Raising a baby is to upgrade the monster, especially when the baby is in the 0 to 1 year old stage, "busy hands" is the norm.
The growth and development of 0- to 1-year-old babies has always been the most concerned of new parents. In order to really help new parents on the road to raising a baby, so that they know each other and never lose a battle.
Today, we will share 4 aspects of content for you:
Do you know what your baby's nutritional status is?
What are the core nutritional needs?
What nutrients do 0-1 year olds need to supplement? How to make up?
In order to meet the nutritional needs of the baby, how to do a good job of feeding the baby?
Do you know how your baby is doing nutritionally?
How do I know my baby's nutritional status? I think the more intuitive thing is the growth curve plus food supplement evaluation.
1
Growth curve:
As a parent, you must look at the "percentile map" of the growth and development curve of "weight-specific age" and "height-specific age".
Let's take the "height-by-age" chart of boys under 2 years old as an example:
Image source: WHO official website
You can see that there are 5 lines in the upper left corner of the figure, each line has 3 rd, 15 th, 50, 85, 97.......
This means that at this age, when the height of 100 children is ranked from highest to lowest, what is the height of the boys who are in the 3rd, 15th, 50th, 85th and 97th places in height.
Usually, as long as the child's height is not lower than the red line at the bottom, we think that there is no retardation in growth and development.
Of course, as a parent, you need to monitor the height of your child at different ages, and connect each point into a curve, which is the baby's "growth curve".
Pay attention to the growth curve, be sure to look at its "smoothness". In addition, the sudden rise in the curve in the short term is not necessarily good, and may be related to the rapid rise in weight
2
Food Supplement Assessment:
Exclusive breastfeeding cannot be directly assessed, formula can be assessed according to milk quantity, and then complementary foods can be evaluated according to the dietary pagoda to see if the baby's complementary food intake is up to standard.
Image source: Chinese Nutrition Society
Baby for core nutrients
What are the needs?
Image source: Stand Cool Helo
The first year after birth is the fastest stage of growth and development of the baby, especially the development of the baby's brain. At this critical stage of your baby's development, adequate nutrition is needed (neither nutrient deficiency nor overnutrition).
Plenty of energy
It is to eat enough, but not to eat too much. The proportion of nutrients in the three major capacities should be appropriate. There is basically no need to worry during the breastfeeding phase. In the stage of food supplements, care needs to be taken to avoid that food supplements are pure carbs, and it is necessary to ensure fat (energy supply accounts for 35% to 40%) and protein.
Among them, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially DHA, are necessary for infants aged 0 to 6 months. Essential for vision (retinal nerve) development and neurodevelopment to the brain. In DRIS, DHA is needed for people during pregnancy and 0 to 3 years of age. Moms and babies should pay attention to the sources of high-quality fatty acids in their diet.
Which foods are sources of high-quality fatty acids?
Mainly edible oil and deep-sea fish, mother's edible oil selection to choose flaxseed oil, walnut oil and other oil rich in α- linolenic acid, in addition to eating pine nuts, walnuts as a supplement, and some deep-sea fish also contain DHA.
How should pregnant and nursing mothers eat to get enough DHA?
According to the FDA's recommendations, pregnant mothers can eat about 8 to 12 ounces of fish per week, about 100 grams at a time, 2 to 3 times a week. The mainland recommendation is to produce aquatic products 2 to 3 times a week, once with deep-sea fish, plus one complete egg per day.
Aside from DHA, what else is there to be aware of?
The main thing is mercury, after all, methylmercury has an impact on the baby's health. Because mercury is passed through the food chain and is enriched in aquatic products, methylmercury can be easily absorbed by the body through the gastrointestinal tract and quickly enters the brain. Ingestion of large amounts of methylmercury can affect fetal brain development and impair vision, hearing, muscle coordination, and memory in adults.
Therefore, if the baby eats more than 85 g of seafood per week (before 3 years of age), then as far as possible, you should choose aquatic products with low methyl mercury content, such as flounder, Atlantic salmon, tilapia, shrimp, narrow cod, crayfish, scallops, crabs, oysters, Atlantic yellow croaker, osmanthus, barn bream, grass carp, sardines, sea bass, clams, etc., and try to avoid sharks, sailfish, squareheads, swordfish and other aquatic products with high mercury content.
While ensuring energy supply, it is also necessary to prevent obesity. In early feeding, attention needs to be paid to over-feeding (especially for formula-fed babies).
It is recommended to evaluate the growth curve regularly, either white and fat or the curve is in rocket state. Obesity in infancy not only increases the risk of long-term cardiovascular disease, but also impairs your baby's nervous system development.
micronutrient
1. Calcium: Promotes bone development. For small babies who are mainly milk, this element is actually not lacking. (No need for additional supplements) (Although the mother's calcium nutrition status will not affect the baby's calcium nutrition, it is very closely related to herself, how to pay attention to calcium supplementation).
2. Iron: Iron is an important component of hemoglobin, which is responsible for delivering oxygen to all organs of the body, including the brain. Iron deficiency, which can lead to insufficient hemoglobin, is a risk factor for short- and long-term cognitive impairment. Iron deficiency is associated with nerve damage (irreversible).
3. Zinc: Zinc is an important element in the human body and participates in many physiological activities, including immunity and anti-infection, growth, wound healing, etc. Zinc deficiency can cause problems such as alopecia, anorexia, and growth retardation. The new version of the American Dietary Guidelines Core 4 proposes that the baby must eat foods rich in iron and zinc in the complementary foods.
4. Iodine: The raw material for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which are essential for growth and neurodevelopment. Severe deficiencies can lead to cretin disease, while chronic weaknesses can have a negative impact on intelligence (not getting into good colleges)
5. Vitamin A: a nutrient that is important for visual energy development. It is also important for your baby's skin health and immune development. Vitamin A deficiency has also been concerned in recent years. Especially for the addition of complementary foods, it is necessary to pay attention to the choice of foods rich in vitamin A.
Vitamin D: Promotes calcium absorption and bone development. Vitamin D food sources are very few, mainly rely on the sun, small babies are not suitable for long-term sun, so vitamin D is a very recommended early life, must be additional supplementary nutrients.
7.B vitamins: including B6, B12, folic acid, choline. These nutrients are closely related to your baby's neurodevelopment. Just as we know that we need to supplement folic acid from the beginning of pregnancy, it is also recommended to continue to supplement during lactation to ensure that the amount of milk can meet the needs of the baby.
What are the nutrients? How to make up?
1. Vitamin D:
It begins to be replenished a few days after birth, 400 IU per day, until adulthood, and even for life.
Vitamin D is special in that the concentration of breast milk is low, and the amount of storage in the baby's body is also small, but it is especially important for bone development, so supplementation with supplements is the most secure and efficient way.
Some friends say that the baby can not be supplemented by sunbathing? But the form of sun supplementation is not stable, the American Dermological Society recommends that 0 to 6 months of baby avoid direct sunlight, 6 to 12 months of baby must do a good job of physical protection, in addition to the synthesis of vitamin D and latitude, season, weather, whether across the glass has a lot to do, so it is difficult to guarantee, the daily supplement of 400 IU of vitamin D is a safe and economical choice, both safe and safe.
2. Vitamin A:
Breastfeeding mothers pay attention to their diet, eat more dark vegetables and bright yellow fruits, ensure animal foods (including offal, egg yolks), and meet their vitamin A needs as much as possible, so that babies who are still drinking breast milk do not need to supplement with additional vitamin A.
Baby after adding complementary food also pay attention to food collocation, such as adding broccoli, carrots, liver puree and other foods rich in vitamin A and β - carotene, if the supplementary food can be done well, generally do not need additional vitamin A supplement.
Whether additional supplements are needed is very much related to the mother's dietary structure, infant status and infant complementary food, but parents do not have to worry, the normal use of common AD supplements on the market will not appear vitamin A excess, and relatively backward economic conditions can promote vitamin AD supplementation.
3. DHA and LCP:
Breastfeeding mothers ensure that foods rich in DHA are guaranteed, and milk-fed babies pay attention to choosing formulas containing DHA (pay attention to the content), and add DHA-rich foods in time after adding complementary foods. Both mother and baby pay attention to the choice and collocation of household cooking oils, and they can choose supplements if they do not eat enough.
Is it necessary to give your child the option of DHA supplements? Breastfeeding is concerned about DHA nutrition for mothers, if the mother is not consuming enough, may consider supplementation, is there any need for additional DHA supplementation for nursing mothers? Assess your own diet to see if you can meet the needs of aquatic products 2 to 3 times a week and 1 egg per day, if not enough may require additional supplementation.
Pregnant lactating mothers can use 200 to 300 mg of DHA per day, algal oil and fish oil.
Infants and young children can 100 mg of DHA per day, algal oil fish oil, buy a large flat shot.
4. Iron:
After adding complementary foods, high-speed rail food is added in time, and mothers with anemia during pregnancy need more attention, and the baby's iron reserves may be insufficient. Anemic babies must follow the doctor's advice to supplement iron, and when the baby is 6 months later, the baby's demand for iron suddenly reaches 10 mg, if the complementary food is not carefully matched, it is easy to malnutrition.
To ensure the intake of iron, first of all, the need for iron-fortified rice noodles in complementary foods, and lean meat is also very important.
5. Zinc:
Zinc and iron homologous, after adding complementary food, pay attention to the timely addition of animal food.
We need to emphasize the importance of animal foods: iron, zinc, B vitamins, important sources of vitamin A, to ensure fat energy supply (increased energy density).
My personal opinion is that animal foods are not guaranteed and may require zinc supplementation.
6. Calcium:
Ensure that the amount of milk is generally not lacking. After adding complementary foods, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that milk is still the main one before the age of one year.
Milk intake: before 1 year of age: 600 to 800 mL
7. Iodine:
Breastfeeding mothers need to eat iodized salt, domestic formula milk generally does not need to worry about iodine deficiency, foreign brands need to pay attention. Kelp and seaweed are often used after supplementary food. Household salt uses iodized salt, 6 g of iodized salt per day for mom, plus kelp, seaweed, mussels, etc. once a week.
Remember, moms shouldn't eat uniodized salt unless instructed to do so.
How to Supplement At the Macro Level: Dietary Guidelines
How to do a good job of feeding your baby?
1. Pay attention to nutrition during pregnancy, and the nutritional status of pregnant mothers is the reserve and basis of baby nutrition.
The concept of "1000 days in the first life", we default from the pregnancy, the baby's life has begun, and the nutritional status at this time has a very close impact on the aftermath, malnutrition from the beginning of pregnancy, greatly affect the baby's health after the baby.
2. Breastfeed for as long as possible (≥ 6 months recommended).
In addition to vitamin D, breast milk contains almost all the nutrients that will meet your baby's growth and development. In addition to the nutrients mentioned earlier, research on breast milk has now uncovered more and more bioactive substances, such as breast milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), lactoferrin, osteopontin (OPN) and so on.
The close connection between mother and baby during breastfeeding is also an important factor in promoting your baby's brain development.
Breastfeeding mothers pay attention to a balanced diet, such as the intake of vitamin A, iodine, DHA, water-soluble vitamins and other nutrients in the diet can directly affect the content in milk.
Correct the lack of nutrients in time: for example, if the mother herself has anemia, it must be treated in time, and the mother's insufficient physical reserves mean that the raw materials are not enough, and the baby may get less.
3. Reasonable food supplementation:
(1) Avoid too early or too late: the recommended timing of food supplements: about 6 months, when the child has the following situations, you can add complementary foods:
Can sit alone or on support
Your baby is in a state of swallowing food
Baby tries to grab something
When adults eat, babies will swallow and want to eat
(2) Emphasize the addition of animal foods: including iron, zinc, high-quality fats, vitaminS, and B vitamins
(3) Pay attention to the food choice and diet structure of complementary foods: reasonable collocation, rich variety, and beware of environmental pollution
4. Regular physical examinations to pay attention to your baby's growth curve. Poor weight gain and excessive weight gain require attention.
5. Rational use of dietary supplements under the guidance of professionals:
The supplement should be supplemented, such as iron, vitamin D
Don't make up too much if you don't need to: calcium, for example
Choose the appropriate supplement product according to the individual's dietary status: such as the amount of supplement for mixed feeding VD, whether vitamin A needs to be supplemented, whether DHA is supplemented, etc
Content cooperation expert Shen Xiabing
The first batch of registered dietitians in China
Audit expert Xu Minjie
Registered Dietitian in China
Master of Nutrition from the State University of New York at Buffalo
Typography: Beautiful
Producer: Astro Boy
Title image source: Stand Cool Helo