Then for our "Explanation of Characters in Speaking" course, this lesson only talks about a "claw" part of the Chinese character "爲". "爲" is simplified to "for" in modern Chinese, "for" is a common Chinese character in modern Chinese, included in the "List of Common Words in Modern Chinese" promulgated by the State Language Commission in 1988, so "爲" is the key Chinese character we want to master. Details are as follows:
For (for). There are two pronunciations:
(i) wéi. This is the pronunciation of the Zhonghua Book Company's Zhuyin edition of the "Explanation of Words", and the explanation given is: "For, the female monkey is also, which is a good claw of the bird, the claw, the female monkey elephant is also; the lower abdomen is the shape of the female monkey." Wang Yuyue: 'Claw, pictogram also. The ancient text is that it resembles two female monkeys in opposite shapes. Xu Shen thought that it was a hieroglyph. The original meaning is female monkey. And explains that macaques, as walking beasts, like to use their claws, and the claws are the symbol of the macaque. The lower abdomen of the word is the form of a macaque. And to quote Wang Yu, the claws, like the shape of a macaque, the ancient chinese word for "爲", resemble two macaques facing each other. But xu shen's "mother monkey" statement is problematic.
Let's first examine glyphs:
(Glyph development for 爲)
In the oracle bones, the glyph of "爲" has nothing to do with monkeys, but instead leads an elephant in one hand. Therefore, "爲" is a ideographic word, and its original meaning is labor; production; creation; creation. It is not what Xu Shen calls a "mother monkey." Luo Zhenyu's "Revised Yin Xushu Qi Examination Interpretation": "Bu Ci is a hand-held pictogram. "The Yigu people served the elephant to help the labor, and their deeds may still be before serving the cattle and riding the horses." One hand holds a tamed elephant, which can help people with their labor. Moreover, humans tamed elephants before taming cows and horses. Li Xiaoding's "Interpretation of the Oracle Bone Collection" No. 3: "There is a meaning of doing in the hand service elephant, so it is extended to be an act." In modern Chinese, "爲" is simplified to "for", and "for" is the cursive italic glyph of "爲".
(Elephants working for humans)
Guangya Shiyi: "For, Shi Ye." Arya Commentary: "Do, do, do." "Zhou Li Chunguan Dian Tong": "The canonical palm of the sum of the six laws and six sameness, to distinguish the sounds of yin and yang in the four directions of heaven and earth, as a musical instrument." "Dian Tong is in charge of the harmony of the six laws and the six sameness, in order to distinguish the sounds of heaven and earth, the four directions, and the yin and yang, and to make various musical instruments. Shen Kuo's "Mengxi Pen Talks about Skills": "In the celebration calendar, there are cloth clothes that are ascended, thinking that they are lively. During the Celebration Calendar, a commoner named Bi Sheng created a movable type printing plate.
(Bi Sheng wax figure)
There are many usages for that. Like what:
(1) Governance. "Xiao Erya Guangyi": "For, zhiye." "Analects for The Government": "For the government to be virtuous, for example, the North Star dwells in its place and the stars arch." "Governing the country with morality, you will be like the North Star, in a certain position, other stars will surround it."
(Statue of Confucius)
(2) Treatment. "Guangya Shiyi I": "For, Yaoye." "Zuo Chuan Cheng Gong Ten Years": "Gong disease, seek medical treatment from Qin, Qin Bo made the doctor slow down." Du pre-noted: "For, Yuji also." "Jin Jinggong was seriously ill and went to the Qin Kingdom to ask for a doctor. Duke Huan of Qin sent a doctor to treat Jin Jinggong.
(3) Study; research. "Analects of Yang Goods": "People are not for "Zhou Nan" and "Zhao Nan", and they are standing on the wall and standing with it. "If people don't study Zhou Nan and Zhao Nan, it will be like standing facing a wall!"
(4) Planting; farming. "Warring States Policy: Eastern Zhou": "Eastern Zhou wants to be rice, Western Zhou does not go into the water, and Eastern Zhou suffers." Bao Biao's note: "For, it is said to be seeded." "Eastern Zhou wanted to plant rice, but Western Zhou did not release water, and Eastern Zhou was very worried about this.
(Rice cultivation)
(5) Setup; Build. "Book of Shangjun Junchen": "The people are adulterous and evil, so the legislative system is forbidden for measurement." "A large number of people will produce adulterous things, so the legal system was created as a standard of behavior to limit the occurrence of adultery and evil."
(6) Take; seek. "Mencius Devoted to the Heart": "The chicken rises, the widow is profitable, and the planter is also the one." "The morning rooster rises up at dawn and tirelessly seeks benefits, and it is people of the kind of thief who steal this kind of person.
(7) Playing; singing. Bai Juyi's "Pipa Line": "Gently twist and slowly wipe the pick, the first is the six after the neon dress." ”
(Pipa Line)
(8) Dry; engage; do. Lu Xun's "Southern Cavity and Northern Mobilization proverb": "The opposite of the despot is a slave, who does everything when he has power, and is full of servility when he loses power." ”
(9) Acting; acting. Analects of Yongye: "Ziyou is Wucheng Zai." ZiYou served as the governor of Wucheng.
(10) Become; become; become; become. Guangya Shiju III: "For, Chengye." "Xunzi Persuasion": "Ice, water for it, and cold for water." "Ice is made from condensation in water, but it's colder than water.
(11) Behavior. Fan Zhongyan's "Record of Yueyang Lou": "To taste the heart of gu renren, or the act of the other, what is it?" "I have explored the thoughts and feelings of people of high moral character in ancient times, perhaps different from the behavior of the above two kinds of people.
(Yueyang Building)
(12) Use. "Zuo Chuan Huan Gong Six Years": "In my own, what is in the country?" "I am on my own, what is the use of wanting a big country?"
(13) Giving; giving. "Zuo Chuan Xianggong Twenty-three Years": "The Marquis of Qi will be Zang Qitian." The Duke of Qi Zhuang was preparing to give Zang Qi land.
(14) Yes. "Zuo Chuan Cheng Gong Twelve Years": "If you let it take a target, what is the blessing of the great evil?" "If you entertain with an arrow, it is a great calamity within a curse, and what blessing can be said?"
(15) Pass the "predicate". There are two usages:[1] think. "Liezi Tang Asks": "The two children laughed and said, 'Which is Ru Duo zhihu?'" The two children laughed and said, "Who said you were knowledgeable?" ”
(Two Children's Debate Day)
[2] Called; called. "Xunzi Persuasion": "The root of the orchid is for Zhi, and its gradual dictation, the gentleman is not close, and the people are not convinced." The root of the orchid locust is called "Zhi", and once immersed in the stinky water, gentlemen will avoid it.
(16) Yes. Du Fu's "Farewell to the Elderly": "He Xiang is a happy land, and He Dares to be pan huan." "Wherever the war rages is a paradise on earth, the King of Qin dares to hesitate to kill the enemy."
(Du Fu)
(17) Make. "Zuo Chuan Zhaogong Twenty Years": "The illness of the present king, worrying about the princes, is the sin of Zhu and Shi." "Now the king is very ill, and it worries the princes, which is the sin of Zhu and Shi.
(18) Pronouns. Represents a third person. Equivalent to "its". "Mencius Gongsun Ugly": "The worm (qù) advises the king and does not use it, and goes away as a subject." The dragons gave advice to the King of Qi, but the King of Qi did not listen, and the Dragons resigned and left.
(19) Prepositions. There are four usages:[1] The active person who elicits the action act is equivalent to "being". "Analects of Zihan": "Out of the matter of the secretary of state, into the matter of the father and brother, the funeral does not dare not be reluctant, not for the sake of alcohol, why should I?" "When I am outside, I serve my father and brother, and when I start to do funerals, I dare not do it with all my might, and I am not troubled by alcohol.
[2] Indicates time or place, equivalent to "in", "in". Wang Yinzhi's Commentaries on the Scriptures, Volume II: "The Void Lord knows: 'For, as in the future.' ’
[3] Denotes an object or place, equivalent to "to", "to", "to", Warring States Policy: Qin Ce IV: "Wei Fa Handan... Riding on the summer car, called the king of Xia, the dynasty is the son of heaven, and the whole world is subordinate. "King Hui of Wei sent an army to attack Handan, and presided over the alliance of princes at the place of Fengze, he rode in a summer car, claimed to be the king of Xia (implicitly claimed to be the lord of the Central Plains), and led the princes to meet Zhou Tianzi. Forced by the might, the princes did not dare not obey.
[4] Represents an object, equivalent to "and", "with". The Analects of Wei Linggong: "Zi Yue: 'The Tao is different and does not conspire with each other. People with different ambitions don't discuss together.
(20) Conjunctions. There are five usages:[1] it means a juxtaposition relationship, which is equivalent to "and" Mencius Gongsun Ugly: "It is obtained for wealth, and the ancients used it." "Both as permitted by the system of etiquette and with financial resources, the ancients would have done so,
[2] It indicates the undertaking relationship, which is equivalent to "then" and "just". "Analects of Yang Goods": "A gentleman has courage but is not righteous for chaos, and a villain has courage but is not righteous for theft." "A gentleman who has courage and unrighteousness will cause trouble, and a villain who has courage and unrighteousness will steal."
[3] Indicates a hypothetical relationship, equivalent to "if", "if". "Han Feizi Neichu said" (Han Feizi Neichu): "The king is very pleased with the concealment of the mouth, and for the near king, he will cover his mouth." "The King of Chu very much likes people to cover their mouths, and if you are close to the King, you must cover your mouth."
(Portrait of Han Feizi)
[4] Indicates a selection relationship, equivalent to "or", "or". Mencius Zhizi Shang: "Although he learned from him, Is it his wisdom to learn from him?" A: 'Not really.' Although he also learned at the same time as the man, he was not as good as the man. Or is it because his intelligence is inferior? The answer is that it is not so.
[5] Indicates a connection relationship, equivalent to "and", "and". "Warring States Strategy, Qi Ce II": "The rhinoceros head fought against Chengkuang with Liang as the Qi and was not victorious. "The rhinoceros led the army of the State of Wei to engage the army of the State of Qi at Chengkuang but did not achieve victory.
(21) Auxiliary words. There are four usages:[1] it is used in noun partial positive structures, equivalent to "of" and "of". "Poetry Daya Scroll A": "Brother and gentleman, the four sides are the rules." "A gentleman who is kind to the people, an example for all the people of the world."
[2] The object prefix logo. Mencius Zhizi Shang: "Let Yi Qiu teach two people to play, one of them concentrates on his heart, but Yi Qiu listens." "If You let Yi Qiu teach two people to play Go, and one of them concentrates on it, he will only listen to Yi Qiu's lecture alone."
(Yi Qiu Class Apprentice)
[3] Attached to a monophonic adjective, it indicates the deepening or expansion of the degree or scope. For example: promising; widely circulated.
[4] Semantics are reinforced after monophonic adverbs that indicate degree. For example: very important; extremely dissatisfied.
(22) Mood words. There are two usages:[1] used at the end of the sentence, indicating cross-examination and questioning, and is mostly used in conjunction with "Ho". "Analects of Yan Yuan": "The quality of a gentleman is enough, why should it be a text?" "As long as a gentleman has good qualities, why should he have literary style?"
[2] Used at the end of a sentence to indicate an exclamation. "Zhuangzi Getaway": "Return to the King, give useless to the world!" "You still have to dispel the idea of going back, the world is of no use to me!"
(Statue of Zhuangzi)
In addition, "for" is also a surname. "Guangyun Zhiyun": "For, surname." "Tongzhi Clan Sketch III": "For the clan, the surname of Ji, the duke of LuZhao, after the character as the clan, and the later Hannan County Taishou as Kun." ”
(ii) wèi. This pronunciation is from "Guangyun". There are four usages:
(1) Help; help. "Poetry Daya 凫ꀋ" "The corpse swallows drink, and The Fluke comes." "The corpse of the public comes to the feast to taste, and helps you to bless the well-being of the people."
(2) Adverbs. will. "Poetry, Wind, July": "Oh my wife and son, known as a change of age, into this room." "Sigh my wife and children are so pitiful, the end of the year will be the New Year's Day, move into this house to put yourself safe."
(Poetic intent of "The Wind and July")
(3) Used as a preposition. There are three more usages:
[1] Indicates a cause, equivalent to "cause", "due". "Xunzi Heavenly Theory": "Heavenly walking is constant, not for Yao's survival, not for death." "The Heavenly Dao has a certain law, it does not exist because of Yao, and it does not perish because of Yao.
(Xunzi statue)
[2] Represents an object, equivalent to "for", "give". "Analects of Learning": "My three provinces and my body, for people to seek and not be loyal? Friends and not convinced? Can't get used to it? "I reflect on myself many times a day: Is it a dedication to do things for others?" Is it sincere and honest to associate with friends? Has the knowledge imparted by the teacher been reviewed? ”
[3] Denotes purpose, equivalent to "for". For example: make a wedding dress for others.
(4) Pass "pseudo". Pretend; pretend. Zhu Junsheng's "Speaking of Wen TongXun Dingsheng Suibu": "For, false borrowing is false." "Zuo Chuan Cheng Gong Nine Years": "I sent out a division to encircle the king, for those who will change the monarch, and the envoys of the Jin Dynasty will return to the King." Lu Deming explained: "For, this or forged." "We sent troops to surround Xu Guo, pretending to be planning to establish another monarch, and for the time being, we did not send emissaries to the Jin Kingdom, and the Jin State would inevitably let our monarch come back."
The small seal of "for" is written as shown in the following figure:
(For the small seal notation)
([Explanation of words] no. 539, some pictures from the Internet)