Then our "Explanation of Words" course, talking about two words: "Gong, different". "龔" is the only Chinese character received by the "Gong" department, and the Shuowen Jiezi divides the Chinese characters under the 540 subordinates, and there are many subordinate Chinese characters with only one, and "龔" is one of these Chinese characters. "異" is the chinese character at the beginning of the part, and the "異" of the "廾" part is two characters in the ancient script, in lesson 495 we have already said the word "different", and this lesson will talk about the word "異".
These two Chinese characters are simplified in modern Chinese, the word "龔" is simplified to "Gong", the word "異" is simplified to "異", and "異" is a common Chinese character in modern Chinese, which is included in the "List of Common Words in Modern Chinese" promulgated by the State Language Commission in 1988, so the focus of this lesson is "異", although we mark its simplified character "異", but it is not the same word as the "異" of the "廾" department. Students who only pay attention to the problem in the title, please look directly at the explanation of the second word "different".
1. Gong (Gong). Read gōng. The explanation given by the Shuowen Jiezi is: "Gong, give also." From the communist, the dragon sound. "Shape sound word. The original meaning was supply, and later it was written "offering". According to Duan Yujie's Commentary on the Interpretation of Words, "Department of The Department of Renbu" says: "Give, xiangzu also, this is the same as the pronunciation of the "Renbu", and now the supply is done and Gong is abolished. That is to say, the original meaning of Gong is supply, but later the word "offering" was passed, and the meaning of supply of "Gong" was gradually abolished. Liu Zongyuan's "Wugang Ming": "Duty and loss, entering the Chinese, no one dares not to go wrong." "The rebellion of the ethnic minorities was quelled, integrated with the Han Chinese, and taxed. It can be seen that in the Tang Dynasty, "Gong" also used its original meaning of "supply".
(Epidemic prevention supply)
In addition to the original meaning of "Gong", there are several uses:
(1) Devotion, devotion. "Jade Chapters and Gongbu": "Gong, Fengye." "Lü Shi Chunqiu Xianji": "After xia, Xiang Qi and Youyi fought in Ganze and were not victorious. That is, Xia Junqi fought with the "Youhu Clan" in Ganze and did not win. Gao Lulu quotes the Shang Shu Gan Oath: "Now to Wei Gong (now "Gong") to do heavenly punishment." That is, Xia Qi said in the "Gan Oath", "Go and punish them by the great order of heaven and earth." ”
(2) Pass "Gong". respectful. Zhu Junsheng's "Speaking of Wen TongXun Dingsheng Fengbu": "Gong, pretend to be Gong. "The Book of Han and the Biography of Wang Zun": "Elephant Gong Is Monstrous." "Seemingly respectful is actually evil.
(3) Pass "use". thus. Zhu Junsheng's "Speaking of Wen TongXun Dingsheng Fengbu": "Gong, use it under false pretenses. ”
(4) Place names seen in Yin Xu Bu Ci. The place was in present-day Weihui City, Henan Province. Wang Guowei's "Examination of Place Names Seen by Yin Xu Bu Ci": "A Gong. The two words GuGong and Gong are common. "Left Generation Biography": 'Uncle Ben Gong. Du Note: 'Present-day Ki-gun Gong County' is also. ”
Gong is also used as a surname, which is also the most commonly used use of the modern Chinese Gong character, Guangyun Zhongyun: "Gong, surname also." Han has Gong Sui. "In the 1980s, there was an actress named Gong Xue.
(Gong Xue in the movie "Pomegranate Flower")
The small seal of "Gong" is written as shown in the figure:
(Gong's small seal writing)
2. Different (different). Read yì. In lesson 495, when we talk about the word "different", we have already mentioned the word "different", which is discussed in detail in this lesson, because this word is the main use of the word "different" in modern Chinese, and when writing the traditional character of the difference, we mostly have to write it as "different".
The explanation given by the "異" character "Shuowen Jiezi" is: "Different, divided also." From 廾, from 畀. Oh, to give also. "Can mean words. Xu Shen believes that the original meaning of "different" is separation. But note that this explanation is problematic, why, look at the glyph evolution:
(The evolution of the glyph of "different" in "Etymology")
Pay attention to the oracle bone and gold glyphs of the "different" characters, Yang Shuda's "Jiwei Ju Jin Wen Said": "The jia wen different characters are worn on the head of the person, and the shape of the two hands is enshrined, and the original text of the different cover is worn." Wear from (ten gos) to the ear. Luo Zhenyu's "Revised Yin Ruins Book Deed Examination Interpretation": "(Gu Jinwen) The elephant man raised his hand to cover his wing. That is to say, the oracle bone and gold glyphs of "different" are like a person wearing a foreign object (mask or ornament) on his head and holding it in both hands. Therefore, according to the glyph, the original meaning of "異" should be to wear (mask, hat or ornament), and hetero is the first text to wear. Li Xiaoding's "Oracle Bone Text Collection Interpretation": "The one who wears the head is something outside the body." The rules are worn at the head, and the interest is set aside. Therefore, by extension, there is a meaning. Therefore, the meaning of "separation" that Xu Shen said is actually an extension of "different".
(Masked man)
Xu Shen said, "From 廾, from 畀." 畀, 予也", saying "畀" means to give, because giving to the other party, so separate, so he thinks that the original meaning of difference is "separation", which is actually an explanation that he does not know the ancient glyph of "different".
For the sake of drafting, the following use of "different" to mean "different".
Guangya Shiyi: "Different, divided." Also use the meaning of "separate". "Li Ji Qu Li Shang": "If there are five people living in a group, the elder will be at a different table." "Five people of one's generation living together should be given a separate seat for the elderly. "History of Shang Jun Lie": "The people have more than two males who do not distinguish between them, and they are multiplied." "If there are more than two strong men in a family who do not live separately (live separately), the tax is doubled. This is the Martingale Transformation Act, a decree that promotes population growth.
(Shang martingale transformation method, Migration Wood Tachibana)
In addition to the original meaning, there are many more uses of "different":
(1) Different. "Jade Chapters and Different Parts": "Different, special also." "As mentioned above, in fact, this is also an extension of (mask or headdress), a person wearing a mask or headdress, must take on a different appearance. Duan Yujie's Commentary on the Interpretation of The Text: "Different, the division is different from each other." "Etiquette and Qu Lishang": "The husband and wife are therefore determined to be close to each other, to be suspicious, not to be the same, and to know right from wrong." "The so-called etiquette is used to determine the intimacy between people, to judge the suspicion and difficulty of things, to distinguish between different and the same things, and to distinguish between right and wrong.
(2) Unusual; special. Of course, this is also the extended meaning of wearing (mask or headdress), wearing a mask and a headdress, it is not ordinary, special. "Shi Ming Shi Tian": "The different, different from the usual." "Jade Chapter, Alien Part": "Different, Yuya." Xu Hao's Commentary on the Interpretation of Words and Notes on different parts: "Different. By extension, extraordinary things are different. "The Chronicle of the Disciples of Zhongni": "Confucius said: 'There are seven out of seventy people who have received karmic attainment', and all are men with extraordinary abilities. Confucius said, "There are seventy-seven disciples who have studied with me and are proficient in the Six Arts," and they are all people with strange talents.
(Confucius and his disciples)
(3) Weird; weird. In fact, this is also the extended meaning of wearing (mask or headdress). Wearing a mask or headdress can look weird; weird. "Jade Chapter, Strange Part": "Strange, strange also." "Guangyun Zhiyun": "Strange, strange." "Zhuangzi Xu Wu Ghost": "(Yellow Emperor Yue) Strange Boy! Cheng Xuanyingshu: "The (Huang) Emperor was amazed that the shepherd boy knew where it was." "What a strange thing, this teenager! Tao Yuanming's "Peach Blossom Origin": "Suddenly in the peach blossom forest, hundreds of steps between the shores, there are no miscellaneous trees, the herbs are delicious, the fall is colorful, and the fishermen are very different." "It's the fisherman who is very surprised (very strange) by this.
(The Intention of "Peach Blossom Origin")
(4) Other; other; other. Yang Shuda's Lexical Interpretation, Volume VII: "Hetero, the side refers to the pronoun of the indication, and the meaning of 'he' is the same." "Analects of Advancement": "I have asked the Question of the Son as a difference, and I have asked the Question of Seeking." "I thought you were asking someone else, but you asked Zhongyu and Ran to ask."
(5) Disasters. Xu Hao's "Commentaries on the Interpretation of Texts and Notes on Different Parts": "Different, catastrophe is called different." "Later Han Shu Xu Fang Biography": "Spring is a disaster, and autumn is a different thing." In the spring, the death of a thing is a "disaster", and the flowering of a thing in autumn is "different".
(Locust plague)
(6) Disobedience; renegade. "Zuo Chuan Zhao Gong Thirty-one Years": "If you have to return from the king, then the wishes of the subjects will also dare to have different hearts." "If you can go back with the king, then how dare you disobey the wishes of your subordinates?"
(7) Buddhist terms. variation. The Buddhists believe that things have four characteristics: birth, residence, alienation, and extinction, and "alienation" means change.
In addition, heterogeneous is a surname. Tongzhi Clan Sketch IV: "Different clans, surnames" Yun: 'Now Wenzhou Baishui has this surname. ’”
The small seal of "different" is written as shown in the following figure:
(Different small seal notation)
Still as in lesson 495, if you use the traditional character "different" in modern Chinese, you must see what this "different" means, and you can't write it as "different", because there is also the "different" writing method of the "廾" part.
(Lesson 504 of [Explanation of Words], some pictures from the Internet)