preface
In the Chinese Poetic Rhythm, Mr. Wang Li summarized the grammatical characteristics of near-body poetry and pointed out 23 categories. Let's talk about the first one today:
The first category: transgenderism of words
The transgender of words, of course, exists not only in near-body poetry, but also in prose. In the near-body poem, the transgender of words can be roughly divided into 6 types.
1. Nouns as verbs
Ning asked the spring and summer, who pitied the west and the east.
Xia, Dong, noun used as a verb. From Wang Wei's "Valley of Foolishness":
Whoever Yugu goes with, only Li Zi will be the same.
You don't have to live in one place, you don't have to be empty.
Ning asked chun will be summer, who talks about the west and the east.
I don't know if I am a fool with my son.
Another example:
Zi Neng Canal Fine Stone, Wu Yi Numa Clear Spring.
Canals, artificially opened channels or ditches; swamps, pools of water. The canal is fine stone, with fine stone as the ditch; the swamp clear spring, which gathers the clear spring into a pool. Nouns as verbs. From Du Fu's "Four Songs of Self-Destruction and Migration to Dongtun Hut":
Daobei Feng Du envoy, Gao Zhai saw Ichikawa.
Zi Neng Canal Fine Stone, Wu Yi Numa Clear Spring.
The pillow belt is also similar, and the wood thorn is there.
It should take a day to unravel the cable, and the untying of the cable does not know the year.
2. Nouns as adjectives
Yunxia out of the sea dawn, Mei Liu crossed the river in spring.
Akebono, Spring, noun as adjective. From Du Zhenyan's "And Jinling Lu Cheng Early Spring Tour":
Unique eunuch tourists, partial shock phenology new.
Yunxia out of the sea dawn, Mei Liu crossed the river in spring.
Lady's breath promotes yellow birds, and the clear light turns to green apples.
Overhearing the ancient tune of the song, I want to dip the towel.
Another example:
So-so-so 1,000 yamagure, mani chizan sea color autumn.
Twilight, autumn, noun as an adjective. These words, used as adjectives, are rare in ancient Texts. From Li Jiayou's "Tongfu Ran Dengzhong Xuan Pavilion":
Gaoge Zhulan is not tired of swimming, and the white water of the crab leaf surrounds Cheung Chau.
Go-so Docagawa Mitsugure, Mani Senzankai Iroaki.
The people in the Qing Fan Forest turned quiet, and the upper corner of the Sunset City was sad.
Who pities Far Away as Qin Wubei, away from hatred and returns to the heart with tears.
3. Verbs as adjectives
Zu Xi was cold grass, driving up the twilight dust.
Ancestor, line, verb adjective. Ancestors and the worship of the road god when traveling, by extension, the meaning of the journey. From Wang Wei's "Sending Sun II":
Whoever sends each other in the suburbs, the husband and the prince are close to each other.
Scholar Zou Luke, talented son of Luoyang.
Zu Xi was cold grass, driving up the twilight dust.
The mountains and rivers are lonely, and the long look is stained with tears.
Another example:
Tears were poured down the cup, and the flute was played with sorrow.
Persuasion, blowing, modifying nouns: cup, flute, verbs play the role of adjectives. From Du Fu's "PanJiang Send-off":
In February, frequent send-offs, dongjin river wants to be flat.
Fireworks are heavy in the mountains, and light in front of the waves.
Tears were poured down the cup, and the flute was played with sorrow.
Not every day after the feast, it has to be easy to love.
4. Adjectives as verbs
1) Make use of it
To give this virtue to the things referred to in the object language, for example:
The Moon Hall of the Thin Bell, the Quiet Flower Terrace.
2-1-2 sentences, the last 2 words are the target language: moon hall, flower platform. 1 in the middle: clear, quiet, adjective as a verb. The bell rings, making the moon hall clear, the Buddha music coming out, and making people calm. From Chu Guangxi's "Yuanwai to Longxingyuan Works":
Outside the Heavenly Garden, I suddenly saw the Feast open.
When the mountain is empty, the clouds are all over the ground.
The Moon Hall of the Thin Bell, the Quiet Flower Terrace.
Under the twilight incense forest, the fluttering fairy steps back.
Another example:
Rainy autumn night, Golden Wave Geng Jade Rope.
Qing, Geng, adjectives as verbs. The background of the torrential rain makes the autumn night clearer, and the beautiful moon color makes the stars appear brighter. From Du Fu's "Two Songs of stars and moons by the riverside":
Rainy autumn night, Golden Wave Geng Jade Rope.
Tianhe Yuan confessed, and Jiang Pu has always been Cheng.
The reflection is broken, and the edge of the air rises.
The rest of the light is more leaky, and the situation is Lu Hua condensed.
2) Intentional usage
One assumes that something possesses this virtue, for example:
The flowers are light pink, and the mountain moon has few lights.
Light, little, adjectives as verbs.
The flowers in the mountain stream are very white, and it is thought that pink is not white enough. The moon in the mountains is bright, and it is thought that the lights are not bright enough. From the Tang Dynasty Wang Wei's "Teaching from the Qi King's Night Feast Weijia Shanchi":
The guests are full of incense and sables, and the palace is full of curtains.
The flowers are light pink, and the mountain moon has few lights.
The green screen windows are dark, and the flying spring embroidery is cool.
There will also be songs and dances, and the way back is long.
5. Intransitive verbs, as well as the use of object verbs
When I feel the flowers splash tears, I hate the birds and be frightened.
Splash, shock, not to the object verb, followed by the object. Flowers make tears splash and birds stir the heart. From Du Fu's "Spring Hope":
The country is broken by mountains and rivers, and the city is deep in spring grass and trees.
When I feel the flowers splash tears, I hate the birds and be frightened.
The flames lasted for three months, and the family letter arrived at ten thousand gold.
The white head scratches are shorter and more overwhelming.
6. Verbs are used as adverbs
The same tone who regrets, the thesis laughs freely.
Whoops, laughs, verbs act as adverbs. Modify the verb after it: who regrets, feel free. From Du Fu's "Gift to Bi IV":
Only now is the poet, the family is poor and humble.
Hungry slaves, old men in the shape of faces.
Homophony who pity, the thesis laughs self-knowledge.
Circulate the body of Jiang Bao, and take care of each other without children.
Another example:
Burst out of the green ridge, save the green pool.
Burst, save, the verb plays an adverb role, modified, born. From Li Ji's "Hedges":
The east garden grows new shoots, and the hedge is repeated on the day.
Burst out of the green ridge, save the green pool.
Seinlin turned his back and walked high and low.
But fear of spring will be old, and the youth will be alone.
The explanation above seems a bit puzzling. Mr. Wang Li suggested that in the near-body poems, it is often seen that verbs and adverbs are confronted, because verbs are often used as adverbs.
Looking at these two poems of Du Fu, it is easy to understand:
Ju Zhan is too white snow, and likes to see the martial arts heaven.
Judas, rejoice in battle. Adverbs versus battle verbs. Here hi, modified to look, plays the role of an adverb. From one of Du Fu's "Three Songs of The Journey of The Star":
Whoever dies is punished, and returns with self-pity.
Ju Zhan is too white snow, and he is happy to meet the martial arts heaven.
Shadow Jing Qianguanli, in front of the Seven Schools of Xinsu.
The present Dynasty Han Sheji, the new number of Zhongxing year.
Another example:
Hu rode in the middle of the night to go north, and Wuling wanted to march south.
Kan, to the battle thoughts, adverbs to the battle verbs. Thinking, modifying the southern expedition, also plays the role of an adverb.
Conclusion
Regarding the transgender of words, it is also called the use of words. Mr. Wang Li analyzed 6 species.
There are two kinds of nouns: nouns as verbs and nouns as adjectives.
One type of adjective is used: an adjective as a verb.
There are three kinds of verbs: verbs as adjectives, verbs as adverbs, and objects as objects.
@Old Street Taste
From Du Fu's poems to see the Seven Laws Sentence Pattern 17, Cong Ju opened his tears twice, and the lonely boat was the heart of the old garden