preface
The ancients wrote poetry, and there was a so-called poet's language. The sentences of poetry are different from those of prose, mainly reflected in grammar and rhythm. Many verses, analyzed in the grammar of prose, may not be logically reasonable. In addition, because of the difference in grammar, there is also a difference in rhythm.
When chanting verses, the rhythm of their pronunciation (the steps, mostly 221, such as daytime-mountain-end) are different from the rhythms in the sense.
In Mr. Wang Li's "Chinese Poetic Rhythmology", he summarized the sentence forms of three types of five-word near-body poetry: complex sentences, simple sentences, and incomplete sentences. These three categories are divided into hundreds of sub-categories (sentence forms).
At the end of the chapter about the three categories of sentences, Mr. Wang Li divides into 9 categories according to the rhythm of the sense. They are: 2-1-2 structure, 2-2-1 structure, 1-2-2 structure, 1-3-1 structure, 2-3 structure, 1-1-3 structure, 3-2 structure, 4-1 structure, 14 structure.
Today, according to Mr. Wang Li's classification and the example sentences provided, from the perspective of meaning rhythm, we will sort out the complex and changeable five-word sentence pattern. First of all, let's talk about the first one: the 212 sentence form, which is divided into 8 categories.
First, a simple sentence: the subject-predicate-guest structure
212 structure, the most common is the first 2 words and the last 2 words are nouns, and the middle 1 word is a verb. For example: celery mud - sui - swallow, flower bud - upper - bee whiskers. nN-V-nN。 From Du Fu's (Tang) "Xu Bu":
The whole step is green, and the deserted court is getting dark.
Celery puree - with - swallow, flower bud - upper - bee whiskers.
Wet the wine from your clothes and hold the chanting stick.
Dare to argue before seeing the taboo, really drunk as a fool.
Alternatively, the middle word is an adjective, as a predicate. For example: heavenly - multi - hong geese, pond - foot - carp. nt-F-NN。
From Du Fu's "Sending High Thirty-Five Zhan Shi":
Stable and high, bing Ge Jiu Suoju.
Time comes like an eunuch, and the years are too late to be affectionate.
Heavenly - many - wild geese, in the pool - foot - carp.
After reading half a hundred, I don't send a single line of books.
Second, simple sentences: subject-verb structure
The first 2 words of the noun, the middle of the 1 word verb, and the last 2 words are adverbs, used to modify the predicate. fN-V-pt。 p is a conjunction, t is a bearing.
For example, passers-by - come - from the north, the army - residence - in the west. From the north, in the west, the modified predicate comes and lives. This sentence form has no object.
Chu Guangxi (Tang) "Farewell to Anqing Li Taishou":
Akimaki Kinko, also a speech and sadness.
The first feast sets, and the drunkenness stops until the chirping chicken.
Passers-by - come - from the north, the army - residence - in the west.
If the soldiers are rebellious, they dare to take the Shupan Creek.
Another example: Chengwu - Cry - Juanjuan, Wild Heron - Su - Juanjuan. nN-V-fr。 The last 2 words are continuous adjectives, which are also used to modify the predicate cry and su.
From Du Fu's "Zhouyue to Yijin Temple"
Deeper without false candles, the moon is self-evident ship.
Outside the golden brake green maple, Zhu Lou white water edge.
Chengwu-Cry-Juanjuan, Wild Heron-Su-Juanjuan.
Hao shou jianghu guest, hook curtain alone sleepless.
The above two, with only one predicate, are simple sentences.
3. Complex sentences: subject-verb + predicate form
This one has two or three predicates and is a complex sentence. The first 2 words are in sentence form, and the last three words are in predicate form.
For example: Flower Dense-Hidden-Hard to See, NF-V-dV. Flower dense, noun + adjective, subject-verb structure, tibetan, verb, hard to see, is an adverb modifier verb.
From Du Fu's "Hundred Tongues":
Where a hundred tongues come from, there is only primrose.
Confidant and multitude, the whole body is multi-body.
Dense flowers - hidden - difficult to see, branches high - listening to - turn new.
Obsolete like a mouth, there are slanderers on the side of the king.
The opposite sentence of this poem is: branch high - listen - turn new, NF-V-vf, the last two words are verbs + adjectives, turn new. It is difficult to see the battle turn new, dv, vf. Although it is not particularly neat, the last 2 words are all modified by the middle predicate, and the function is the same.
In the confrontation of ancient poetry, we must learn to use wide pairs appropriately. There are many examples in Du Fu's poems.
Fourth, complex sentences: verb + verb + subject-verb
This sentence pattern is indeed quite complicated, Wang Li said in the original words:
The first 2 words are verbs with a purpose, the middle word is a verb, and the last 2 words are in sentence form.
For example: urging- smelling - mountain sounds. VN-V-NV, urging, predicate forms, verb structures. Smell, verb, 2nd predicate. Mountain sound, subject-verb structure, 3rd predicate.
From Tang Dynasty Wang Wei's "Passing the Ganhua Temple Tanxing Shangren Mountain Courtyard (Co-authored with Pei Di)"
Twilight holds a bamboo stick and treats the tiger head.
Urge - smell - mountain sound, return to the house - chase - water flow.
The wildflowers are good, and the valley birds are quiet.
The night is silent, and the pine wind is like autumn.
Fifth, complex sentences: subject-verb + subject-verb
This sentence form, in wang li's original words, is interpreted as:
A verb in the form of the first sentence, with the form of the next sentence as the target language.
The verses used as examples are: Articles - Hate - Destiny, Charm - Joy - People Have Passed. From Du Fu Dufu's "Li Bai at the End of Heaven":
The cool breeze rises at the end of the day, what does the gentleman mean.
When the wild geese arrive, there are many autumn waters in the rivers and lakes.
Articles - hate - fate, charm - joy - people have lived.
We should share the words of the soul and throw poems to Miluo.
The article is the subject, the abhorrent is the predicate, and the destiny is the object (subordinate clause). To understand Wang Li's words, it is easier to see the 3-2 structure: the article hate is the sentence form (subject-verb structure); the fate is the sentence form (subject-verb structure), and it is the object language (object) of "hate".
Compare it with the 212 structure of the simple sentence: flower bud - upper - bee [whisker] vs article - hate - fate [reach]. It can be seen that only the last word is different.
Complex sentences: subject-verb + verb
The sentence form is: NN-V-VV. For example: bait-hate-addition and subtraction, doorway-stuffiness-sweeping.
In Wang Li's original words, it is analyzed as:
The first 2 words are nomenclatures, the middle word is a verb, and the last two words are parallel verbs.
The first 2 words are nouns as the subject, medicine bait, doorway, the middle word is the verb as the predicate: hate, stuffy, the last two words are parallel verbs: addition, subtraction, sweep. Parallel language, is a juxtaposition.
From Du Fu's "Autumn Qing":
Gao Qiusu was sick, and his white hair could comb itself.
Bait - hate - addition and subtraction, doorway - stuffy - sweep.
The cane quinoa also returns to worship and loves bamboo books.
In October, the river is stable, and the light boat enters as it is.
This sentence form is compared with the previous sentence form: article - hate - [fate] up to vs bait - hate - [addition] subtraction, it can be seen that the difference is in the last 2 words. In the Mingda sentence, the 4th word is the noun as the subject, so the Mingda is in the form of a sentence.
Compare it with a simple sentence: Flower Bud - Up - [Bee Whiskers] vs Bait - Hate - [Addition and Subtraction], the last 2 words, one is a noun, one is a verb.
7. Complex sentences: subject-verb + moving guest
The sentence is: nN-V-VN, which Wang Li explains as:
The first 2 words are named words, the middle word is a verb, and the last two words are predicate forms.
For example: shore flower - fly - send guests, yan yan - language - stay people. The first two words are nouns as the subject: shore flower, tree swallow. The middle word is the predicate: fly, language. The last 2 words are in the form of predicates (verb-object structure): sending guests, staying people.
From Du Fu's "Fatan Prefecture" of the Tang Dynasty:
Drunk in Changsha wine at night, Xiaoxing Xiangshui Spring.
Shore flower - fly - send guests, yan yan - language - stay people.
Jia Fucai did not have it, and Chu Gongshu was outstanding.
Before and after the name, looking back on a hurt.
This sentence form is compared with the subject-verb + subject-verb: shore flower - fly - send guest vs article - hate - fate, it can be seen, but the noun and verb position of the last 2 words are reversed, one is the verb structure, and the other is the subject-verb structure.
8. Complex sentences: adjective + predicate + verb
The sentence form is: nt-F (or V)-VN. t, a noun that represents the bearing, nt, can also be labeled nn. Isn't this sentence the same as the previous one? Yes, similar, but not the same.
This sentence pattern seems to be more complicated to understand, and Wang Li's original words are like this:
The first 2 words are azimuth or temporal language, the middle word is a verb or adjective, and the last 2 words are verbs with a purpose.
Such as: dust - old - try their best, late years - sick - sad. The first 2 words, dust and age are place and time, not subject.
Old, sick, are verbs as predicates. Trying hard and being sad is a moving structure and a predicate.
From Du Fu's (Tang) "The Sick Horse":
It has been a long time since the ride, and the cold is deep.
Dust - old - try your best, late - sick - sad.
The bones are so special that they are tamed to this day.
The object is not shallow, and it is touched by a deep groan.
These two verses differ from the previous seven types in that the subject is omitted and replaced by an adjective. The last three words are similar to the seventh category, all of which are F (or V)-VN. Compare:
Late Years - Sick - Sad vs Shore Flowers - Fly - Send-Off.
It can be seen that the first 2 words are exactly the same from the point of view of part of speech, and they are all nouns. But in grammar, the seventh category is the subject and the eighth is the adjective.
So, late, nt, is lowercase. Shore flower, nN, is capitalized. Indicates that the status of the master and subordinate in the sentence is different.
Conclusion
212 structured sentence patterns, divided into 8 categories, two simple sentences, 6 complex sentences.
Regarding the classification of sentence patterns, Wang Li himself also said:
Most are only possible analyses, not necessary analyses.
For example, the sentence form of the 2-3 structure can also be seen as the structure of 2-1-1, such as: the bird chaos of the flock); the sentence form of the 4-1 structure, you can also think of it as the 1-1-2-1 structure, such as the crane nest pine tree); the sentence form of the 3-2 structure can also be seen as the 2-1-2 sentence pattern, such as: the spring sound of the pharyngeal stone; the 2-1-2 sentence pattern, can also be understood as the 2-1-1-1 sentence pattern, for example: shore flower flying passenger.
Therefore, in Wang Li's book, if you see the same poem, the analyzed sentence pattern is different, and the reader does not have to be more truthful.
@Old Street Taste
Five-word near-body poetry, different sentences of the battle, can also be seen as work, right?