemisphere see the sun rise from south-east and set from south-west. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced during the winter solstice, when the Sun deviates farthest south. People living in the southern hemisphere see the opposite of what we see. The change in the Sun's trajectory in the sky is due to the tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation. As the Earth orbits the Sun, the Earth's axis always remains tilted towards the orbital plane. In the northern hemisphere on the day of the summer solstice, the tilt axis is biased towards the Sun, so the Sun's orbit in the sky reaches its highest. Six months later, in the northern hemisphere, the tilt axis deviated from the sun, and the sun's orbit in the sky reached its lowest. On the vernal and autumnal equinox days, the tilting axis is not biased towards the sun and does not deviate from the sun, so the sun's orbit in the sky is moderate.　 　　How does the sun move around the ecliptic for a week? 　　The process by which the sun moves around the ecliptic for a week is the process we go through for a year. Just as the direction of the sun's rise and fall is constantly changing throughout the year, so the position of the sun in the sky at the same time of day is constantly changing throughout the year. On the summer solstice day, when the sun rises in the direction of the largest north-east and sets in the direction of the largest north-west, the sun travels through the sky through the longest and highest orbit of the year, so the summer solstice day is the longest day of the year. Conversely, on the day of the winter solstice, when the sun rises in the largest direction of south-east and sets in the largest direction of south-west, the sun travels through the sky through the shortest and lowest orbit of the year, so the winter solstice day is the shortest day of the year. On the days of the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, the sun travels through a long, medium-low orbit, so that these two days are as long as day and night.　　Why is there a total solar eclipse? 　　Earth is the only planet other than Pluto that can see a total solar eclipse. It's a complete coincidence that we can see a total solar eclipse: the Moon, which is 400 times smaller than the Sun, is exactly about 400 times closer to us than the Sun, so the Sun and the Moon look as big in the sky, creating the possibility of a total solar eclipse. In the Solar System, no planet other than Pluto can see a total solar eclipse because the moons of these planets are either too small or too far away from the planets to completely block the Sun. So we see that the spectacular natural scene of a total solar eclipse is created by nature. Eclipses can be accurately predicted. We know the orbits of the Earth and the Moon, we know the movement of the Sun, and we predict that eclipses will be accurate to the minute. Eclipses are cyclical, such as following the Saro cycle of 6585.32 days, during which a total of 71 various eclipses occur, repeating repeatedly, but at different locations, each Saro cycle has 0.32 days remaining, when the Earth rotates 117 degrees, which can be used to correct, but not very accurate. Because the locations are different, although there are cycles of eclipses, many people do not know, so it is necessary to investigate the eclipses globally, rather than looking at the eclipse records of one location. Basics of Astronomy (1) Basic Overview of the Solar System? 　　1. The solar system and the celestial system centered on the Sun and governed by its gravitational pull and orbiting it are called the solar system. Members of the Solar System include the Sun and planets orbiting the Sun (such as Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune), more than 2,000 asteroids with established orbits, a number of moons, and a large number of comets and meteoroids. The Sun and its planets were born at the same time. They were formed 4.6 billion years ago by a huge cloud of gas and dust. Inside, gravity gradually ends the disordered state of matter, and at the center of the air mass, the temperature gradually rises, and when it reaches a certain high temperature, the sun is formed. Small masses of mass also formed and rotated around the center, which are planets and comets, their respective moons. In the early days of the Earth, the Sun was different from today. At the beginning of life on Earth 350 million years ago, the sun was different from what it is today. On the surface, the sun is pale yellow, 8 to 10 percent smaller than it is now, and only 70 to 75 percent brighter than it is now. Since then, the sun has slowly grown larger, hotter and brighter, lasting 350 million years, but it is not as good as the "greenhouse effect" that has lasted only one to two centuries.　　2. For the next 5 billion years, the sun will remain stable. The Sun may later burn slightly, slightly hotter, and brighter than hydrogen is now, and the Earth will change greatly after that. After 5 billion years, the sun's helium nucleus grew larger and larger, eventually collapsing, burning into carbon, and the surface hydrogen continued to convert into helium. The energy generated by the helium combustion reaction will push the photosphere outward, turning the Sun into a red giant, swallowing Mercury and Venus, and reaching Earth's orbit. The sun's red surface remains, but it will get colder. The Earth will still be melted by the sun's heat.　　3. The nine planets in the solar system are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto in order of distance from the Sun. Their average distance to the Sun conforms to the Titus-Bode rule. According to the different natures, it can be divided into three categories: terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) have small volume and mass, the largest average density, and fewer moons; giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn) have the largest volume and mass, the average density is the smallest, there are many satellites, there are planetary rings, and they can emit infrared radiation; the volume, mass, average density and number of moons of distant planets (Uranus, Neptune, Pluto) are between the first two, and there are also planetary rings in Uranus and Neptune. The nine planets are all in a near-circular elliptical orbit close to the same plane, orbiting the Sun in the same direction, that is, the orbital motion of the planets is coplanar, near-circular and homotropic, with only Mercury and Pluto slightly deviating. The Sun also rotates in the same direction as the planets. Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune all have rotation periods of around 10-24 hours, but Mercury, Venus and Pluto have rotation periods of 58.6 days, 243 days and 6.4 days, respectively. Most large planets rotate in the same direction as the orbit, but Venus is the opposite, while Uranus' axis of rotation has a small angle of rotation and a lateral rotation. With the exception of Mercury and Venus, other large planets have their own moons.　　Basic overview of the sun? 　　1. The volume of the Sun is 1.3025 million times that of The Earth, the central object of the Solar System. An ordinary star in the Milky Way. The diameter of the Sun is about 1,392,000 km, the average density is 1.409 g/cm3, the mass is 1.989×10^33 g, the surface temperature is 5770 °C, and the central temperature is 15 million 00.84 million °C. From the inside to the outside, they are the solar nuclear reaction zone, the solar troposphere, and the solar atmosphere. Its central region is constantly undergoing thermonuclear reactions, and the energy generated is radiated into space. One-twelfth of this energy radiates to earth, becoming the main source of light and heat on earth. The interior of the sun is pitch black, and although the body sunlight is very dazzling, it cannot produce light inside. Because the energy produced by the nuclear reaction inside the Sun is too high, it is transmitted to the outside in the form of gamma rays, but the human eye cannot see the gamma rays. So if we could see inside the sun, it would be darkness. Stars also have their own life history, and the sun, a huge "furnace of nuclear energy", has been steadily "burning" for 5 billion years. Presently. It is in its prime and it will take another 5 billion years for it to burn up its own nuclear fuel. At that point, it may swell into a giant red star... 　　2. In fact, the sun is just a very ordinary star, in the vast and vast starry world, the brightness, size and density of matter of the sun are at a medium level. Just because it is closest to Earth, it appears to be the largest and brightest celestial body in the sky. The other stars are very far away, and even the closest one, which is 270,000 times farther away than the Sun, appears to be just a flickering point of light. Of the more than a hundred billion stars in the Milky Way, the Sun is just an ordinary member, located near the symmetrical plane of the Milky Way, about 26,000 light-years from the center of the Milky Way, about 26 light-years north of the galactic plane, which rotates around the silver center at a speed of 250 kilometers per second on the one hand, and moves towards the vicinity of Vega at a speed of 19.7 kilometers per second relative to the surrounding stars on the other. The time of day on the sun is different. Like the Earth, the Sun also has a rotation, but unlike the Earth, the Sun is not solid, so the speed of rotation is different at different latitudes, and at the Sun's equator, it takes 25 Earth days to rotate in a circle. The higher the latitude, the slower the rotation, and near the poles, it takes about 31 Earth days to turn around. On Earth, the location to your south is on your south side for no matter how long, but on the sun, this does not hold. The closer you get to the equator, the faster you turn, and you will slide to the east. This is the case with fluids 3.The surface of the sun we see is not actually a surface. It seems to us that the Sun has a solid surface and has a measurable boundary. The truth is that the Sun is a sphere of gas with no solid surface. We see the boundary, only because there, the density of the sun's gas drops to the point where the light is transparent. Above this density, the Sun is opaque, so we can't see the interior of the Sun. Although we now know this, astronomers still treat this opaque boundary as the "surface" of the sun, called the photosphere.　　4. Another well-known activity on the surface of the photosphere is sunspots. Sunspots are huge air currents on the photosphere layer, most of which are nearly elliptical, appear darker against the background of bright photospheres, but in fact their temperatures are as high as 4000 ° C, if the sunspots can be taken out alone, a large sunspot can emit a light equivalent to a full moon.　　5. The age of the sun is about 4.6 billion years, and it can continue to burn for about 5 billion years. In the final stages of its existence, the helium in the sun will transform into heavy elements, and the volume of the sun will begin to expand until it engulfs the earth. After a hundred million years of red giant stages, the Sun will suddenly collapse into a white dwarf—the final stage of all star existence. After another few trillion years, it will eventually cool down completely and then slowly disappear into the darkness.　　6. Through the analysis of the solar spectrum, it is known that the chemical composition of the sun is almost the same as that of the earth, but the proportions are different. The most abundant element on the sun is hydrogen, followed by helium, as well as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and various metals. In addition to atomic energy and volcanoes and earthquakes, solar energy is the total source of all energy on Earth. So, how much does the whole planet receive? What about the sun emitting large amounts of energy? The scientists envisioned placing an instrument outside the Earth's atmosphere to measure the total radiant energy of the Sun, which receives a total solar radiation energy of 8.24 joules per minute per square centimeter of area. This value is called the solar constant. If the solar constant is multiplied by the spherical area with the average distance between the sun and the earth as the radius, the total energy emitted by the sun every minute is obtained, which is about 2.273×10^28 focal lengths per minute. (The sun's heat radiating into space per second is equivalent to the sum of the heat produced by the complete combustion of one hundred million tons of coal, equivalent to the power of an engine with 5200 trillion horsepower.) The area of the sun's surface per square meter is equivalent to an 85,000 horsepower power station. Earth receives only one-2.2 billionth of that energy. The energy the Sun sends to Earth each year is equivalent to 10 billion billion kWh of electricity. Solar energy is inexhaustible, inexhaustible, and pollution-free, which is the most ideal energy source.　　7. Strong explosions often occur on the surface of the sun. This explosion is the flare we see, releasing the energy of millions of atomic bombs in just a few seconds. When a flare occurs, the sun's atmosphere is blown out of a huge hole and emits very intense light, electromagnetic waves, high-energy X-rays and tens of billions of charged particles, a phenomenon known as the solar wind. When sunspots are most active, flares and solar winds also occur most frequently and violently.　　8. The sun is like a huge magnet in space. Similar to Earth, the Sun's interior appears to have a giant magnet that creates a huge magnetic field that stretches for hundreds of millions of miles through space and controls the flow of hot gases around it. Every 11 years, at the beginning of the sunspot cycle, the north and south poles of the magnetic field are reversed, while the sun's axis of rotation remains unchanged. Basics of Astronomy (1) Basic Overview of the Earth? 　1. Age: 4.6 billion years old. Orbital period: approximately 365 days. Orbit: elliptical. The beginning of July is aphelion and the beginning of January is perihelion. Rotation period: Stellar day: about 23.h 56 minutes and 4 seconds. Sun days: 24 hours. Rotation direction: from west to east. Yellow-red angle: 23°26. Equatorial radius: The distance from the center of the earth to the equator, about 6378.5 km. Average radius: approximately 6371.3 km (this figure is the average of the distances from the center of the Earth to all points on the Earth's surface). Volume: 1,083.2 billion cubic kilometers. Mass: 5.9742× 10^21 tons. Average density: 5.515 g/cm^3, the Earth is the most densely populated star in the Solar System. Earth's surface area: 510 million square kilometers. Ocean area: 361 million square kilometers. Atmosphere: Main ingredients: nitrogen (78.5%) and oxygen (21.5%). Crust: Main components: oxygen (47%), silicon (28%) and aluminum (8%). Surface atmospheric pressure: 1013.250 mbar. Judging from the chemical composition and seismic seismic characteristics, the Earth body can be divided into a number of layers, and their names and extents (depth, in kilometers) are indicated below: 0-40 crust, 40-2890 mantle, 2890-5150 outer core, 5150-6378 inner core. Covering 71% of the Earth's surface area is water, Earth is the only planet in the Solar System that can have liquid water on its surface (Titan has liquid ethane or methane on its surface, while it may have liquid water hidden beneath Europa's surface, although liquid water on earth's surface is still unique). The basic knowledge of astronomy (II) 2. The earth is 150 million kilometers away from the sun, and it takes more than 3500 years to walk from the earth to the sun, even if it is by plane, it is also more than 20 years. Earth belongs to the Milky Way Solar System, located between Venus and Mars, is the third closest planet to the Sun in the Solar System, and the fifth largest of the eight planets, but it was not until the Copernican era in the 16th century that people understood that the Earth was only a planet. The tidal force between the Earth and the Moon increases the Earth's rotation period by about 2 milliseconds per century, and the latest study shows that 900 million years ago there were only 18 hours a day, compared with 481 days a year. The Earth's satellite moon is commonly known as the moon, also known as the yin. It is the only natural satellite on Earth in the solar system. The Moon is the most obvious example of a natural satellite. In the solar system, all but Mercury and Venus have their own moons.　　3. The rotational motion of the earth around the earth's axis is called the rotation of the earth. The spatial position of the Earth's axis is largely stable. Its northern end always points towards the North Star, and the Earth rotates from west to east; from above the North Pole, it rotates in a counterclockwise direction. The time it takes for the Earth to rotate for a week is about 23 hours and 56 minutes, which is called a stellar day; however, on Earth, the day we perceive is 24 hours, because the reference we choose is the Sun. Since the Earth rotates at the same time as it rotates, this 4-minute gap is the result of the superposition of the Earth's rotation and rotation. Astronomically, the 24 hours of the day we feel are called solar days. The rotation of the Earth produces a day-night cycle. The day and night turnover keeps the temperature of the Earth's surface from too high or too low, suitable for human survival.　　Basic overview of the Moon? 　　1. It is moving away from Earth at a rate of three centimeters per year, and a billion years ago, it was only half as long as it is now. Like Earth, the Moon is a slightly flattened ball with a slightly flattened north and south pole and a slightly raised equator. Its average polar radius is 500 meters shorter than the equatorial radius, and the north and south poles are also asymmetrical, with the Arctic region uplifting and the South Pole depression about 400 meters. The Moon has basically no water, and there is no weathering, oxidation and corrosion of water on Earth, nor the propagation of sound, and there is a silent world everywhere. The moon itself does not emit light, the sky is always pitch black, and the sun and stars can appear at the same time.　　2. There is almost no atmosphere on the moon, so the temperature difference between day and night on the moon is very large. During the day, in places where the sun shines vertically, the temperature is as high as 127.25 ° C; at night, the temperature can be as low as -183.75 ° C. Because there is no atmospheric barrier, the intensity of sunlight on the lunar surface is about 1/3 stronger than that on Earth; ultraviolet light intensity is also much stronger than the Earth's surface. Due to the small atmosphere of the moon, many strange phenomena will be seen on the lunar surface, such as the sky on the moon is dark black, the sunlight is straight, and the place where the sun shines is very bright; the place where it cannot be illuminated is very dark. Therefore, the surface of the moon will be seen as light and dark. Since there is no air to scatter light, the stars on the moon also look like they are no longer twinkling. 　　3. The Moon is smaller than the Earth, with a diameter of 3476 km, which is about equal to 3/11 of the diameter of the Earth. The surface area of the Moon is about 1/14 of the Earth's surface area, which is slightly smaller than that of Asia; its volume is 1/49 of the Earth's, in other words, the Earth can hold 49 moons. The mass of the Moon is 1/81 of that of the Earth; the average density of matter is 3.34 grams per cubic centimeter, which is only 3/5 of the density of the Earth. The gravitational pull on the Moon is only 1/6 of the Earth, that is, what weighs 6 kilograms is only 1 kilogram on the Moon. People walk on the surface of the moon, the body seems to be very relaxed, a little effort can jump up, astronauts think that on the surface of the moon half jump half run, seems to be more painful than walking on the earth. The Moon is the closest celestial body to earth, it is the only natural satellite that orbits the earth, and its average distance from the earth is about 384,400 kilometers. The Moon's orbit around the Earth is a circular orbit with an average distance of 363,300 km at its perigee (when closest to Earth) and an average distance of 405,500 km from the apogee (at its farthest distance from Earth), a difference of 42,200 km.　　5. In the process of moving around the earth, the moon also moves around the sun with the earth. That is to say, after the moon has moved around the earth for one week, it has returned to a spatial position that is no longer the original starting point. It can be seen that the moon also participates in the movement of a variety of systems during its movement. The moon moves like other celestial bodies, and the moon is in eternal motion. In addition to rising in the east and setting in the west, the Moon also moves more than 13° per day on average relative to the star from west to east, so the moon rises about 50 minutes later than the previous day. The moon's eastward rise and westward setting is a reflection of the Earth's rotation; its movement from west to east is the result of the Moon's rotation around the Earth. The Moon's orbit around the Earth is called a "stellar moon", which averages 27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes and 11 seconds. While the moon revolves around the earth, it itself rotates. Since the moon rotates for 27.3 days on Earth, why is one day on the moon equal to 29 and a half days on Earth? It turns out that the moon rotates on one side and revolves around the earth on the other, and the earth is also rotating around the sun. When the moon has been rotated for a week, the earth has also traveled a certain distance around the orbit of the sun, so the moon was originally facing the sun, and it is not yet facing the sun, and it must be turned at another angle to face the sun, which takes 2.25 days. Add 27.3 days to 2.25 days, which is exactly about 29 and a half days.　　6. The rotation period and the rotation period of the Moon are equal, that is, 1:1, and the time when the Moon orbits the Earth is also the period of its rotation. The result of this strange rotation of the moon is that the moon always faces the earth in the same half, and from the earth can never see what the back of the moon is like, only by relying on probes can we unravel the mystery of the back of the moon, and this wish of human beings has been realized more than 30 years ago. Today's large telescopes can distinguish targets about 50 meters (equivalent to a 14-story building) on the lunar surface.　　7. As we all know, the moon itself does not emit light, but only reflects part of the sunlight shining on it, so that for observers on the earth, with the change of the relative position of the sun, the moon, and the earth, the moon shows different shapes on different days, which is the periodic change of the moon phase. Further, although the moon is illuminated by the sun, there is always a semisphere that is bright, but because the moon is constantly rotating around the earth, changing its position from time to time, the hemisphere it is facing the earth and the half-sphere illuminated by the sun sometimes completely coincides, sometimes does not coincide at all, sometimes a small part coincides, sometimes a large part coincides, so that the moon shows a change of clouds and clouds. Basic overview of Mercury? 　　1. Mercury is the smallest of the eight planets, 1/3 larger than the Moon, and it is also the planet closest to the Sun. Mercury's visual magnitude ranges from 0.4 to 5.5; Mercury is too close to the Sun, often submerged by violent sunlight, and its orbit is between 45.9 million and 69.7 million kilometers from the Sun, so telescopes rarely can observe it closely. Mercury has no natural moons. Mercury has an average distance of 57.9 million kilometers from the Sun and an eccentricity of 0.206 in its orbit around the Sun, so its orbit is very flat. Among the celestial bodies of the solar system, except for Pluto, Mercury has the flattest orbit. With an average velocity of 48 km/s in orbit, Mercury is the fastest planet in the solar system, orbiting the Sun in just 88 days and rotating for 58.6 days, and a day on Mercury is equivalent to 59 days on Earth. Mercury has a small magnetic field, which is about 1% stronger than Earth's. Mercury has only a tiny amount of atmosphere. Mercury's atmosphere is extremely thin. In fact, gas molecules in Mercury's atmosphere collide with Mercury's surface more frequently than they do with each other. For these reasons, Mercury should be considered to be without an atmosphere. The "atmosphere" consists mainly of oxygen, potassium and sodium.　　2. Mercury was discovered as early as the Sumerian era in 3000 BC, and the ancient Greeks gave it two names: when it first appeared in the early morning it was called Apollo, and when it flashed in the night sky it was called Hermes. The temperature difference across Mercury is the largest in the entire solar system, with temperature variations ranging from 90 to 700 open, the highest surface temperature of 634.5 °C The lowest surface temperature is -86 °C, and the average surface temperature is 179 °C. In contrast, Venus is slightly warmer, but more stable. Mercury is much denser than the Moon , ( Mercury 5.43 g / cm3 cm / cm3 moon 3.34 g / cm3 ). Mercury is the second most dense object in the solar system after Earth.　　Basic overview of Venus? 　　1. The second one is in the order of proximity and distance from the Sun. It is the closest planet to Earth. In ancient China, it was called Taibai or Taibai Venus. It is sometimes a morning star, appearing in the eastern sky before dawn and is called "Enlightenment"; sometimes a dusk star, which appears in the western sky after dusk, is called "Chang Gung". Venus is the brightest star of the day except the sun and moon, at its brightest magnitude -4.4, 14 times brighter than the famous Sirius (the brightest star of the day except the sun), like a dazzling diamond, so the ancient Greeks called it Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty, while the Romans called it Venus, the goddess of beauty. In the late 1950s, astronomers first observed the surface of Venus with radio telescopes. Since 1961, the former Soviet Union and the United States have launched more than 30 probes to Venus, from close observation to landing detection.　　2. Venus, like Mercury, is the only two large planets in the solar system that do not have natural moons. Therefore, there is no "moon" in the night sky on Venus, and the brightest "star" is the Earth. Because it is relatively close to the sun, when the sun is seen on Venus, the size of the sun is 1.5 times larger than what is seen on Earth. Some people call Venus the twin sister of Earth, and it is true that, structurally, Venus and Earth have many similarities. Venus has a radius of about 6073 kilometers, only 300 kilometers smaller than the Radius of the Earth, is 0.88 times the volume of the Earth, and has a mass of 4/5 of the Earth; the average density is slightly less than that of the Earth. But the environment is vastly different: Venus's surface temperature is very high, there is no liquid water, and coupled with cruel natural conditions such as extremely high atmospheric pressure and severe lack of oxygen, Venus cannot have any life. Therefore, Venus and Earth are just a pair of "seemingly inseparable" sisters.　　3. The surface temperature of Venus is as high as 465 to 485 degrees, because of the strong greenhouse effect on Venus, the reason is that the atmospheric density of Venus is 100 times that of the Earth's atmosphere, and more than 97% of the atmosphere is "insulation gas" - carbon dioxide; at the same time, there is a thick cloud composed of concentrated sulfuric acid in the atmosphere of Venus that is 20 to 30 kilometers thick. Carbon dioxide and thick clouds only allow sunlight to pass through, but do not allow heat to dissipate through the clouds to the cosmic space, so the temperature difference between day and night is not large. Venus's environment is complex and changeable, the sky is orange-yellow, it often rains sulfuric acid, and a lightning bolt lasts for 15 minutes! The atmospheric pressure of Venus is very large, 90 times that of Earth, equivalent to the pressure at a depth of 1 kilometer in Earth's oceans. The magnetic field of Venus itself is very weak compared to other planets in the solar system. This may be caused by Venus's rotation not spinning fast enough, and the liquid iron in its core is weaker due to the magnetic field generated by cutting the magnetic induction line. In this way, the solar wind can hit the upper atmosphere of Venus without buffer. In the earliest days, it was thought that the amount of water on Venus and Earth was comparable, however, the attack of the solar wind had caused the water vapor in Venus's upper atmosphere to break down into hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen atoms escaped into space because of their small mass. Venus has no water on the surface and no moisture in the air, and its clouds are composed mainly of sulfuric acid, which is much higher than the height of The Earth's clouds. Venus is volcanic and has the largest number of volcanoes in the solar system. More than 1,600 large volcanoes and volcanic features have been discovered. In addition, there are countless small volcanoes, and no one has counted their number, estimating that the total number exceeds 100,000, or even 1 million. Due to the high atmospheric pressure, the wind speed on Venus is correspondingly slow. This means that the surface of Venus is neither affected by wind nor washed by rain. As a result, the volcanic characteristics of Venus can be clearly maintained for a long time.　　4. Venus' rotation is very special, it is the only large planet in the solar system that rotates in reverse, and the rotation direction is opposite to other planets, from east to west. Therefore, on Venus, the sun rises in the west and sets in the east. The orbit of Venus around the Sun is an ellipse very close to the perfect circle and closely coincides with the ecliptic plane, with a rotation speed of about 35 kilometers per second and an orbital period of about 224.70 days. However, its rotation period is 243 days, that is, Venus's rotating stars are longer and longer every day. However, according to Earth standards, if you count one day from one sunrise to the next sunrise, the day on Venus is much less than 243 days. This is because Venus rotates in reverse; on Venus the sunrise is seen in the west and the sunset is in the east; the day-night cycle from one sunrise to the next sunrise is only 116.75 days on Earth. The Venusian calendar is a calendar rule that is based on the periodic activity of Venus. However, the Venusian calendar is not a work of science fiction, but a calendar system that actually appeared in the ancient Mayan civilization. For reasons we don't know, the Maya used two calendar systems at the same time, one of which was based on the periodic movement of Venus. The Basics of Astronomy (II) 5.Venus is the most beautiful and common Daystar and Chang Gung Star. Because Venus' orbit is on the inner side of the Earth's orbit, from Earth it appears that Venus is rocking on either side of the Sun. So Venus spends an hour or two in the southwest sky after sunset, and then runs to the eastern sky for a few hours before sunrise. In those times, in addition to the sun and moon, Venus could also be the brightest object in the sky, shining with a soft purple light.　　6. Venus is closer to Earth than to other planets in the solar system. Venus is the second planet in the solar system from the inside out, and its nearly circular orbit is 67 million kilometers from the surface of the Sun. Venus passes by the Earth about every nineteen and a half months, which is only 26 million kilometers away from the Earth. Mars on the other side of the earth is 3500 kilometers away from the earth. Therefore, Venus is the closest planet to Earth.　　7. For a long time, Venus was called the "sister star" of the Earth. The diameter of Venus is only 408 kilometers smaller than the diameter of Earth. This, combined with the fact that Venus' orbit is very similar to Earth's, gives reason to believe that Venus is unlikely to differ significantly from Earth's tectonics. Early science fiction writers fantasized about Venus being filled with water, then evolving into a chaotic world ruled by dinosaurs, and then to a planet inhabited by high-level workers. But when the scientific data accumulated, scientists knew that the two planets had nothing in common but about their size.　　A basic overview of Mars? 　　1. It is the fourth farthest planet from the Sun and the seventh largest planet in the Solar System. Mars (Greek: Ares) is known as the God of War, perhaps due to its bright red color; Mars is sometimes referred to as the "Red Planet", and ancient China called it Yinglu. The diameter of Mars is equivalent to the radius of the Earth, the surface area is only a quarter of the Earth, the diameter is 6786 kilometers, every 24.62 hours of rotation, Mars orbit a week of about 687 days, Mars one year is about equal to two years of Earth. Mars has been known to humans since prehistoric times. Since it is considered the best dwelling of humans in the solar system (except earth), it is loved by science fiction writers.　　2. There have been floods on Mars, and there are some small channels on the ground (right), which is very clear evidence that many places have been eroded. In the past, there has been clean water on the surface of Mars, and there may even have been large lakes and oceans. But these things seem to have existed for a short time, and it is estimated that they are about four billion years old. In the early days of Mars, it was very similar to Earth. Like Earth, almost all carbon dioxide on Mars is converted into carbonaceous rocks. The thin atmosphere of Mars consists mainly of the remaining carbon dioxide (95.3%) plus nitrogen (2.7%), argon (1.6%) and trace amounts of oxygen (0.15%) and water vapor (0.03%). The average atmospheric pressure on the surface of Mars is only about 7 millibars (less than 1% on Earth), but it varies with altitude, reaching as high as 9 millibars at the deepest points of the basin. Mars has two small, near-surface satellites.　　3. Volcanoes on Mars are at a lower height than those on Venus and Earth, mainly because gravity on Mars is weaker. The height of a volcano is largely determined by the gravity of the planet on which it is located. This is because the height of a volcano is determined by its ability to support its own weight. Venus and Earth are similar in size and mass, so the volcanoes on them are of comparable height. The gravity on the volcano is only 38% of Earth's, so the volcano above it is 2.5 times as high as on Earth. About "Faces on Mars". Among the thousands of photos sent back by the two Viking ships ("Viking 1" and "Viking 2") is a very interesting photo, which is a very human face-like rock photo. Unfortunately, this photo has been used by many pseudoscientists to make a big splash. The explanation of this matter is also very simple, it is just a coincidence. Basics of Astronomy (II) Basic Overview of Jupiter? 　　1. Jupiter, known as the Year Star, is the fifth planet near the Sun, and is the largest of the eight planets, 2 times more massive than all other planets (318 times that of the Earth). Jupiter is 142,984 km in diameter, one-thousandth the size of the Sun, and about 780 million kilometers from the Sun. The period of rotation around the Sun is 4332.5 days, which is about 11.86 years. Jupiter (a.k.a. Jove) was called zeus by the Greeks (king of the gods, ruler of Mount Olympus and protector of the Roman kingdom, and it was the son of Cronus.　　2. Jupiter is the fourth brightest object in the sky (after the Sun, Moon and Venus; sometimes Mars is brighter), and Jupiter has been known to humans as early as prehistory, and Galileo observed Jupiter's four moons (now often called Galileo moons) in 1610. The information we have about Jupiter's internal structure (and other gaseous planets) is of poor origin and has been stalled for a long time ( Jupiter 's atmospheric data from Galileo only detects 150 km below the clouds ) , pioneer 11 flew by Jupiter in December 1974 , measured a surface temperature of minus 148 degrees Celsius , and Jupiter consisted of 90 % hydrogen and 10 % helium (ratio of atomic numbers, 75/25% mass ratio) and trace amounts of methane , water , ammonia , and "stone" as measured by Jupiter. This is very similar to the composition of the primordial solar system nebula that formed the entire solar system. Saturn has a similar composition, but the composition of Uranus and Neptune has less hydrogen and helium. Gaseous planets have no physical surface, and the density of their gaseous matter is only increasing by the increase in depth (we calculate their radius and diameter from the equivalent of 1 atmosphere on their surface). What we see is usually the top of clouds in the atmosphere, with a pressure slightly higher than 1 atmosphere. Jupiter may have a stony core, equivalent to 10-15 Earth masses.　　3. The investigation results sent back by the spacecraft show that Jupiter has a strong magnetic field, and the surface magnetic field strength reaches 3 to 14 gauss, which is much stronger than the earth's surface magnetic field (the earth's surface magnetic field strength is only 0.3 to 0.8 gauss). Jupiter's magnetic field, like Earth's, is dipole, with an inclination of 10°8′ between the magnetic axis and the axis of rotation. Jupiter's positive magnetic pole refers not to the north pole but to the south pole, which is the opposite of the situation on Earth. Jupiter's four large moons are shielded by Jupiter's magnetosphere, shielding it from the solar wind.　　4. Jupiter has a Saturn-like ring, but small and faint, and they are made up of many granular rocky materials. Before spacecraft probed Jupiter, it was known that Jupiter had 13 moons. Scientists found three more photos from Voyager 2, with a total of 16 Ganymede (there may be countless satellites, the latest number of 61). Of these, 4 particularly large ones near the inner side are the Galileo moons , ( Galilean moons are Called Io , Europa , Garni mede , and Calisto , respectively ) . In order of proximity and distance from the center of Jupiter: Ganymede XVI, Ganymede XIV, Ganymede V, Ganymede XV, Ganymede I, Ganymede II, Ganymede III, and Ganymede IV. They all orbit Jupiter, and Io, the farthest from Jupiter, is 60 times farther away from Jupiter than Earth and the Moon, and it takes 758 days to orbit Jupiter. Jupiter's size varies greatly from its moons. With the exception of Europa, each Galileo moon is larger than the Moon, and with a radius of about 2600 kilometers, Garnimet is the largest of all the moons in the solar system, even larger than Mercury among the nine planets. Io is about the size of the Moon, but has a large number of active volcanoes and frequent movement of the Earth's crust.　　5. In terms of chemical composition, Jupiter is more like the Sun. Although Jupiter has an iron core like Earth, 85% of it is hydrogen, and the remaining 15% is mainly helium. Other elements account for only 1%. This is because Jupiter has a strong gravitational field, which maintains the composition of the atmosphere during the early formation of the solar system. Earth's weaker gravity has caused it to lose most of its primordial elements. The Basics of Astronomy (II) 6. The clouds on Jupiter are colorful. Unlike the only white clouds on Earth, the clouds on Jupiter are colorful. This is mainly due to the complex compounds in Jupiter's atmosphere 7.Does Jupiter become a star? If Jupiter wants to become a star, its core temperature must reach 1 million degrees, which is enough to ignite the thermonuclear reaction (the reaction of hydrogen to helium), releasing a huge amount of energy. To reach that high core temperature, Jupiter would have at least 100 times more mass than it is now, and it couldn't get that mass from elsewhere, so it couldn't be a star.　　Basic overview of Saturn? 　　1. Saturn was called a town star or fill star in ancient times, and its orbit is 1.4 billion kilometers away from the sun. With a diameter of 119,300 km (9.5 times that of Earth), Saturn is the second largest planet in the Solar System, with an orbital period equivalent to 29.5 Earth years, and Saturn's rotation is quickly 9.6 km/s, second only to Jupiter. In addition, Saturday in English is also named after Saturn. Among the planets in the solar system, Saturn's ring is the most eye-catching, it makes Saturn look like wearing a beautiful straw hat, and it is the most beautiful planet. Saturn's rings are located on Saturn's equatorial plane. Prior to space exploration , ground-based observations showed that Saturn had five rings , including three main rings ( A , B , C ) and two dark rings ( D and E ) . Saturn has a dark slit in the middle of the ring, later called the Cassini ring. Observations have shown that the material that makes up the rings are crushed ice, rocks, dust, particles, etc., which are arranged in a series of circles that rotate around Saturn. Much like its neighbor Jupiter, it has an ocean of liquid hydrogen and helium on its surface, as well as thick clouds. Winds rage on Saturn, which can reach speeds of more than 1,600 kilometers per hour in an east-west direction. The clouds above Saturn are caused by these winds, which contain large amounts of crystalline ammonia. Saturn is also the planet with the largest number of moons in the solar system, with more than 60 saturn moons discovered so far. Saturn's moons come in a variety of forms, giving astronomers great interest in them. Titan, the most famous with an atmosphere on it, is the only object with an atmosphere present among the satellites of the solar system currently discovered, and Titan has an average distance of 1.22 million kilometers from Saturn, moving around Saturn in a nearly perfect circular orbit. Like the Moon, it always faces its planet, Saturn. That is to say, if you look at Titan on Saturn, you can only see the same half of Titan forever. Its orbit is basically within Saturn's equatorial plane. If you think about it, it's a little hard to imagine that a celestial body as big as Titan, along a radius of about 1.22 million kilometers, actually moves in a nearly perfect orbit. If we were to draw such a circle, I am afraid it would not be easy to do. It shows the natural wonders in the evolution of celestial bodies. Basics of Astronomy (II) 2.Saturn's atmosphere is dominated by hydrogen and helium, and contains methane and other gases, and clouds of dense ammonia crystals float in the atmosphere. According to infrared observations, the cloud top temperature is -170 °C, which is 50 °C lower than Jupiter. The temperature on Saturn's surface is about -140 °C, and the top temperature is -180 °C, which is 50 °C lower than Jupiter. Among the planets of the Solar System, Saturn is second only to Jupiter in mass and size. Saturn's average density is the smallest of the planets in the Solar System, with an average density of 0.69 (less than the density of water) because Saturn's core, although more dense than water, has a high gas ratio and a low density of the atmosphere. Because Saturn is so dense, its surface gravitational acceleration is similar to that of Earth (1.07 of Earth)." Basics of Astronomy (II) Basic Overview of Uranus? 　　1. Uranus is the seventh planet outward from the Sun, the third largest in the solar system (larger than Neptune), the fourth in mass (lighter than Neptune), the surface area equivalent to 15.91 Earth's surface area, the mass equal to 14.536 Earth, the rotation period of 17 hours 14 minutes and 24 seconds, the axis tilt of 97.77 °, the aphelion distance of about 3 billion kilometers, the perihelion distance of about 2.7 billion kilometers, the orbital period of 84.323326 years, the intensity of sunlight is only 1/400 of the Earth. His name comes from the ancient Greek myth of the god of the sky, Eulanus (Ο?ραν??? He was the father of Kronos (The God of Agriculture) and the grandfather of Zeus (Jubit). Uranus had been observed many times before it was discovered to be a planet, but all treated it as a star. The earliest records date back to 1690, when John Flansted numbered him as 34 Taurus in the catalogue and made at least six observations. Uranus was the first planet to be discovered in modern times, and although its luminosity was visible to the naked eye in the same brightness as five conventional planets, it was not discovered by ancient observers because of its relatively dim color. Sir William Herschel announced his discovery on 13 March 1781, expanding known boundaries for the first time in the modern history of the solar system. It was also the first planet to be discovered using a telescope. Uranus is known to have 27 natural moons.　　2. The interior and atmosphere composition of Uranus and Neptune is different from that of the more massive gas giants Jupiter and Saturn. Similarly, astronomers set up different classifications of ice giants to house them. The main components of Uranus's atmosphere are hydrogen and helium, which also contains a higher proportion of "ice" formed by water, ammonia, methane, and perceptible hydrocarbons. He is the hottest planet in the solar system, with a minimum temperature of only 49 K, and a complex of cloud structures, with water in the lowest clouds and methane making up the highest clouds. Based on voyager 2's findings, scientists speculate that Uranus may have a liquid ocean of water, silicon, magnesium, nitrogen-containing molecules, hydrocarbons and ionized substances at a depth of up to 10,000 kilometers and a temperature of up to 6,650 degrees Celsius. Due to the huge and heavy atmospheric pressure on Uranus, the molecules are close together, so that the hot ocean has not boiled and evaporated. In turn, it is precisely because of the high temperature of the ocean that the atmosphere that just blocks the high pressure is blocking the ocean into a solid state. Basics of Astronomy (III) 3.Like other large planets, Uranus has a ring system, a magnetosphere, and many moons. Uranus' system is unique among planets in that its axis of rotation slopes to one side, almost lying on the orbital plane of the rotating Sun, so the south and north poles also lie on the equatorial positions of other planets. When Uranus is near the solstice, one pole will continue to point to the Sun, the other pole will turn its back to the Sun, and each pole will have a polar day that has been continuously illuminated by the Sun for 42 years, and in the other 42 years it will be in polar night. Uranus has a faint system of planetary rings consisting of dark particles about ten meters in diameter. He is the second ring system to be discovered in the solar system after Saturn's rings. There are currently 13 known rings of Uranus, the brightest of which is the ring of ε.　　Neptune is basically very small. Ceres 1, Pallas 2, Juno 3, and Vesta 4 are the four largest of the asteroids, known as the Four Kongs. The largest ceres in the "four Kongs" is about 1,000 kilometers in diameter, and the smallest is about 200 kilometers in diameter; if they can be "invited" from heaven to earth, China's Qinghai Province can just make Ceres home. With the exception of the "Four Kongs", the rest of the asteroids are even smaller, and it is estimated that the smallest asteroids are less than 1 km in diameter. Although they are much smaller than satellites, they are ranked first in the solar system as the nine planets.　　4. Most asteroids are very irregularly shaped, rough surface, loosely structured stones with aqueous minerals on the surface. They have very small masses, and according to astronomers' estimates, all asteroids together have a mass of only 4/10,000 of the mass of Earth. These asteroids, along with their large planet companions, rotate around the Sun from west to east. Despite the crowding, it is orderly, and sometimes the gravitational pull of their huge neighbor, Jupiter, pulls some asteroids out of their original orbits, forcing them onto a new path of roaming. In recent observations of asteroids, an interesting phenomenon has also been found, and some asteroids even have their own moons.　　Which four are the four planets? What is their basic overview? 　　1. According to statistics, there are about 500,000 asteroids in the solar system orbiting the sun like the eight planets, and more than 8,000 are currently registered. Most of them are small in size, and of the four-sized planets discovered (Ceres, Pallas, Juno, and Vesta), Ceres is the largest, often referred to as the "Great Mother". This name comes from those distant Roman myths.　　2. Ceres (1 Ceres), also known as Euns, is the first asteroid discovered in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, discovered by the Italian Piazzi on January 1, 1801. Its average diameter is 952 km, which is equal to 1/4 of the diameter of the Moon, and its mass is about 1/50 of that of the Moon, also known as asteroid 1. It is the largest and heaviest object in the asteroid belt. Interestingly, many international environmental protection theme websites use the ceres logo to show their determination to protect the environment.　　3. Neptune is located between the asteroid belts of Mars and Jupiter, and it is the fourth largest of tens of millions of asteroids, with a diameter of 240 kilometers.　　4. Homo sapiens (2 Pallas) is the second discovered asteroid discovered by the German astronomer Orbers on March 28, 1802. Its average diameter is 520 km. The object is named after Pallas Athena, the granddaughter of poseidon, the god of the sea in Greek mythology, or Athena.　　5. Vesta, also known as asteroid 4, was discovered by the German astronomer Orbers on March 29, 1807. Vesta is the second largest asteroid, after Ceres. Basics of Astronomy (III) What is a near-Earth asteroid? 　　Near "Earth" refers to those close to the Earth, and the asteroids whose orbits intersect the Earth's orbit are approved. Such asteroids could pose a danger of hitting Earth. At the same time, they are also relatively easy to access using the earth to launch space shuttles. In fact, the delta-v required to visit a near-Earth asteroid is smaller than a visit to the moon. NASA's Near-Earth Asteroid Dating Probe has visited the most famous of these asteroids, Asteroid 433 (Eros). There are currently hundreds of known near-Earth asteroids of 4 km in size. There may also be thousands of near-Earth asteroids larger than 1 km in diameter estimated at more than 2,000. Astronomers believe they have been in orbit for 10 million to 100 million years. They will eventually collide with the inner planet or be ejected from the solar system as they approach the planet.　　What is a Trojan asteroid? 　　A Trojan asteroid refers to an asteroid that has the same orbit as Jupiter, an elongated flat area near the Lagrange point of 60° before and after Jupiter's orbit, with a semi-major axis of 5.05 AU to 5.40 AU, and now its concept is not limited to Jupiter. And the general refers to celestial bodies with similar relationships.　　What is Sirius? 　　The brightest star in Sirius' winter night sky is a first-class star with an apparent magnitude of -1.45 and an absolute magnitude of +1.3. Its coordinates on the celestial sphere are 06h 45m 08.9173s declination -16°42\'58.017" (Epoch 2000.0). It is a double star in the constellation Canis Major. The bright substar in a binary star is a blue-and-white star 23 times brighter than the Sun, slightly larger than the Sun, 1.7 times the diameter of the Sun, and a surface temperature of twice the surface temperature of the Sun, up to 10,000 °C. It is about 8.6 light-years from the Solar System, twice the distance of the nearest star other than the Sun. The ancient Egyptians recognized that if the star rose with the sun, the Nile Delta began to flood every year just before the sun rose. And they found that the interval between Sirius's two sunrises was not 365 days in the Egyptian calendar year but 365.25 days. Sirius is the α Inuyasha Major and is the brightest star of the day. Sirius is a visual binary star consisting of two stars, A and B. A star is the first bright star of the day , belonging to the main sequence of blue dwarfs. B star, generally known as Sirius companion star, is a white dwarf star, with a mass slightly larger than the Sun, and a radius smaller than that of The Earth, and its material is mainly in a degenerate state, with an average density of about 3.8 ×106/cm3. Basics of Astronomy (3) What is Vega? 　　Vega is a bright star in the constellation Lyra, known scientifically as the α Lyra. It is one of the most famous bright stars in the summer night sky. Usually, people call it Vega. In the West, it is called Vega. The equatorial diameter is 18h47m, and the declination is 38 degrees 47 minutes. Vega is 3.2 times the diameter of the Sun, 33 times the volume of the Sun, 2.6 times the mass of the Sun, and has a surface temperature of 8900 degrees Celsius, which is bluish-white. It is one of the three brightest stars in the northern hemisphere sky, located about 26.5 light-years from Earth. Next to Vega, there are four that form a small diamond. Legend has it that this little diamond is a shuttle for weaver girls weaving cloth, and while weaving, the weaver girl looks up fondly at the cowherd (river drum two) and her two sons (river drum one and river drum three) on the east bank of the milky way. More than 13,000 years ago, Vega used to be the North Star, and due to the precession of the Earth's axis, the current North Star is A Ursa Minor. However, in another 12,000 years, Vega will return to the prominent position of the North Star. Modern astronomical observations have shown that the entire solar system is moving at a speed of 19 kilometers per second in the direction of the vicinity of Vega. Vega is the brightest star in the constellation of Lyra (α Lyra) and the fifth brightest star of the day, after The Arcturian star. In the summer of the northern hemisphere, Vega can be seen near the zenith, because vega's apparent magnitude is close to zero, so many professional astronomers will use Vega as a standard for photometric measurement. Vega, along with River Drum II (Cowboy Star) in the constellation of Aquila, and Tianjin IV in the constellation Cygnus, form the famous "Summer Triangle". If you think of it as a right triangle, Vega is the star that makes up the right angle.　　What is Cowboy Star? 　　River Drum II is the α star of Aquila, commonly known as "Cowherd Star". On summer and autumn nights it is very famously bright in the sky, but the size of the red giant star is so large that its luminosity becomes very large and extremely bright. Many of the brightest stars seen by the naked eye are red giants.　　What is a red dwarf? 　　Among the many stars in the main sequence stage, their size and temperature are relatively small and low, and they belong to the K or M type in terms of spectral classification. They are found in large numbers in stars , with most red dwarfs having less than one-third the diameter and mass of the Sun and a surface temperature below 3,500 K. The light emitted is also much weaker than the sun, sometimes less than one ten-thousandth of the sun's luminosity. And because the internal hydrogen nucleus fusion is slow, they also have a long lifespan. The internal gravitational pull of red dwarfs is simply not enough to aggregate helium, so it is impossible for red dwarfs to expand into red giants and gradually contract until the hydrogen is exhausted. Because a red dwarf can live tens of billions of years, longer than the age of the universe, there are no dying red dwarfs. It is believed that red dwarfs make up the majority of the universe's many stars, about 75% or so. For example, the closest star to the Sun, Proxima Diorite Diorite centauri, is a red dwarf star with a spectral classification of M5 and an apparent magnitude of 11.0.　　What is a white dwarf? 　　It is a low-luminosity, high-density, high-temperature star. Because of its white color and relatively short volume, it is named a white dwarf. White dwarfs are very special objects , small in size and low in brightness , but with high mass and density. For example, the Sirius companion (it was the first white dwarf to be discovered), which is not much larger than Earth, but has a mass similar to that of the Sun! A white dwarf is a late type of star. According to modern theories of stellar evolution, white dwarfs form at the center of red giants.　　What is a brown dwarf? 　　It is a gaseous object that is similar to a star, but is not massive enough to ignite a fusion reaction at its core. Its mass is between the star and the planet.　　What is the ecliptic? 　　It is the apparent path of the sun in the celestial sphere during the year, it seems that it moves between the stars, the sun on the earth along the ecliptic once a year, in order to determine the location of the convenience, people divide the ecliptic into twelve parts (each part is equivalent to 30 °), each part is named after a nearby constellation, these constellations are called zodiac signs or zodiac signs. In this way, it is equivalent to dividing the year into twelve segments, and during each period the sun enters a constellation. In the West, when a person is born in which constellation the sun is going, it is said that the person is of this constellation.　　What is a white road? 　　It is a large circle in which the plane of the Moon's orbit around the Earth intersects with the Celestial Sphere. The white canal and the ecliptic intersect at two points. The intersection where the Moon moves along the white path south of the ecliptic to the north of the ecliptic is called the ascending intersection, and the other intersection point opposite this is called the descending intersection. The intersection angle between the white canal and the ecliptic varies between 4°57′~5°19′, with an average of about 5°9′ and a change period of about 173 days. Due to the Sun's gravitational pull on the Moon, the connection between the two intersections moves westward in the opposite direction of the ecliptic and the Moon's movement, a phenomenon known as intersection regression. The intersection moves 19° 21′ per year, about 18.6 years to complete a week. This phenomenon has an important impact on the movements and tides of the Earth.　　What are constellations? 　　Definition of constellations: Constellations are the sum of celestial spaces projected over an area of the celestial sphere, so it is inaccurate to say that so-and-so constellations are within/outside the Milky Way. A constellation is a combination of clusters of stars in the sky. In the three-dimensional universe, these stars have no practical relationship with each other, but they are similar in position on the surface of the celestial sphere. Since ancient times, people have been very interested in the arrangement and shape of stars, and naturally associated some stars with similar positions to form constellations. Some constellations are ancient, while others are modern. Some constellations such as Leo date back to the time of the pharaohs of ancient Egypt. Other constellations are around 1600 when there were two Dutch travelers, Pieter? Named after Keyser and Frederik de Houtman, these constellations are mainly distributed in the southern hemisphere. They were traveling around the world, seeing the stars they had never seen in Europe, and then created a series of imaginative animals to name these constellations. More than a century later, Nicolas de Lacaille, in honor of some of the tools invented during the Industrial Revolution, formed a number of scattered stars in the southern sky into new constellations: furnace constellations, chiron constellations, and microscope constellations. Of course, the indigenous people of the southern hemisphere a long time ago also had their own imaginary patterns of the starry sky above their heads, which were their constellations.　　Where are the constellations coming from? How do I identify a constellation? 　　Constellations originated in ancient Babylon, one of the four ancient civilizations, and the ancient Babylonians divided the sky into many areas, called "constellations", but at that time the constellations were not much use, and even fewer were found and named. The 12 constellations on the zodiac were originally used to measure time, unlike they are now used to represent human personality. Around 1000 BC 30 constellations have been proposed. After the two river basin culture spread to ancient Greece, in the 2nd century AD, the ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy synthesized the astronomical achievements of the time and compiled 48 constellations. Most of the 48 constellations in Greek mythology live in the northern sky and the equator to the north and south. When Magellan sailed around the world in the 16th century, he not only used constellations to navigate and orient, but also studied constellations. In 1922, the Congress of the International Astronomical Union decided to divide the sky into 88 constellations, the names of which are basically based on historical names. In 1928, the International Astronomical Union officially announced the names of 88 constellations. These 88 constellations are divided into 3 celestial regions, 29 in the northern hemisphere, 47 in the southern hemisphere, and 12 near the celestial equator and ecliptic. There are nearly six thousand stars visible to the naked eye, each of which can be grouped into a single constellation. Each constellation can be identified by the shape of the bright stars in it.　　How do China divide constellations? 　　China's achievements in stargazing predate the West, Chinese say the 28 houses of the three walls, dividing the heavenly constellations into three major blocks and 28 categories, rather than just the 12 constellations in the West. The most important of these is the Purple Micro Wall. Chinese stargazing, now collectively known as the Purple Micro Constellation, is distinguished from the Western zodiac signs. There are fourteen main stars in the Purple Micro Constellation, namely Ziwei, Tianji, Sun, Wuqu, Tiantong, Lianzhen, Tianfu, Taiyin, Wolf, Giant Gate, Tianxiang, Tianliang, Seven Kills, and Broken Army. What are the twelve zodiac signs of the ecliptic? 　　The zodiac sign is probably a famous set of constellations. In the Western tradition, the zodiac constellation is a group of 12 constellations that circle the celestial sphere. Zodiac signs include: Pisces, Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, and Aquarius. The English word Zodiac (zodiac) comes from the Greek word meaning "band of animals". Most of the zodiac signs are animals, but Gemini, Virgo, Libra, and Aquarius are not animals, and Sagittarius is usually painted as half-human and half-beast. The zodiac signs are of great significance to both astronomers and astrologers. The zodiac sign is famous for citing the fact that the sun, the moon, and visible planets all orbit in this region. Basics of Astronomy (III) A total list of 88 constellations? 　　For astronomers, constellations are more like national boundaries. Constellations themselves do not contain scientific knowledge, they are only artificially enforced boundaries. There are 88 constellations throughout the day, and the constellations are the images that the ancients imagined the stars in the sky connected together with imaginary threads. But the Earth is a sphere, so the constellation south of the celestial equator can never be seen at the North Pole, and the constellation north of the Celestial Equator can never be seen at the South Pole. In other words, the closer you get to the poles, the fewer constellations you can see, and all 88 constellations can be seen at the equator. The specific names of the constellations are as follows: Andromeda, Occidental, Asteroid, Aquarius, Aquila, Aquarius, Shepherd, Carving, Leo, Cancer, Hound, Canine, Canine, Canine, Capricorn, Ship Base, Cassiopeia, Centaur, Chardonnay, Chard, Weir, Compass, Dove, Posterior, Corona, Corona, Crow, Megaloman, Southern Cross, Cygnus, Dolphin, Swordfish, Draco, Pony, Bojiang, Aeros, Gemini, Agarurus, Vaccienda, Clock Seat, Serpent, Water Serpent, Indian, Scorpius, Leo, Leo, Leo, Scorpius, Libra, Jackal, Lynx, Lyra, Mountain Case, Microscope, Unicorn, Fly, Ruler, Antarctica, Ophiuchus, Orion, Peacock, Pegasus, Perseus, Phoenix, Painted Frame, Pisces, South Fish, Stern, Sartorius, Compass, Net, Scorpus, Scorpio, Jade, Shield, Giant Serpent, Sextant, Taurus, Taurus, Telescope Seat, Triangular Constellation, Southern Triangular Constellation, Cuckoo, Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Sail Constellation, Virgo, Flying Fish, Fox Constellation. The order is arranged in alphabetical order of the English initials of the 88 constellations. Finally, the current constellations mainly originated in ancient Greek mythology, and Greece could not see part of the starry sky in the southern sky. Therefore, the constellations of the northern sky are named after heroes, monsters, etc. in Greek mythology, such as Leo, Orion, etc., while the southern half