Then for our "Explanation of Characters in Speaking" course, this lesson talks about a Chinese character in the "and" department: "reverse". "Anti" is a common Chinese character in modern Chinese, which is included in the "List of Common Words in Modern Chinese" promulgated by the State Language Commission in 1988. Therefore, "anti" is a key Chinese character that needs to be carefully mastered, and its details are as follows:
anti. There are two pronunciations:
(i) fǎn. This is the pronunciation of the Zhonghua Book Company's Zhuyin edition of the Shuowen Jiezi, and the explanation given is: "Reverse, repeat also." From again, the factory is reversed. Xu Shen believes that "anti" is a ideographic word. The original meaning is flipped. The method of knowing is to use one hand to reverse the object, so it is called repetition. Xu Kai's "Biography of the Shuowen System": "Factory, the repetition of elephants." Why "factory" is "the repetition of images" is not easy to understand, so the original meaning of "reverse" is not easy to understand.
Let's look at the evolution of the "anti" glyph:
(Inverse glyph evolution)
The "anti" oracle bone and gold glyphs are not much different from the later scripts, that is, a "factory" and a hand. The word "factory" here is pronounced hǎn, which originally refers to the protruding rock cover on the side of the mountain (not a cave), a place where people can live, see the factory character of "Shuowen Factory Department". The distant ancestors of human beings, in order to avoid wind and rain, the rocky protrusions on the side of the mountain are often their dwelling places.
(Factory: Mountainside rock protrusion cover)
Understanding "factory", in fact, many Chinese characters with "factory" parts are easy to understand. The original meaning of the word "anti" has always been different, and What Yang Shu said in "Ji Wei Ju Primary School ShuLin" is more reasonable: "The reverse word is from the factory, and the factory is a mountain stone rock, which means that people climb with their hands." "Add the next word after the trigger." "'Climbing' and 'anti' are the same words, 'climbing' is like the outward shape of the backhand, and people who climb with their hands will also oppose their hands, so the opposite is the opposite of the righteousness, which is repeated." Xu Jun takes the extended righteousness as the initial meaning, so his words are inconsistent with the form. ”
(The original meaning of "anti")
That is to say, the original meaning of "anti" is "wrench", which means to climb a cliff with a hand, and "wrench" is actually a word after adding "扌". Therefore, the "anti" at the beginning of the creation of words is to mean and form sound characters. The method of knowing is to climb the cliff with the hand, and the shape of the sound refers to the sound of "and" shape "factory". The original meaning of the word is "wrench".
However, the meaning commonly used in the classics is the meaning of Xu Shen's so-called "flipping". Zhu Junsheng's "Saying The Voice of The Saying of The Passage of The Sayings of the Texts": "On the contrary, it is said that it is overturned." "Mencius Gongsun Ugly": "The King of Qi, by the backhand also." Zhao Qi's note: "Mencius said that the kingdom of Qi is great, and it is easy to walk the way of the king, and it is easy to be a backhand." "Using the strength of the State of Qi to unify the world with the Royal Dao is as easy as flipping the palm of the hand." This is also the origin of the idiom "easy as a palm", figurative things are very simple, very easy to complete.
"Lü Shi Chunqiu Guan Shi": "The Jin of Yanzi, seeing the anti-Qiu Negative Breathing on the way, thought that the gentleman was also." Yan Zi went to jinguo and saw a man wearing a leather coat and carrying grass resting on the side of the road, and Yan Zi thought that this man was a gentleman.
(Reverse leather jacket)
In addition to the original meaning, "anti" has many uses:
(1) Turn around (go in the opposite direction); turn your head. "Zuo Chuan Xuan Gong Twelve Years": "Wen Jin Shi Ji, Wang Wants to Return, and Huan Ren Wu participates in the war." Make Yin Sun Uncle Ao Fu want to ,...... Yin Nanyuan rebelled. "Hearing that the Jin army had crossed the Yellow River, King Zhuang of Chu wanted to go back, and the favored minister Wu Shan wanted to fight, so that Yin Sun Shu'ao did not want to do it... Ling Yin returned to the car to the south and turned the flag.
(2) Inverted; opposite directions. As opposed to "positive". For example: inverse proportions; counteracts; and does the opposite. Du Fu's "Three Songs of Autumn Rain Sighs" No. 3: "Chang'an Cloth Who Compares, Anti-Lock Balance Gate Guard Ring Block." ”
(Anti-locking house doors)
(3) Same as "return". return. "Analects of Zihan": "I defend myself against Lu, and then Lezheng, Ya and Ode each have their place." "After I returned to Luguo from Weiguo, I sorted out the music, and both Ya and Ode had proper places.
(4) Return; return. "Zuo Chuan Xuangong Five Years": "Winter, (Qi Gaogu and Zi Shu Ji) came, anti-Ma Ye." Du pre-noted: "Gift, send the daughter to leave her to send the horse, humble do not dare to be at ease." See you at the temple in March and send the messenger against the horse. In the winter, Gao Gu and Zi Shu ji came to fulfill the etiquette of "anti-horse" (during the Spring and Autumn Warring States period, the doctor married his daughter and sent it to the husband's family in a carriage, and three months later, the son-in-law's family said that the husband and wife could accompany the old man, leave the car behind, and send the horse back, called "anti-horse").
(Return)
(5) Compound, return. "Zuo Chuan ChengGong Sixteen Years": "The Battle of Ji, the first is not to rebel." Du pre-note: "Died in DiYe." "In this battle of Jidi, Xianxun cannot return to China to resume his life.
(6) Repeat. The Analects of Shuer: "The Son and the man sing and be good, and they will do the opposite, and then they will be reconciled." "Confucius sang with others, and if the man sang well, he would be asked to sing again, and then he should be with him.
(7) Retaliation. "Zuo Chuan Zhao Gong Twenty Years": "Members such as Wu, words and chu benefit from the state." Gongzi Guangyue said: "It is the sect that kills, and wants to oppose it, and it is impossible to follow it." Du pre-notes: "Reverse, fu also." Wu Went to the State of Wu and explained to Zhou Yu the benefits of attacking the State of Chu. Gongzi Guang said: "It is this family that has been killed and wants revenge, and cannot listen to him." ”
(Portrait of Wu Zixu)
(8) Violation, violation. Yi Tun: "Ten years is a word, and the abnormality is also." "Divination predicts that a woman is not in a hurry to get married, and it is against common sense to wait for ten years to get married.
(9) Resistance; betrayal. For example, officials force the people to rebel. "History of Qin Shi Huang Benji": "Jing general Xiang Yan Lichang Pingjun as the King of Jing, anti-Qin in Huainan. The Jing general Xiang Yan Lichang Pingjun became the King of Jing, and raised an army against Qin south of Huaishui.
(Xiang Yan anti-Qin)
(10) Introspection. "Mencius Gongsun Ugly": "Self-improvement does not shrink, although brown and broad, I do not worry." Self-defeating shrinking, although tens of millions of people, I am going to die. Zhao Qi's note: "People add evil to themselves, and they introspect themselves." "Even if the other party is a civilian, you can't intimidate; if you reflect on yourself and feel straight, even in the face of thousands of troops and horses, I will not flinch and bravely move forward."
(11) Analogy. The Analects of shuzhi: "If you take one corner and do not oppose the three corners, you will not return." "Teach him something, and if he can't learn many other things by analogy from one thing, don't teach him repeatedly.
(12) Oppose. For example: anti-waste; anti-feudal.
(Anti-hunger and anti-civil war marches during the War of Resistance)
(13) Ancient official approval documents. Shen Kuo's "Mengxi Supplementary Writing Talks and Supplements the Eight Pieces under the Premise of twenty-eight volumes": "In the customs of the past life, the inferior person wrote to the honorable one, and the venerable one replied to the end of the paper as 'anti', so people called it 'criticism of anti', such as the approval of lawsuits and the approval of edicts." ”
(14) Used as an adverb. On the contrary; on the contrary. Lao She "Camel Xiangzi" XXII: "His heart was calm, and he forgot about this fruitless thing; occasionally he thought about it, and he felt a little ridiculous." ”
(15) Correction of wrongful convictions. "Guangyun Yuanyun": "Anti, break the prison and rehabilitate." "Orthographic Tong youbu": "Anti, rehabilitation, righteousness and righteousness, and living sin prisoners." "History of Ping Zhuan": "Du Zhouzhi, the prisoner of the less rebellious." Sima Zhen's "History of SuoYin": "Anti, that is, anti-envoy from light also." "When Du Zhou tried it, it is rare to be able to reverse the case.
(16) A traditional Chinese method of zhuyin. Add the word "inverse" after the upper and lower words to indicate that the two words are used to spell out the sound of a word. Also known as "turning", also known as "cutting", collectively known as "reverse cutting".
(Reverse Tangential Phonetic Method)
(17) Dumping. "Later Han Shu Guangwu Emperor Chronicle": "Anti-water does not collect, regret is not enough." "The water that has been spilled (poured) cannot be recovered, and it is too late to regret it if you miss the opportunity."
(18) Flip. The sixth time in the "Journey to the West": "King Xiang was so frightened that he even shouted 'Beauty, beauty!'" 'The walker should not blindly turn his eyes back.' ”
(Birds of the Bada Shanren rolling their eyes)
In addition, "anti" is still a surname. "Genealogy of Ten Thousand Surnames , Ruan Yun " : " Anti, there are anti-clans in Huaiqing Province, Henan." ”
(b) fàn. It is pronounced from "Collection rhymes". There are two usages:
(1) Dedicated to the term "anti-counter". Also known as "昄昄". Be careful. "Poetry Xiaoya Bin's First Feast": "It is not drunk, and the prestige is reversed." "Mao Biography": "Anti-reaction, words are heavy and cautious." "When they were not yet drunk, they looked respectful and serious.
(2) Pass "trafficking". Zhu Junsheng's "Speaking of Wen TongXun Dingsheng Cadres": "On the contrary, it is a peddler under false pretenses." "Xunzi Confucian Effect": "Accumulate anti-goods for merchants, accumulate etiquette and be gentlemen." Yang Liang's note: "On the contrary, read as a vendor." "To accumulate experience in selling goods is to become a merchant, and to accumulate experience of courtesy and righteousness is to become a gentleman."
The small seal of "anti" is written as shown in the figure:
(Anti-small seal writing)
([Explanation of words] no. 552, some pictures from the Internet)