preface
Lecture 7 on the Grammar of Near-Body Poetry: Recursive. This method is more special, appears later, but first appears in the verse.
The recursive form is a special form that was only widely used around the Tang Dynasty, and first appeared in verse. Wang Li's Chinese Poetics
First, the crane nest pine trees are everywhere, and people visit the gate rarely
The first 4 words are in sentence form:
Crane-nest-pine tree, man-visit-gate
The last words of each sentence: all over, thin, are adjectives that describe the situation or result of "nesting pine trees and visiting the gate", which can be seen as complements to these two actions.
To simplify, it can be interpreted as:
Nests are everywhere, visits are rare.
From Wang Wei's "Mountain Dwelling is a Matter":
Loneliness covers the wood, and the sky is dark against the sunset.
Crane nest pine trees are everywhere, and people visit the door rarely.
Green bamboo contains new pink, red lotus falls on the old clothes.
The ferry head was on fire, and everywhere it was collected.
The performance of this sentence pattern and recursive system is the last 4 words: nest - pine tree - all over, visit - tsuchi gate - thin.
Second, there are apes that are in tears, and there are no dogs with books
The predicate form of the first 2 characters is the reason for the last 3 words: because there are apes (chirping), (people) shed tears, and the degree of tear waving is "exhaustion". There are no dogs (running errands), so it is impossible to attach books, let alone reach the level of "frequency".
Exhaustion and frequency are adjectives for waving tears and attaching books, and waving tears to exhaustion and attaching books to frequency are all recursive. But apes and dogs have nothing to do with recursive structures.
From Du Fu's "Rain and Qing":
When it rains, the mountains do not change, and the gorge is as new as new.
Tianlu looks at the special customs, and Qiu Jiang thinks of killing people.
There are apes that are in tears, and there are no dogs attached to the book frequently.
The homeland is frowning, and the long song wants to damage God.
The performance of this sentence pattern and the recursive style is the last 3 words: tears are exhausted, and the frequency of the book is attached.
Third, drifting zero for a long time, aging envy jun
This sentence pattern is characterized by the fact that the sentence is based on the predicate subject: drifting zero. Drift zero - for --- guests. In fact, it is also an omission, (I) drift zero, (I) - for - guest.
I've been a guest for too long. I'm old (wasting my years) and envy that you can go back to The Capital (a show of grand plans).
From Du Fu's "Fujiang Rafting sends Weiban back to Beijing":
On the day of chasing the same boat, hurting the spring and the water.
Drifting zero for a long time, aging envy jun also.
The flowers are far away from the trees, and the clouds are light everywhere in the mountains.
There are fewer people in the end of the world, and more sideburns.
The performance of this sentence pattern and the recursive system is also the last 3 words: for the guest for a long time, envy the king also.
The difference from the second type is the first 2 words, the first 2 words of these two poems are verbs or adjectives as predicate forms, and the first 2 words are not causes, but ways. The reasons and methods are all relational languages (see Grammar of Near-Body Poetry 05: What is Relational Language?). 》）。
Fourth, no one arrived in the stone chamber, and the rope bed saw the tiger sleeping
No one arrived in the stone chamber, and the rope bed saw the tiger sleeping. This is a kind of inverted syntax, with the first 2 words placed after the last word:
No one went to the - stone room, saw tiger sleep - rope bed.
The performance of the recursive system is also the last 3 words: no one - to, see the tiger - sleep.
From Wang Changling's "Encounter with Xue Mingfu Gurudwara Shangren":
Happy to meet Bai Liang's old age, gong Zen gong zen.
No one arrived in the stone chamber, and the rope bed saw the tiger sleeping.
The cliffs often hold snow, and the dry streams are springs.
Although the provenance is different, the same joy is in the feast.
Fifth, Shu Xing has less yin and sees less, and Jiang Yu smells more at night
Shu Xing is less cloudy, and the river rain smells more at night. It is also a reverse syntax, but the first 2 words should be placed in front of the last word:
Yin see - Shu star - less, night smell - river rain - more.
The sky was overcast, the stars of Shudi were rarely seen, and it was difficult to sleep at night, and it sounded like more and more rain.
The performance of the recursive system should be the last 2 words: see less, smell more. It can also be understood as: see - Shu xing - less, smell - river rain - more. Similar to the first category: nest - pine tree - all over, visit - cucumber gate - thin.
These two sentences are from Du Fu's Five Laws of Scattered Sorrows:
Long-term guests should be swirling, and the king of Xing has not stopped.
Shu Xing is less cloudy, and the river rain smells more at night.
Millions of transmissions go deeper, and the universal area looks forward to banditing it.
Situ lowered Yan Zhao and collected the old mountains and rivers.
Conclusion
These five recursive grammars have the same structural features, namely: predicate + object + complement. For the example verse in this article, the object in the middle can be 1 word or 2 words.
The fifth category is special, with only predicate + complement in the last 2 words, because the objects in the recursive structure are preempted.
The so-called recursive style can be seen as a supplement to the previous action, expressing the author's feelings and enriching the content of the verse.
@Old Street Taste
Near-body poetry grammar 06: judgment sentences and descriptive sentences, scholar Zou Luke, Caizi Luoyang people