Then our "Explanation of Characters in Speaking Texts" course, talking about the three Chinese characters of the "You" department: "Comet, 叚, 友". Among these three characters, only "you" is a common Chinese character in modern Chinese, which is included in the "List of Commonly Used Chinese Characters in Modern Chinese" promulgated by the State Language Commission in 1988, so the focus of this lesson is "friend". The details of the three words are as follows:
1. Comet. Read huì. The explanation given by the Shuowen Jiezi is: "Comet, sweep bamboo also." From shēn (shēn, numerous). "Can mean words. The original meaning is broom. Look at the glyph evolution:
(Glyph evolution of the comet)
In the oracle bones, the word "comet" is two brooms placed side by side, which later developed into the shape of holding two brooms (甡), which means to sweep away.
(Two brooms)
The so-called "sweeping bamboo" is the broom, "History of Mencius XunQing Lie": "Ru Yan, king Zhao embraced the pioneers, and asked the disciples to be seated and be employed." Sima Zhen's "History of Suoyin": "Comet, broom, is said to sweep the floor, with clothes to embrace the broom but walk, afraid of dust and the elderly, so for respect." When Zou Yan arrived in the Yan Kingdom, King Yan Zhao, with a broom, cleared the road for him and asked to sit in his disciple's seat and learn from him. "Li Ji Qu Li Shang": "In the middle of the country, do not drive away the comet, and the dust will not be derailed." Zheng Xuan's note: "Comet, bamboo comet." "When I entered the capital, I used Ce Yan to gently scratch the horse that was driving, and reduce the speed of the car so that the dust would not fly beyond the ruts. Here, the horse whip made of a bamboo broom with leaves is used.
In addition to the original meaning of "coma", there are other uses:
(1) Sweep; whisk. The Later Han Shu Ban Biao passed down the appendix Ban Gu: "Yuan Rong Jingye, Ge Zhen (chán, an ancient iron spear) comet cloud." Li Xian's note: "Comet, sweep also." "Giant chariots are strewn across the countryside, and long spears are blowing through the clouds.
(2) Star name. Dragging a long light like a broom, commonly known as "broom star" or "broom star". The ancients thought that the appearance of comets was a symbol of catastrophe. "Zuo Chuan Zhao Gong Seventeen Years": "The comet is to remove the old cloth and the new one." "Comets are used to remove old cloth and new ones.
(Comet)
The small seal of "comet" is written as shown in the following figure:
(Small seal writing of the comet)
2. Boom. There are two pronunciations:
(a) jiǎ. This is the pronunciation of the Zhonghua Bookstore's Zhuyin edition of the Shuowen Jiezi, and the explanation given is: "叚, borrow also." Que. "Can mean words. The original meaning is borrowing. The meaning of the word "叚" varies from one to the other, first look at the evolution of the glyph:
(Glyph evolution of 叚)
Xu Shen also believed that the golden structure of "叚" was unclear, so he said "Que". Lin Yiguang believes that the word from the top and bottom hands, indicating the reciprocal payment to the form, from the stone province, the table "borrowed" righteousness. That is, "by borrowing from all that man thinks for his own use." Zhu Fangpu believes that the character image taking a stone from under the cliff is the original word for "flaw". Summed up, we believe that "叚" is a meaning word, which means to take a stone from under the cliff (factory) and deliver it with both hands, expressing the meaning of borrowing (false borrowing). Duan Yujie's "Notes on the Interpretation of Words in The Sayings": "This Yunyun borrows it, but then Fanyun borrows it as this word." ”
"Pipe Light and Heavy Armor": "Then you can make money and make friends." "Then you can communicate money and borrow money."
The Shuowen also has a "false" word, which is called "not true." The relationship between these two words: "叚" is the original word for "false" borrowed from it. The "false" of true and false is an extension of this "false". "叚" is the original word for "false", "false" is the differentiation word for "叚", and later when the two words were merged, the mother word was merged into the differentiation word.
(ii) xiá. This pronunciation comes from "Collection rhymes". There are three usages:
(1) Pass "flaws". "Character Compilation Supplement and Youbu": "叚, the flaws of the ancient text flaws are made." ”
(2) Pass "reverie". Yang Shuda's "Ji Wei Ju Primary School Shu Lin (Volume 5) · This Character and the Common Character of the Scripture Transmission": "Xu Tongbo read '叚' as '遐', which is also due to the phrase '叚' as '叚' in "Poetry , Xiaoya Nanshan Youtai" (叚也台) with the phrase '叚耇( gǒu, Gao Shou)'. ”
In addition, when pronounced this sound, "叚" is still a surname. "Ji Yun Ma Yun": "叚, surname also." ”
The small seal of "叚" is written as shown in the following figure:
(Small seal writing)
3. Friends. Read yǒu. The explanation given in the "Explanation of Words" is: "Friends, comrades are friends." From two again, make friends also. "Can mean words. The original meaning is friendship; mutual cooperation; like-mindedness. Look at the glyph evolution:
(Glyph evolution of friends)
The "friend" in the oracle bone and gold text, one hand on the left, one hand on the right, and the two hands are put together in the same direction, symbolizing two people who work together, indicating that they are like-minded in doing one thing. To the small seal neat, after the change written into a letter of "friends". Gao Hongjin's "Chinese Character Examples": "The character is cooperated from two (hand), originally a verb, and gradually became the same name as the friend character on the weekend, so it became a noun." "So, friends refer to both those who cooperate with each other and those who cooperate. Two people intersect hands to show friendship, since ancient times, people now, when they meet, "shake hands", in fact, is derived from the etymology of the word "friend".
(Handshake)
"Interpretation of Names and Interpretations": "Friends, there are also, and there are also each other." "Mencius Teng Wen Gongshang": "The countryside is the same well, going in and out of each other's friends, watching out for each other, and supporting each other with diseases, then the people are friendly." Zhao Qi's note: "'In and out of the friends', the couple of friends also." "The fields in the townships all use the same well fields, and people accompany each other when they go in and out of labor, help each other when they resist thieves, and take care of each other when there is an accident of illness, so that the people will love and be harmonious."
"Friend" also refers to a friend. "Poetry Xiaoya Changdi": "Although there are brothers, it is better to have friends." "Unfortunately, at this moment, the brothers are not as good as the friends (such a tacit understanding of feelings). Also refers to making friends, and... For friends. "Analects of Ji": "Friendship, friendship, and friendship." "Make friends with people of integrity, make friends with honest people, make friends with well-informed people."
In addition to the original meaning, "friend" has many uses:
(1) Goodwill; fraternity. Guangya Shiju III: "Friend, dear." "Zhou Li Diguan Shishi": "Teach three elements: one is filial piety, with one's own parents; the second is to be friendly, to honor the virtuous; and the third is to go along with the teacher." "Teach the sons of the country three elements: one is the act of filial piety, which is used to love one's parents; the other is the act of kindness, which is used to respect virtuous and kind people; and the third is the act of obedience, which is used to serve the master.
(Goodwill, Fraternity)
(2) Obedience. Book Hong Fan: "Ping Kang, Integrity; Qiang Fu You, Gang Ke; Xie You, Rou Ke." Kong Chuan: "Friend, Shunye." The world is strong and unsatisfactory, and it can be cured by gang. "Peace in Zhongzheng is integrity; strong and unsympathetic is Gangke; and harmony and affinity are Rouke."
(3) Brothers love each other. Erya Shixun: "Good brothers are friends." "Shu Kangyu": "Brothers do not recite bows and mourn, and they are not friends with brothers." "The older brother also does not think of the younger brother's childishness, and is very unfriendly to the younger brother."
(4) There is a friendly relationship. For example: friends; friends; friendly forces.
(China-DPRK Friendly Army Celebration)
(5) The two beasts gather as friends. "Poetry Xiaoya Jiri": "Or group or friend." Mao Chuan: "The beast is three days group, and the second is a friend." "The beasts are in groups of threes and twos.
(6) The official name of the ancient mainland. "New Book of Tang Dynasty, Hundred Officials Chronicles Of the Four Lower Parts": "Friends one person, from the five products." Palm the waiter, satirize morality. ”
In addition, "friend" is also a surname. "Genealogy of Ten Thousand Surnames: Youyun": "Friends, see "Surname Yuan". After the Han Liang Ji had a beautiful friendship period. Han Woo Dao, Hanoi people, plain phase. ”
The small seal of "friend" is written as shown in the figure:
(You's little seal writing)
([Explanation of Words] no. 555, some pictures from the Internet)