Following our "Explanation of Characters in Speaking Texts" course, this lesson talks about the four Chinese characters of the "and" section: "[虘又], [lí], and". Among these four characters, the first three words are basically used in modern Chinese, and "and" is a common word in modern Chinese, which is included in the "List of Common Words in Modern Chinese" promulgated by the State Language Commission in 1988, so the focus of this lesson is "and". For the questions in the title, see the "and" entry. The details of the four words are as follows:
1. [虘又]. (Gb font library is no longer included, is a description glyph). Read zhā. The explanation given in the Shuowen Jiezi is: "[虘又], and humble also." From again, cuó sound. "Shape sound word. The original meaning is to take the object from a high place with your hand downwards. The humble here should be "forked". Duan Yu changed it to "Fork Humble" according to the "Class Chapter". "Forked one, take it from above with your hands." ..."Dialects" '抯,[扌虘], take also. Between the Southern Chu, everything that takes the mud in the ditch is called 抯, or it is called [扌虘]' is also the meaning of this word extension. Xu Kai's "Biography of the Shuowen System": "[虘又], fork to take also." ”
(Downward take)
There is also a usage of "[虘又], which is the same as "搩(zhé)" or "拃(zhǎ)". It is to extend the big finger, middle finger or index finger to measure the length. Wang Yun's "Reading of Sentences and Sentences": "The middle finger of the big finger of the Wuxiang fork is measured in terms of the length of the object, which is called [虘又], which seems to be this word." ”
(Yi Shu)
The small seal of "[虘又]" is written as shown in the following figure:
(The small seal of [虘又])
2、[lí]。 Gb font library is not included, pinyin instead of glyphs, its actual glyphs as shown in the figure:
([lí] glyph in letters)
Read lí. The explanation given in the Shuowen Jiezi is: "[lí], citation also." From again, [untouched] sound. Xu Shen believes that [lí] is a shape sound word. The original meaning is quoting;
However, the examination of oracle bone and gold glyphs will find other findings, as shown in the figure:
(Glyph evolution of [lí])
In oracle bones and gold texts, it resembles the image of "Coming [Mai]" in one hand and punching with a tool in the other. Xu Zhongshu's Oracle Bone Dictionary: "The elephant holds the wheat in his hand, in the form of 'striking and detaching from it, to show the joy of harvest, and by extension to the righteousness of well-being, the beginning of the word."" "According to this understanding, [lí] should be a ideographic word. The original meaning is to hit the wheat threshing. By extension, righteousness is a blessing. Cheng Peiyuan's "Guangshuwen Answer Questions and Omissions": "[lí], that is, the 'Lady Of TheHood'. The poem "Lady Shur" comes from "Poetry Daya Drunkenness", that is, the blessed concubine that God has given you. Why Xu Shen trained "lead", of course, is because hitting the wheat must be a hand lead and hit it.
The small seal of "[lí]" is written as shown in the following figure:
([lí] small seal notation)
3、 。 Read shuā. The explanation given by the "Explanation of Words" is: ", swab also." From holding a scarf under the corpse again. "Can mean words. The original meaning is to wipe; to sweep. Gui Fu's "Sayings of The Literal Proof": "Those who are under the corpse, also under the house." The book 'house' is written in the cloud: 'Corpse, like a house.' ’...... The sprinkling of cleansing should also be done under the house. In fact, it is "brushing". Zhu Junsheng's "Saying The Sayings of The Passage of The Teachings of the Scriptures": "The scriptures are all brushed. ”
(Sweeping)
There is another "brush" word in the "knife" section of the "Explanation of Words", and when the word "brush" is used, it will be said in detail.
The small seal is written as shown in the figure:
(Small seal notation)
4. And. Read jí. The explanation given by the Shuowen Jiezi is: "Catch also." From and from people. "Can mean words. The original meaning is to catch up. Let's look at the glyph evolution:
(and glyph evolution)
Look at the glyphs of the oracle bone and the golden text, there is a person in front, and someone in the back is chasing, reaching out and grabbing it when catching up. Hence the intention to "catch up". Luo Zhenyu's "Revised Yin Xuan Shu Qi Examination Interpretation": "The elephant man moves forward and reaches it. Xu Kai's "Biography of the Shuowen Family": "And the predecessors also." ”
(Catch Up)
Zhu Junsheng's "Speaking of The Textual Training": "The strange body of the suspicious word." It is the word "arrest" for arrest.
"Analects of Ji": "Confucius said: 'Seeing goodness is like not being good, and seeing bad is like exploring soup'. "Seeing goodness, pursuing it as if it could not catch up; when encountering evil, trying to avoid it as quickly as if you had put your hand into boiling water." Here "and" use the original meaning of "catch up". Later, "seeing good as not being enough" developed into an idiom, which refers to seeing a good person or thing, and worrying that they are unable to catch up.
(See the good as not enough)
"Chinese Jin Yu II": "The past is out of reach." "What has been said can no longer be caught up, which means that what has been said is irretrievable.
In addition to the original meaning, there are many more uses of "and".
(1) To; Arrival. For example: spillover; Guangya Shiyi: "And, to the point." "Poetry Xiaoya Emperor Zhihua": "The horse is a gentleman, and every nostalgia is nostalgic." "The messengers and the little officials who galloped on horseback always remembered that there were still inconsiderate places.
(Emperor Hua)
(2) Involvement; related. For example, the city gate caught fire, affecting pond fish. Guangya Shiju IV: "And, Lianye." "Increasing rhymes and rhymes": "And, even tired also." "Zuo Chuan Yin Gong Six Years": "Long evil is not evil, from the self and also." "If evil is nurtured without repentance, it will immediately affect oneself.
(3) Such as; comparable. "Warring States Policy Qi Ce I": "Junmei, Xu Gong He Neng and Jun Ye." "You are very beautiful, how can Xu Gong compare with you."
(Zou Jixiu is more than eight feet)
(4) Take care of it. "Sun Tzu Nine Lands": "The so-called good use of soldiers in the ancient world can make the enemy out of touch." "In ancient times, those who were good at using soldiers could make it impossible for the enemy's vanguard and follow-up troops to take into account.
(5) Intervention. "Guan Zi Junchen": "It is the above and below things that are called 'correction'. Yin Zhizhang's note: "And, Judah also." "The above interferes with the following duties, called "correction".
(6) Succession; continuation. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty and the Biography of Song Hong: "More than thirty people from the Sage Feng Yi and Huan Liang were promoted, or those who were concurrently appointed as public secretaries." Song Hong elected more than thirty people, including the sages Feng Yi and Huan Liang, and some of them succeeded him as gongqing. It also refers specifically to the death of brothers succeeding to the throne, and the so-called "brothers and brothers". "Xunzi Confucian Effect": "Zhou Gongping became a king and king Wu belonged to the world." "The Duke of Zhou left to become a king and inherited the cause of King Wu and ruled the world. The Duke of Zhou was the younger brother of King Wu of Zhou, the fourth son of King Wen of Zhou, and when King Wu died, King Cheng was still young, and duke of Zhou inherited his brother's throne, so it was called "and".
(Regency of the Duke of Zhou)
(7) Used as an adverb. There are three usages:
[1] It means a rhetorical question, which is equivalent to "eh". "Fifteen Years of zuo chuan and the duke": "The defeat of the ancestors, and can it be counted?" "Can the morals of the first king be counted?"
[2] Indicates frequency, equivalent to "again". "History of Fusheng Biography": "Ni Kuan's family was poor, and when he was raised for his disciples, he was idle in time to give food and clothing." "Ni Kuan's family was poor and had no resources, often working as a cook for the students, and often secretly going out to work to earn money to provide for their own food and clothing needs."
(Chu Suiliang's "Ni Kuanzan" part)
[3] Denotes degree, equivalent to "pole". The forty-fourth time in the "Complete Biography of water margin": "It was originally the origin of the six cases of the main house, and a good sword and pen." ”
(8) Used as a preposition. There are three usages:
[1] Multiply; take advantage. For example: early; timely. "Zuo Chuan, Twenty-second Year of the Duke of Qi": "And its failure to help, please strike at it." "When they have not all crossed the river, ask the king to give the order to attack them."
[2] Until; wait until. Sima Qian's "Book of Baoren An": "The fierce tiger is in the deep mountains, the hundred beasts are terrified, and in the sill wells, wagging their tails and asking for food, and the accumulation of wei is gradually also." "The tiger lives in the depths of the mountains, and all the beasts are terrified, and when it falls into traps and fences, it has to wag its tail and beg for food, which man gradually tames with constant power and restraint.
(Sima Qian)
[3] Represents an object, equivalent to "and", "with". "Poetry Wei Feng Hu": "And Er Kai old, old make me resentful." "When I first met with you to grow old, the idea of being old made me resent in vain.
(9) Used as a conjunction. There are three usages:
[1] Indicates a juxtaposition. Equivalent to "and", "and". "Poetry, Wind, July": "June eclipse and millet, July Henkui and Shu." "In June, we eat plums and grapes, and in July we boil sunflowers and beans.
[2] Join two parts side-by-side. Equivalent to "as". "Etiquette and Music": "Happy is worried, and polite is partial." And Fudun is happy and carefree, and the one who is polite and not biased, his only great holiness! "Pleasure going to extremes can make people worry; without limits to etiquette, there will be partiality." As for those who can enjoy pleasure but not indulge in the worries of returning, and the number of rituals is perfect but does not lose the quality of righteousness and innocence, it is probably only a saint.
[3] Indicates a hypothetical relationship. Chapter 13 of Lao Tzu: "So I have a great sickness, and I have a body for me; and I have no body, what is my affliction?" "I have a great affliction because I have a body; if I don't have a body, what evil will I have?"
(Confucius see Lao Tzu)
In addition, "and" is a surname. "Genealogy of Ten Thousand Surnames: "And eunuchs, characters shixian, Jiaohe people." ”
The small seal of "and" is written as shown in the following figure:
(and small seal writing)
([Explanation of words] no. 550, some pictures from the Internet)