Then, in our "Explanation of Characters in Speaking Texts" course, this lesson talks about a Chinese character in the "History" Department: "Things". "Thing" is a commonly used Chinese character in modern Chinese, which is included in the "List of Common Words in Modern Chinese" promulgated by the State Language Commission in 1988, so it is necessary to focus on mastery. Details are as follows:
1. Things. There are two pronunciations:
(i) shì. The explanation given by the "Explanation of Words" is: "Things, duties, from history, to save voices." Xu Shen thought it was a shape and sound word. The original meaning is official; But obviously, "thing" is not a shape and sound word, look at the evolution of the glyph:
(Glyph evolution of things)
In the previous lesson we said that "history", "events", "officials", and "envoys" are of the same origin. In the oracle bones, "thing" is the meaning of holding a hunting gear, and it is the meaning of the word. In ancient times, hunting was a big thing, so it was possible to use hand-held hunting gear to understand. Now it is generally believed that the original meaning of the original word "thing" was "to govern and engage." "Analects of Yan Yuan": "Although Hui is not sensitive, please do something about it." "Although I am not smart and sensitive, I will definitely do what the teacher says."
(Villains of different ministries)
"Chinese Lu Language": "Qing Dafu Zuozhi, subject to the matter." Wei Zhao's note: "Things, ministries also." "Dr. Qing wants to help with the cooking and accept the ministry. "Etiquette and Qu Lishang": "The doctor is seventy and has arrived." Kong Yingda Shuo: "To the minister, to the jun." Zheng Xuan's note: "To the king and the old man for what he is in charge of." "An official of the rank of doctor, at the age of seventy, can return the affairs he is in charge to the monarch and tell him old." "Letters" also refers to reporting on governance. Later, this "zhishi" was written as "zhishi", which was to resign from the official.
By extension, it refers to "career, matter". "Analects of the Eight Nobles": "The son enters the Taimiao Temple and asks everything." "When Confucius arrived at the Temple, he had to ask everything.
In addition to the original meaning of "thing", there are many uses:
(1) Occupation. "The Book of Han and the Biography of Fan Duo": "Fan Duo, Pei Ren also, slaughtered dogs. "Fan Duo, a native of Pei County, takes the slaughtering of dogs as his profession.
(Fan Duo)
(2) Accidents; accidents. "History of Ji Zheng Lie": "Hong, Tang shen shen heart, only the son of heaven does not say it, want to blame it." Gongsun Hong and Zhang Tang hated Ji Dian deeply, and even the emperor did not like him and wanted to kill him for this reason.
(3) Allusions; Zhong Rong's "Poetry and General Commentary": "As for the nature of chanting, why is it more expensive than using things?" "As for the lyrical nature of the chanting poems, why should we value the use of allusions?
(4) Industriousness; hard work. "Erya Shi Zhixia": "Things, diligence also." Xing Fushu: "It is also industrious." "Han Feizi Wai Chu said on the top left": "With the wood of the foot, it does not cost a day's work, but the appointment of thirty stones is far away." "With a small piece of wood, without a day's toil (industriousness), you can tow the weight of thirty stones and walk a long way.
(5) Indicates a relationship or responsibility. For example: it's okay; it's none of your business. The eighth time in "Dream of the Red Chamber": "The old man sleeps in the small study of Mengpo Zhai, may as well do something." ”
(6) Service. "Jade Chapters and History Department": "Things, Bongya." "Analects of Learning": "Parents can do their best; "To serve one's parents is to be able to do one's best; to serve the monarch is to be able to give one's life."
(Emperor Wen of Han's mother-in-law's illness)
(7) Governance; handling. "Zengyun Zhenyun": "Things, zhiya." "Warring States Policy, Qin Ce IV": "Qi and Wei were blessed with land and detailed officials." High temptation: "Thing, cure." "Qi and Wei gained the interest of land preservation, coupled with the careful governance of the officials.
(8) Appointment. "History of the Marquis of Huaiyin": "The king will want to grow up in The King of Hanzhong, and believe in nothing." Pei Xiao's "Commentary on the Collection of Historical Records" quoted Zhang Yanyue: "There is nothing to use in letters." "If the great king really wants to be the king of Hanzhong for a long time, naturally he does not need to appoint Han Xin."
(9) Servants. "Guangyun Zhiyun": "Things, make also." "History of the Class": "Thing, Lingye." "History of Fu Jin Chu Cheng's Biography": "Sit in the affairs of the people of the country and pass the law." Sima Zhen's "History of Suoyin" quotes Liu Shiyun: "Things, servant envoys also." It means that the number of people who violate the law is also many. "By the servitude the people exceeded the provisions of the law.
(Role Envoy)
(10) Quantifiers. pieces; "Dunhuang Variations of literature collection Ye Jingneng": "Your Majesty must keep a matter of wearing a body dress for His Highness the King of Shu." ”
(11) Pass "taxi". Duan Yujie's Commentary on the Interpretation of The Characters of the Commentary: "Things, ancient false loans are used as scholar characters. "Han Feizi Eight Said": "It is a matter of no magic." Wang Xianshen's "Han Fei Subset Explanation": "Things, as 'soldiers'. "It's people who don't know how to weigh the pros and cons."
In addition, "thing" is still a surname. "Genealogy of Ten Thousand Surnames, Yun Yun": "For things, see "Surname Yuan". ”
(b) zì. This pronunciation is from "Guangyun". There are two usages:
(1) Establishment; establishment. "Explanation of The Name and Interpretation of Speech": "Thing, zì also." Yikes, Tachibana. All the merits made are also. Gu Qing and Xu Yan li also knew that they were also. "Guangyun Zhiyun": "Thing, Liye." "Etiquette, Suburban Special Animals": "Faith, deeds and people." "Integrity is the foundation of being a human being.
(2) Insertion; penetration. Also known as "zì". "Guangyun Zhiyun": "Thing, thing blade." And as a slur, a. "The Book of Han and the Biography of Pu Tong": "Those who are kind to the father and filial piety, so they dare not do things to the belly of the public, fear qin faye." "The reason why loving fathers and filial pieties dare not insert the knife into your abdomen is because they are afraid of the laws of the Qin Dynasty.
The small seal of "thing" is written as shown in the figure:
(The small seal of the matter is written)
([Explanation of words] no. 559, some pictures from the Internet)