Following our "Explanation of Characters in Speaking" course, this lesson will talk about three characters, one word of the "claw" part "[anti-claw]", and the first Chinese characters of the "丮" department "丮" and "埶". Among these three characters, the first two words are relatively strange, and the third word, "埶", is actually the original character of "art", because "art" is simplified to "art" in modern Chinese, and "art" is a common Chinese character in modern Chinese, which is included in the "List of Common Words in Modern Chinese" promulgated by the State Language Commission in 1988, so the focus of this lesson is "埶". The details of the three words are as follows:
1. [Anti-claw]. The reason why we put this word in parentheses is because its script glyph is a horizontally reverse "no" word, which is no longer included in the GB font library, but its meaning is the reverse claw word. Its standard glyphs are shown in the following figure:
([Anti-no] standard glyphs in italics)
It is pronounced in two ways:
(i) zhǎng. This is the pronunciation of the Zhonghua Bookstore's Zhuyin edition of the Shuowen Jiezi, and the explanation given is "also 丮也." From the anti-claw. Que. "Hieroglyphs. The original meaning is also to grasp with the hand (丮 meaning). Xu Shen did not pronounce it, saying "Pronunciation Que." Qian Kun's "Speaking of Wen Xu": "This ancient Text 'palm' word." Duan Yujie's "Commentary on the Interpretation of The Text": "Cover the opposite of the hand, that is, the palm also." ”
The drooping claw, which in turn sees is the palm of the hand, the pictogram means obviously.
(Flip claw for palm)
The Book of Han Yangxiong chuanshang: "HeLing kicks, [anti-claw] Hua is in decline." Yan Shigu's ancient note: "Su Lin said: 'Palm is also the foot.' '[Anti-claw], ancient palm character. "The river spirit was alarmed, and the palm of the glory was in decline.
(ii) jú. This pronunciation comes from "Collection rhymes". Hand-picked objects. "Set Rhymes and Candle Rhymes": "[Anti-claw], covered hands and shoulders also." ”
The small seal of "[anti-claw]" is written as follows:
([Anti-claw] small seal writing)
2. 丮. Read jǐ. The explanation given by the Shuowen Jiezi is: "丮, hold also." Elephant hands have a lot of money also. "Hieroglyphs. The original meaning is to hold. Take a look at the glyph evolution:
(Glyph evolution of 丮)
The "丮" of the oracle bone is like a person crouching on the side, stretching out two hands to make a difference, the jin wen is the same shape, to the small seal has changed, the two hands that were originally connected to the human body have become one hand, and then added regularity, becoming a small seal shape. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the characters diverged, and one developed into a pill and one remained as a 丮.
(Grip)
Xu Shen's explanation is basically reasonable, but we must understand the development process of the glyph of "丮". Duan Yujie's Commentary on the Interpretation of The Text: "丮, grip also." ”
The small seal of "丮" is written as shown in the following figure:
(Small seal writing)
3. 埶 (art, art). Read yì. The explanation given by the Shuowen Jiezi is: "Oh, kind also." From the crucible, from the 丮, hold on to it urgently. The Book says, 'I'm a. '' will mean words. The original meaning is planting. The "坴" here is also the "big soil block" mentioned in the "Shuowen". The "book" here, Xu Shen is wrong, should be "poem", that is, "poem Xiaoya Chutz": "I am a 黍稷." It's that I'm going to grow sorghum and millet. Because it is a ideographic word, we also look at the evolution of the glyph:
(Glyph development of 埶)
In the oracle bones, "埶" is the appearance of holding a sapling, that is, Wu Dayi said in the "Ancient Records of the Collection of Sorrows": "The ancient character 埶 is from the wood from the soil, and the soil of the wood seed is held." ”
(Planting)
In fact, "埶" is the original text of "art", the original meaning of "埶" is planting, the glyph indicates planting plants on the soil, the "丮" elephant man stretches out his hands, and the later calligraphy "丮" is mixed with "pill" (see above). Mr. Qiu Xigui said:
The word 埶 was also used in ancient times to denote "potential". Later, the "埶" that means "potential" adds "force" to "potential", and the "埶" that means "art" first adds "艸" into "蓺", and then becomes "art". In the simplified word, the "埶" side is simplified to "grasping", which is mixed with the simplified word "grasp" of "execution". (Qiu Xigui, "Outline of Philology", The Commercial Press, 2013 Revised Edition, 125 pages)
"埶" can be directly used with "art", which actually shows in a sense that art comes from life. The modern Chinese word for "art" is simplified to "art".
"Mencius Teng Wen Gongshang": "Hou Ji taught the people to harvest and cultivate and plant five grains" Hou Ji taught the people to cultivate and harvest, cultivate and plant five grains. Tao Yuanming's "Peach Blossom Origin Poem": "Mulberry bamboo hangs in the shade, and the grass is arted at any time." The original meaning of "art" is also used.
(Hou Ji statue)
In addition to the original meaning, "art" has other uses:
(1) Talent; skill. For example: versatility. "Guangyun Festival Rhyme": "Art, talent also." "Analects of Yongye": "Qiuye Art." He Yan's "Analects of the Analects" quoted Kong An Guoyue: "Art is multi-talented. "Ran qiu has talent.
(Talented Ran)
(2) The six subjects (six arts) of educating children in ancient times or the six classics of Confucianism (six classics). The "Six Arts" generally refer to "Ritual, Music, Shooting, Imperial, Book, and Number"; the "Six Classics" generally refer to "Yi", "Book", "Poetry", "Ritual", "Music", "Spring and Autumn". Sometimes "Six Arts" also refers to "Six Classics". "Analects and Shu'er": "Rely on benevolence, swim in art." He Yan's note: "Art, six arts also." "Relying on benevolence, and recreation in the six arts of 'ritual, music, shooting, imperial court, book, and counting'.
(The Six Arts and the Six Classics)
(3) Articles; classics. Ming Dynasty Song Lian's "Wang Sheng Zhiyuan Guanzi Greeting Speech": "Born in the entertainment house, Yi Si is superior, Zhai Shui is a god, and Xiaxia composition is made." "It is to praise the other party for touring in the text of the article.
(4) Differentiation. "Confucius's Sayings and Sayings": "Harmony with the princes and art tribute, etiquette also." Wang Su's note: "Art, separate contributions also." ”
(5) Static. "Guangyun Matsuri Rhyme": "Art, Shizuya." ”
(6) Pass "niè". The target (target) of the shot. Duan Yujie's "Notes on the Interpretation of Words in Shuowen": "Ancient fake art is for it. "Zuo Chuan Wen Gong Six Years": "Chen Zhiyi Ji, the introduction of the instrument." Du pre-note: "Art, quasi-also." "Announce goals to them and set an example to guide them.
(Target of shooting)
(7) Guidelines; limits. "Guangyun Festival Rhyme": "Art, Changye, Junya." "Chinese Jin Yu VIII": "And Huan zi is arrogant and extravagant, greedy and artless." Wei Zhao's note: "Art, extreme also." "It was passed on to his son Huanzi, who was proud and extravagant, and insatiable in greed.
(8) Tong "nǐ" refers to the temple dedicated to the deceased father, or the god whose father died in the temple. Zhu Junsheng's "Speaking of Wen TongXun Dingsheng Taibu": "Art, pretending to be a zen." ”
In addition, art is still a surname, "Guangyun Taiyun": "Art, surname, out of the "surname Yuan". ”
The small seal of "埶" is written as shown in the figure:
(Small seal writing)
([Explanation of words] no. 540, some pictures from the Internet)