preface
In the previous articles, I mentioned Mr. Wang Li's 41 structures in Chinese Poetics, and several types of 212 structured sentence patterns.
Today I would like to talk about another very common sentence structure: 221. Although they are all 221, the language of the poets has changed a lot.
1. The subject is the guest
1. Proper nouns as the subject
Du Fu's Five Laws of Chao Yu:
The cool air is late and the clouds are fluttering. Wind mandarins are hidden near Nagisa, and swifts set deep strips.
Huang Qi - Final Words - Han, Nest By - Not Seen - Yao. Caotang bottle of wine is here, fortunately survived the Qing Dynasty.
Huang Qi - Final Words - Han, Nest By - Not Seen - Yao, BB-dV-B.
Huang Qi- Han, Chao You, Yao, are all proper nouns, denoted by B. d, denoting an adverb. V, is an adverb. Uppercase is the main part, lowercase is secondary (playing a decorative auxiliary role)
2. The subject of the adjective as a modifier
For example: beautiful flowers, good birds. Du Fu's Five Laws of "Two Songs of Feng Accompanying Zheng MaWei":
Noji Temple is weeping in the Yangli, and the spring is chaotic.
Beautiful flowers reflect bamboo, good birds do not return to the mountain.
What happens to the city, the wind and dust will not stay.
Who can share the son, Bo Twilight wants to return.
Beautiful flowers - many reflections - bamboo, good birds - no return - mountains. fN-dV-N, f, denotes an adjective, n, is a noun. Beautiful flowers and good birds are partial positive phrases, with adjectives as modifiers and nouns as central words, so they are non-parallel words.
3. The subject of the noun as a modifier
For example: Tsuren, Murakan. Wang Changling (Tang) "Shayuan Nandutou":
The autumn fog is white, and the heart is hanging.
Tsujin - Kushou - Cable, Village Hall - Fu lin - Kawa.
The canopy is separated by the vast rain, and the waves are continuously played in the fields.
The lonely boat did not get help, and what year was the dream.
Tsujin - Kushou - Cable, Village Hall - Fu lin - Kawa. nN-dV-N, Tsuren, Murakan two words, although both are noun combinations, nN, but the former noun is a modifier, Tsuren, Muranokan, so it is also a non-parallel language.
4. The color word is the subject of the modifier
For example: green figure, white hair. Du Fu (Tang) "Two Songs of Feng Accompanying Zheng MaWei":
Wei Quhua is a rogue, and his family is annoyed and kills people.
Green Zun - although exhausted - day, white hair - good forbidden - spring.
The stone horn hook is torn, and the vine branches are dazzling new.
When to occupy the bamboo, wear a small black scarf on your head.
The color is denoted by c, green zun - although exhausted - day, cN-dV-N.
5. The predicate of the noun as a modifier
Du Fu's Five Laws "Guan An Xi Bing Passing through Guanzhong Standby Two Songs":
The four towns are rich and elite, and the destruction is extraordinary.
I also smelled the sacrifices, enough to calm the wind and dust.
Old horse - night knowledge - Tao, goshawk - hungry - man.
Facing danger and fighting for a long time, with a hurry like a god.
Old Horse - Night Knowledge - Dao, fN-nV-N, the first two words fN, the same as the second article. However, it is important to note here that the combination of nV is in place.
At night, the old horse still knows the way. Night is a noun, n, and here modifies the verb "knowing" with the verb. In modern Chinese or English, night is the adjective of time.
Goshawks - hungry - people. There are also versions that are "autumn-people", and autumn and night are both nouns, indicating the time of the season.
2. Omit the subject
1. The time of the first two words table
Du Fu's "Leaving Jia Yan Second Pavilion to Fill the Gap in the Old Two Courts":
The countryside must be temporarily transferred, and the horses are far away.
Go far away to stay in the poems, worry a lot of drunkenness.
Autumn - often bitter - rain, today - never - cloudy.
When the horns are blown on the mountain road, it can be smelled everywhere.
The first two words are actually temporal, but in the 221 structure, they are very similar to the subject. In fact, the subject is omitted, which is also a characteristic of the poet's language.
Autumn - often bitter - rain, qN-dV-N, throughout the autumn, (omitting "sky") there is a continuous rain.
Today--beginning-cloudless, fN-dV-N, today, (omitting "sky") is cloudless.
2. The first two words of the table of directions
Chu Guangxi (Tang Dynasty) "Sacrifice wind Bo Altar Ying Zhang Tai Zhu Zuo":
The Holy Lord is the Emperor of Youth, and the Messenger of The Lord.
Will cultivate the wind and worship, and bless the Taiping people even more.
Curtain - Suze - Matter, Altar Field - Dawn Descending - God.
The imperial heart is a reserved animal, not a car person.
Curtain - Suze - Matter, Altar Field - Dawn Descending - God. nn-nV-N。 In the curtain (tabernacle), things are processed at night, and in the altar field, the gods descend in the morning.
The curtain and the altar field indicate the location of the place, which is actually the place adjective. The subject is also omitted here.
3. Omit the object
1. Azimuth words
Wang Wei (Tang) "Mountain Residence Autumn Dawn":
After the new rain on the empty mountain, the weather came late in autumn.
Bright Moon - Matsuma - Illumination, Clear Spring - Ishigami - Stream.
The bamboo hustle and bustle returned to the raccoon girl, and the lotus moved down the fishing boat.
Feel free to rest in the spring, and Wang Sun can stay for himself.
In fact, this also belongs to the first category, the first two words are the main language. It should be noted that the middle two words indicate the direction.
Bright Moon-Matsuma-Illumination, fN-nt-V, Bright Moon (in) pine forest illumination, between, t, indicates the direction.
Clear spring - stone - stream. fN-nt-V, a clear spring (in) flowing over the stone. , t, indicates the bearing. Ishigami and Matsuma indicate the location corresponding to this action of illumination and shooting, and the location adjective.
2. Nouns
Du Fu's "Accompanying Zheng Guangwen to General He's Mountain Forest":
The thorn trees are cold and cloudy, and the fragrance of spring lotus is infested.
Crispy lettuce beauty, yin beneficial food single cold.
Wild crane - early morning - out, mountain spirit - daytime - hiding.
Stone Forest Panshui Province, a hundred miles of unique cang.
Wild Crane - Early Morning - Out, fN-fn-V; Mountain Spirit - Daytime - Hidden. nN-cn-V
221, the middle 2, is a noun, clear, white, is a modifier, the central language is a noun: morning, day.
Early morning, daytime, are all expressions of time, in fact, time adjectives. The syntax is similar to that of Matsuma and Ishigami (these two are place words).
Conclusion
Differences between the three 221 structures:
First, subject (2) predicate (2) object (1)
In the second case, the first two words are time or orientation, omitting the subject, and the last three words are predicates and objects.
Third, the first two words are still the subject, the middle two words are time or direction, and the predicate is in the last word, without an object.
The 2-2-1 structure is a very common type of five-sentence. In terms of grammatical structure, the sentence pattern is 2-2-1, but when reading, we are still accustomed to reading as 2-3, or 2-1-2 rhythm, such as autumn - often bitter rain, good birds - not - return to the mountain.
@Old Street Taste
In the 212 structure of the Five-Word Verse, there is a distinction between parallel and non-parallel languages