Yesterday I attended a family wedding in my hometown of Pingliang, Gansu, and my cousin sitting next to me at the wine table said to another cousin: "Did you find out, our village has only held two weddings this year." In recent years, weddings have become less and less, and it has become more and more difficult to marry a daughter-in-law. Another cousin agreed.
The cousin who asked the question was happy because one of Murakami's only two weddings this year was his son's. The other is today's one.
Strictly speaking, these two weddings cannot be regarded as village weddings, because the descendants of these two daughters-in-law are not farmers, both have gone to college, both have a good job in the city, and the daughter-in-law married is not a village girl, but a girl who works in the city with matching conditions.
Nowadays, weddings are rarely held by "pure peasants" who have not read much in the countryside, and it is no longer difficult for those farmers who go out to work after graduating from primary school or junior high school to get daughters-in-law.
The tradition of building a shed in one's courtyard and stepping on the dirt floor for a village wedding has been broken, and now rural lads marrying daughters-in-law basically have to have a house in the city, a car, and a Western-style wedding in a city hotel. If you can't meet these conditions, I'm afraid you will have to play bare.
India's famous movie "Country Without Women" reflects the problem of marrying a wife in rural India, and the village has not held a wedding for more than a decade, with piles of bachelors and absurd things one after another. So what will happen if China's rural areas continue to develop? Although we are much more civilized than India, our rural youth have difficulty marrying not because of son preference, but because of urbanization.
However, rural areas, as the areas with the richest reserves of population resources for decades, may not be optimistic about the current situation of "population resources".
A still from the Indian movie "Land Without Women"
First, the current situation of rural population resources is the result of urbanization
Population used to be seen as a burden, but now people see it more as a resource. The development of society does depend on the population, and the population is a resource, not a burden. An adequate supply of people, like rich mineral deposits, is good for the country, not bad.
Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, we have relied on the inexhaustible huge population resources in the countryside to promote economic development, and most of the "demographic dividend" on which the country's development depends is actually the "rural demographic dividend".
Every Spring Festival, a large number of people return to their hometowns for the New Year, and the population of each big city is instantly so scarce that it almost stops, and the roads that are congested on weekdays are empty during the Spring Festival, which shows how large the number of people coming out of the countryside is.
It is the batch of "population resources" that have come out of the countryside to promote the country's economic construction and promote urbanization. More than 20 years before the reform and opening up, which lacked capital and technology, cheap manpower supplemented the lack of machines, and rural labor made great contributions to economic development.
How cheap was manpower back then? When I worked on a construction site from 1994 to 1998, I worked 10 hours a day and paid 7 yuan. Note that it is not 7 yuan an hour, but a total of 7 yuan for 10 hours, and you have to take out about one yuan to eat.
At that time, there were no machines on the construction site, and it was all stacked up by manpower. In this case, to engage in construction, think about it, "manpower" is not a resource, everyone is a small machine, small energy consumption, high power, but also intelligent.
China's economy benefits from abundant human resources, and conversely, so many people can survive and live well because they benefit from the development of the country's economy. Some people like to spray blindly, always feel that the past manpower is so low, the employment is so harsh, it seems to be very sinful, so they lash out at the past, in fact, such remarks are grandstanding stupidity.
Historically, the mainland has been a country with a large population, and after the prosperity of Kang Qian, the population of the mainland exceeded 400 million, and in 1980 the population of the mainland was 987 million.
Working 10 hours a day earns 7 yuan, and although the work is hard and the pay is meagre, the income of migrant workers is enough to support themselves, their wives and children. People are not worried about living more and less money, but whether such job opportunities exist.
Fortunately, in the past 40 years, labor opportunities have not been scarce, and the huge rural population has earned the remuneration to support their families by going to the cities to work, and at its peak, there were 300 million migrant workers in the mainland (the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security announced that the total number of migrant workers in the country in 2021 was 292.51 million).
Migrant workers earn back their wages by working part-time jobs, building houses in rural areas, getting married, and raising children. These children, raised by the first generation of migrant workers, have become a steady stream of population resources in the process of urbanization in the mainland, and these population resources are an important part of the mainland's "demographic dividend".
However, the children of the first generation of migrant workers have rapidly urbanized in the tide of the times, and they have either obtained stable jobs in the city by studying for a diploma, or have established themselves in the city by doing small business, or have a foothold in the city by relying on certain skills or working in the service industry. In short, the eight immortals crossed the sea to show their talents, and in the end, most of them, even with the financial support of their fathers, achieved their own urbanization and could make a stable living in the city.
Therefore, the children of the first generation of migrant workers no longer return to the village for weddings, and most of them do not raise children in the countryside after marriage and childbirth, so of course, the status of the countryside as a base camp of "population resources" does not exist. The current state of the resources of the rural population, which is an inevitable consequence of urbanization, should not be sighed, but cheered, as a manifestation of social progress.
Second, the pile of singles of men of marriageable age in rural areas has become a common phenomenon throughout the country
However, there are still a large number of children of 1st or 1.5 generation migrant workers who have not achieved urbanization. At present, most of the problems we are concerned about in rural areas such as high bride price and difficulty in marrying wives occur in the 2nd generation and 2.5 migrant workers who have not achieved urbanization.
On January 11, 2023, Zhihu's previous "What do you think of girls in Jiangxi?" The topic attracted the attention of many netizens, because an anonymous user who claimed to be Shanghai's "indigenous middle class" told a bizarre bride price story. After this story exploded, there were rumors that the author's surname was Yan, his family was very good, and there was indeed something, so the respondent was laughed by netizens as "Yan Gongzi".
Yan Gongzi said that he met and fell in love with a female student from Pingxiang, Jiangxi Province when he was studying in the United States, but eventually broke up because the wedding dowry was not negotiated. Yan Gongzi said that his ex-girlfriend's parents offered him a sky-high bride price of 18.88 million yuan, and asked Yan Gongzi to transfer the marriage house in Shanghai to the woman's name, and also asked for hundreds of relatives to give the woman 100,000 yuan in red envelopes each, which Yan Gongzi could not accept.
This bizarre story was later proved to be false, and "Yan Gongzi" publicly issued an apology statement on January 12, admitting his act of fabricating facts, and Zhihu also permanently banned "Yan Gongzi"'s account.
Although this news is false, it is true that Jiangxi's bride price is relatively high. In the 2022 national bride price list circulated on the Internet, Jiangxi topped the list with a bride price of 380,000 yuan excluding the car house. On January 24, a reporter wrote a report saying that the average bride price in villages and towns under the jurisdiction of Yingtan City was about 400,000 yuan, and some were even "so high that there is no boundary." Of course, the local government is now managing high bride price.
The bride price in my hometown Pingliang Rural Gansu has also risen in recent years, and the bride price of more than 200,000 yuan is a common market. Moreover, even if the conditions in the man's home reach the basic threshold, they must be selected among the best, because there are more men than women in the rural marriage market, and the woman has greater bargaining power.
Recently, there have been many news reports of rural blind dates, such as a man in Zhoukou, Henan Province riding an electric car to the woman's house on a blind date, only to find that there were more than a dozen boys queuing at the woman's door, the man queued for 3 hours, and finally was persuaded to leave by the woman's family, it may be that the woman's family saw that the man was riding an electric car, and the conditions were not good enough.
This kind of blind date activity is believed to be found in rural areas everywhere, especially in the lunar month and the first lunar month. Although there are more than ten men of marriage-age age in our village, and there are many women of marriage-age age, most of the women of marriage-age work in the city, even if they have not read any books and their work is not very good, they basically will not look at the descendants of the "pure farmers" in the village, so basically there is no possibility of blind dates with the descendants of the farmers in the village.
As the reporter of Banyuetan said in the report, in some rural areas, the proportion of marriageable single young men and women is out of balance, making it difficult for rural young men to marry daughters-in-law. A village secretary said that among the local 20- to 40-year-old marriageable single youths, there are nearly 150 men and less than 20 women.
Third, the main reason why rural young men have difficulty in marrying wives is their own lack of "urbanization"
Many people attribute the reason why there are more boys than women among young people of marriageable age in rural areas to the patriarchal concept and family planning policy many years ago. There are two reasons, but these two points are not the main reasons, the main reason is economic development, which is urbanization. Just like my 80-year-old mother said: local women don't marry local boys, they all marry abroad, and there is a shortage of local women.
The dissynchronization of the urbanization level of young men and women in rural areas is the core reason why rural girls do not want to marry rural boys. In this era of increasing business and service development, cities provide more opportunities for women in business and services, and young women in rural areas have more opportunities to rapidly urbanize themselves in jobs in tall places, which makes it easier for them to establish themselves in cities.
Although many of them work in cities, their working environment is isolated from urban life, such as various construction sites, various mines, various three-shift production lines, etc., which leads to their own slow pace of urbanization.
If urbanization symbolizes modern civilization, then "urbanization of rural youth" is the process of breaking away from the "local atmosphere" and putting on the "cloak of urban civilization". The process is difficult and painful. A stunned rural youth who has never seen anything pupates into a butterfly and becomes a city dweller who is comfortable in the city, this is the urbanization of people. The greater the urban-rural gap, the more painful the urbanization of rural youth.
The group of young rural men seems to have never paid attention to the problem of "self-urbanization", they are accustomed to selling "brute force" in places where they work, they are accustomed to doing hard work, so they earn themselves the indecent title of "migrant worker". They are less interested in the modern business and service industries that require "ingenuity", mainly because most of these industries do not do hard work and make more money.
In the end, you will find that rural men and women have gone to the city for many years, and every year rural men may earn more money than rural women, but rural girls are very "foreign", while rural boys are mostly very "dirt bags", although after returning to the village, the dress is also very fancy, but in the comprehensive quality of urbanization, rural boys are inferior to rural girls. This gap makes rural girls feel that rural boys are not worthy of themselves.
Blind date and love must first have an "eye edge", although it is not necessarily love at first sight, but the first glance must be pleasing to the eye. Rural men who are themselves underurbanized find it difficult to please girls. So the current situation is that even if rural girls are left in the city, they are not willing to return to the village to marry the second and third generations of farmers.
Therefore, the gap between rural men and women in their own urbanization is the main reason why rural young men have piled up singles and the bride price has risen.
Fourth, as the main force of population production, rural areas have "broken gear" in fertility
Every year before the lunar calendar, the National Bureau of Statistics announces the number of newborn people in the previous year, and the number of newborn people in recent years has been decreasing year by year, making the people of the whole country very anxious. But we have to face a more grim future, and perhaps the new population will fall again.
Because the vast rural areas, which are the main bases of population resources, the traditional pattern of population production is being disintegrated. As mentioned above, more and more young men of marriageable age in rural areas cannot find daughters-in-law, and more and more rural men are single, unable to get married, and of course unable to give birth.
Our social science researchers are paying more attention to urban people, hoping that urban couples of childbearing age will have more children, hoping to curb the decline in the newborn population. But they seem to notice little that farmers and small town dwellers are the main force of population production.
Most of the young couples in the village who are already married have two children; The rural couple selling fruits in the fruit store downstairs in the community, they dare to have three children; Most of the small two families in the town of their hometown have two children, and even three children.
And young couples in first-tier big cities, one by one, fell into the "inner roll", either "rolled" by others, or "rolled" others, rolled up without a moment of leisure, how many people dare to give birth to two children and three children? What's more, many older men and women are caught up so that they don't have time to fall in love and get married.
The summer before last, our family traveled to the Hexi Corridor, and in Zhangye National Wetland Park, we met a local couple walking in the park with their children. Like the bloody sun reflecting the white snow of the Qilian Mountains in the distance, and also spilling the afterglow into the watery and lake-colored wetland park, we chatted with the couple for a while on the small bridge on the lake in the warm sunset.
A year and a half later, I don't remember many episodes of that trip, but the heartwarming scene of chatting with the couple lingered in my mind, probably because I was fascinated by the idleness of a small city.
Is it interesting to roll up and roll up in big cities, so that children do not dare to have more children? However, the countryside and small cities can no longer go back, there is no work in idle and comfortable places, and where there is work, it has to be rolled, which is the helplessness of economic development and the stupidity of human activities.
To be honest, I am quite envious of my parents' rural life, I don't have to think about anything, just eat and drink well and bask in the sun, and don't think about earning money and saving money. I wanted to stay in the countryside and just live like that. When I said this, my wife said that you should go play single, and my son said that he wanted to be with his mother and come to see me once a year. Alas, it's better to stay in the big cities.
When there are fewer and fewer young people in rural areas and small towns, and the "difficulty of marrying wives" for young men in rural areas becomes more and more serious, a further decline in the new population is inevitable. Considering the large number of rural people, the serious "discontinuity" of rural population production may rapidly exacerbate the decline in the number of newborns in the mainland. This is a serious problem, both a serious problem facing population production and a serious problem facing social order.
As I said in the article "Urban and Rural Style of a Northwest Five-tier Small City" written in 2019: a society, the increase of singles, the society will inevitably become more and more dangerous, because "food color also", sexual desire may make people do crazy things. The increase in singles in the countryside may be mainly borne by the cities, because the singles mainly work in the cities, not to mention that the people in the village are too familiar, there are not many girls, and there is little temptation. Therefore, do not think that it is the matter of rural people themselves that rural young people cannot marry their daughters-in-law, this is a matter for the whole society, and the whole society must be concerned about this matter.
Fifth, how to solve the "difficulty in marrying wives" among young men in rural areas?
How should the state care about and solve the problem of rural young men "marrying wives"?
This is difficult to solve, because the state cannot arrange it, cannot allocate partners, and this matter is fundamentally a matter of personal contention. But that doesn't mean the state can't do anything.
In my opinion, the most effective and low-cost way to solve the problem of "difficulty in marrying wives" among young men in rural areas is to improve rural education.
In the process of young rural men marrying wives, there is a phenomenon that is common everywhere, that is, as long as rural young men read a little more books, the difficulty of marrying a wife will be much reduced.
Many rural men only attend a vocational college or university, but because he has spent a few days on a college campus, even if he has not learned specific skills and skills, such an educational experience can at least significantly improve his personal charm and increase his "feminine relationship".
Most men who have received higher education can more easily get the favor of girls after graduation, regardless of their skills, whatever their jobs, and no matter how much money they earn a month, and the bride price for marrying a wife will be lower, and the conditions required by the woman will be much lower.
In our Pingliang local area, for young people with college diplomas, the bride price may only be 60,000 or 70,000, while for junior high school graduates, sorry, the bride price starts at 200,000.
This phenomenon has existed for many years, and I wrote about it in 2017
"The college entrance examination is not only a shortcut for the development of life for rural boys in underdeveloped areas, but also a shortcut to marry a wife"
In this article, I analyze this phenomenon and encourage rural boys to study hard in order to marry their wives. I suggest that teachers in primary and secondary schools in townships should make this situation clear to rural boys early on, that learning needs to be motivated, and marrying a wife can be used as a strong motivator for learning.
Don't think I'm vulgar, I'm a practical person, if the vast number of male bachelors in the countryside have understood this truth earlier, they can study well in primary school and junior high school, and it is estimated that they have already completed their urbanization, and most men can marry daughters-in-law. Because there is really no shortage of girls, but girls do not look at these rural young men, feel that they are not worthy of themselves, and are just floating in the city.
Therefore, the fundamental solution to the "difficulty of marrying a wife" of rural men lies in education, and the foundation of education for rural men is to promote their "own urbanization", and an urbanized man will be more attractive and will increase his attractiveness to women.
Unfortunately, we now have a bias in the education of rural children. Under the current education pattern, if rural children receive higher education, they mainly receive vocational education, because rural children generally do not learn as well as urban children, and it is difficult to be admitted to undergraduate universities.
However, our vocational education now emphasizes more and more on the cultivation and training of technical skills, and it is weaker and weaker in improving the overall quality of students' urbanization, because there are fewer and fewer courses in this area. As a result, you will see that vocational students are still relatively "woody" when they graduate, they may have mastered a certain skill, but they lag far behind undergraduate students in terms of the overall quality of urbanization.
Which is more important for rural children, the "real" of technical skills or the "virtual" of the comprehensive quality of urbanization? Many people may think that the "real" is more important, but I think the "virtual" is more important. The agent who helped me sell a house a few years ago was a very handsome young man, he had worked as a welder in an oil field for many years, with good skills and good income, but the problem was that he had been engaged in manual labor in remote places for a long time, and his own comprehensive quality of urbanization could not come up, and it was very difficult to marry a daughter-in-law.
So he resigned decisively and ran to Changsha to become a real estate agent, wearing a handsome agency suit every day to shuttle among all kinds of people, etc., and his comprehensive quality of urbanization came up in a short time. The young man has become smart, and it should not be a problem to find a girl to fall in love and get married. Later, the young man went to the larger city of Nanjing to develop.
Today I saw a hot article in the WeChat group about Henan's rural "return to the hometown", the author summarized 52 articles, the third article said: marriage, three gold bride price needs 200,000, the second marriage of women is similar, more men and fewer women results. Article 17 says: University is no longer the only goal, academic performance is average, early withdrawal is not required. Because they see that many graduates can't find jobs or pay low, they no longer worship college.
Why do people keep saying that farmers are "short-sighted"? From the experience of returning to their hometowns in Article 17, it can be seen that farmers are indeed short-sighted, thinking that others cannot find jobs temporarily after graduating from college or that their wages are low, and they think that going to school is useless. This short-sightedness is really stupid.
Why is it stupid to say that short-sightedness does not read? Because the benefits of studying are multifaceted, they must not be measured by whether you can find a job and salary when you just graduate. His own son went to college to mix up for a few years, mixed people, mixed a daughter-in-law back, and paid less bride price, this is also a real benefit? Why drop out of school early, work tirelessly, earn a high bride price, and finally be disliked?
Some rural people may feel that it is useless to pay so much money for their children to go to a vocational college, but in fact, for rural children, such schools are necessary to attend. Of course, it is better for children to go to undergraduate colleges, but poor grades and cannot be admitted to undergraduate colleges, then it is also possible to go to higher vocational colleges, don't look down on such schools. Moreover, this type of school has a low threshold and is easy to enter. If a man can't even pass this kind of school, then he won't be unjustified if he can't marry his daughter-in-law in the future.
I wrote an article in November 2015
"Should rural children go to "rotten colleges"
。 In the current fierce competition and serious stratification of education, rural education is generally inferior to urban education, whether it is the high school entrance examination or the college entrance examination, rural children are likely to fail to pass the urban children, the result is that most urban children go to good universities, and most rural children can only go to unideal universities.
So should this undesirable university still go to it?
My advice is: must be on! I copied a few paragraphs of this article and put them here:
For rural children, there is a high wall in front of them, and on this side of the wall are "peasants" or "migrant workers", who worked everywhere when they were young, and when they got married and had children when they were old, they returned to the countryside, which is the solidification of class; On the other side of the wall is a relatively stable job, a "white-collar" or a "gold-collar", to keep up with the times, to integrate into urban life, to break away from the "class" of the ancestors and reach a new "class", at least to become a relatively decent urban person.
If rural children want to complete this "class jump", the best springboard is to "go to college", and this springboard was and is, no matter how bad your college is.
Put these children into college, especially the universities in big cities and good cities, they are mixed in the city, ears and eyes, coupled with the inspiration of teachers and the stimulation of well-informed classmates around them, they will surely be able to grow up quickly. This kind of growth is not the improvement of a certain skill or the refinement of a craft, but the improvement of his overall vision, insight, outlook on life and world view. With this promotion, his inferiority and narrow-mindedness will be less, his self-confidence and ambition will be more, and the urge to change himself and improve his own class will be stronger.
If you are destined to go to a bad university, you must go to a big city and a good city, you are not going to college, you are going to the city, it is to let the big city and the people of that city give you an inspiration and strength in life.
That's all for my article.
Rural parents and rural children must improve their awareness, Zhang Yiming said that "cognition is the core competitiveness of people", and what rural people lack is precisely the core competitiveness of "cognition". For example, in the cognition of knowledge, the vast majority of rural parents and children have an attitude of indifference.
What I saw in the countryside was that most families, one mobile phone per family, short videos flying, children did not know what learning was, and parents did not care. The "nipple music" brought by the mobile Internet makes most rural children immersed in "superficial happiness" and cannot extricate themselves, do not study, do not work, do not play, children's world only play mobile phones.
This situation is not my feeling alone, I saw an article some time ago, it was a rural survey written by several young people in the southern countryside, the article said that now when you enter the village, you can't see children outdoors at all, playing and playing like they did when they were children, going up the tree to take out the bird's nest and go down to the field to catch loach at all, the children are staying at home and brushing their mobile phones motionlessly. The harsh laughter of the short video wafted through the doors of every house, and the children no longer knew what learning was.
The mobile Internet has exacerbated the collapse of rural education, which is now miserable. Some time ago, I was so sad about rural education that I wrote an article "The background board of school bullying, why are there mostly rural middle schools and vocational schools?" , hoping to wake up rural children.
Of course, I have been doing the useless work of waking up rural children, such as on the night of the first day of the Chinese New Year in 2019 and I wrote an article
"Rural children, do you know how hard urban children study now?" 》
。 I don't know how many rural parents and children have read it, and a few rural children have been inspired.
Yesterday at the wedding banquet, my cousin sitting next to me told me about the study of their three children, the eldest son and the second son have been admitted to a very good university, and the daughter is about to enter high school, studying very well. A rural family, such educational achievements, in the current atmosphere, is indeed rare, anyway, in the villages around us, it must be unique.
I asked him about the education method, and he said that there is no way, that is, do not buy mobile phones for children, children can grab adults' mobile phones for a few minutes at most, and never let children indulge in mobile phones. I know that my cousin-in-law's "family law" is very hard, and she is a principled person. The two of them just held on a little and gave the children a bright future.
I wonder if those rural parents who let their children play with their mobile phones will regret and feel guilty when they finally ruin their children, cannot find a job because they do not study well, or even cannot marry their daughters-in-law? Take care of the child early, the child will not be so troublesome when he grows up, is this truth difficult to understand?
"Returning to the hometown to see the news" we have to write about dry goods, we have to write about the life inspiration for peasant brothers and rural children, if we just write some sensationalist paragraphs, then why waste everyone's time? I hope that my above words can inspire parents and children in rural areas.
I would also like to say a few words about "rural revitalization". Since rural education is so important to the young generation in rural areas, it is related to their future work and even marriage, and the marriage of peasant groups is related to the century-old plan of population production, then the government-led "rural revitalization" should put "revitalizing rural education" in the most important position, not to mention the current collapse of rural education has reached an outrageous level.
Rural revitalization should be adapted to local conditions, and the problems of rural areas and peasants should be effectively solved, instead of engaging in formalism, and limited funds should be spent on rural areas and where peasants need it most.
It is said that 1 million yuan has been awarded for the rural revitalization of our village, and the results I have seen are that the road is beautified and a small garden is built. The question is that a group of old men and women left behind in the countryside, when they are seventy or eighty years old, they still have to work in the fields, whether it is a grain field or a vegetable garden, and the flowers are in full bloom, do they need a special garden? With such revitalization, can the countryside be prosperous?
Instead of wasting money in this way, it is better to focus on rural education. Rural primary schools now generally lack students, and it has even become a common phenomenon for rural primary schools in the west to have less than 10 students per school. One or two students in a class, the lack of learning and competition atmosphere, seriously affect the teaching effect, but also not conducive to the improvement of children's comprehensive quality, teachers are also very slack.
The dismantling of rural primary schools with few pupils should improve rural education. Students will be concentrated in schools with good conditions, rural school buses will be opened, and the boarding system will be emphasized. Since most rural children are left-behind children, the elderly at home will not manage and cannot control it, even if the parents are at home, and the children can only play with mobile phones when they come home from school, it is better to gather the children in the school, implement the boarding system, let the teachers manage, put away the mobile phones, and organize learning in a unified manner.
If the rural revitalization in some backward areas really cannot find industry, then the money for rural revitalization should be invested in education, and the children should be cultivated well, which is conducive to the future of the family and the future of the country, and such an investment must be worthwhile.
In any case, rural education should be paid attention to, rural children can no longer be killed by mobile phones, otherwise there will not only be more singles in the future, but also more "gnawing old people", this situation is difficult to bear in the future.
In this era of rapid urbanization, the countryside has become weaker and weaker because of the long-term "blood transfusion" to the city, most of the rural productivity has not progressed in recent years, while the traditional production relations have gradually disintegrated, the rural marriage relationship is the most rapid disintegration of the production relationship, the emergence of a large number of rural male singles is the inevitable result of the collapse of the traditional rural marriage relationship.
It's just that no matter which young man falls on this result, it is a tragedy of life, and when such things become more and more universal, we need the whole society to think and change.
Before the country has come up with a countermeasure, I want to tell rural boys from the bottom of my heart: Please put down your mobile phone, study hard, and fight tirelessly to marry a wife in the future!
This article is from the WeChat public account:
Growing in Composition (ID: lvshicai8)
, author: Yang Sheng