Then our "Shuowen Jiezi" course, this lesson only talks about a Chinese character in the "丮" department "[亯羊丮]", the glyph of this word "Shuowen" is no longer used in modern Chinese, but it cannot be treated as a rare word, because it is actually the "孰" and "cooked" of modern Chinese, "孰" is not a strange word, "cooked" and even a common word in modern Chinese, included in the "List of Common Words in Modern Chinese", therefore, the word taught in this lesson is actually a key Chinese character, and its details are as follows:
[亯羊丮] (孰, cooked) [For the sake of convenience, the following is replaced by "孰"]. Pronounced shú (used as cooked with another pronunciation shóu, mostly used in spoken language). The explanation given in the "Explanation of Words" is: "Whoa, eat food also." From the sound of the sheep, [the sheep]. Yi said: 'Whoa. Xu Shen thought it was a shape-sound word. The original meaning is that food is cooked, and the reference to Yi Ding Gua (易鼎卦) means "饪" is cooked food. But in fact, there is a problem with the glyph interpretation of this word, and we need to look at the glyph evolution:
(Glyph evolution)
Regarding the development of glyphs, the assertion made by Mr. Li Shoukui in "Ziyuan" is basically reasonable, and we repost it:
1. The character for "孰" is not from "[亯羊]", from "亯"; 2." 亯", the original image of the temple or mausoleum on the hall, from "亯" from "丮", will "ripe" meaning tortuous; 3." Heng" or "enjoy" is the "亯" character seal text, in ancient books are often used as "cooking" "cooking", "cooking" word is added to the "enjoyment" on the meaning of "fire" to form a post-character, 4. In the ancient books, "饪" may be used as "cooked", and "cooked" is a post-character formed by adding the meaning "fire" to "孰"; 5. The "Shuowen" quotes the "cooked food" of "Yi", the three-body stone scripture and the biography are all "heng rao", and the different texts of "cooked (孰)" and "heng (enjoy)" are not accidental. Our speculation is that "孰" was originally a variant of "亯", and that the raw and cooked meaning of "孰" was similarized by its influence after "亯" evolved into "enjoy" or "Heng" and had a cooking meaning. (Ziyuan, Li Xueqin, Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House, 2012, 218 pp.)
But there is also a problem, from "亯" from "丮" will mean "cooked" meaning is not roundabout, because the food on the table can be held and enjoyed by hand (丮), indicating that these foods are "cooked" and can understand the meaning of "cooked". Therefore, "孰" is actually a ideographic word. The original meaning is (food, etc.) cooked. In fact, the food that can be enjoyed has the meaning of "ripe", the fruit is ripe, the food is cooked and so on.
(Food on the table)
As Duan Yujie's "Notes on the Interpretation of Words" says: "Posterity is familiar with each other as raw and cooked, and who is who is it." Cao Xianyue: "Gu Yewang's "Jade Chapter" has a familiar character. "Zihui Zibu": "孰, the ancient only word, posterity will use this word for whom, and add fire to the word to be different." In ancient times, people who represented the raw and cooked food originally used "孰", and later in order to distinguish the meaning of "who" and the meaning of "cooked" that represented the meaning of raw and cooked, the word "fire" was added to the bottom of the word, which became a common word in modern Chinese, "cooked", and this "cooked" word was only begun to be included in Gu Yewang's "Jade Chapter". Gu Yewang was a philologist between Liang and Chen in the Southern Dynasty, and apparently, the word "familiar" appeared quite late.
Since this word is both "which" and "cooked". We need to say separately:
"Which" is generally used as a pronoun to express doubts, that is, the above-mentioned "who is which", the usage is two:
(1) Equivalent to "who", "which". Erya Shirchen: "Whoever, whoever." Duan Yujie's "Commentary on the Interpretation of The Text": "Whoever speaks with whom, so who knows who is also." "Analects of Gongyechang": "What is the cure for women and hui?" (Confucius asked Zigong): You and Yan Hui, which one is stronger?
(Confucius and Zigong in the film and television drama)
Du Fu's "Summer Li Gong Visit": "Suffering from this thing, it is called my Lu You." Because the cicadas around me were chirping, Du Fu asked, Who said that my grass was quiet?
(2) Equivalent to "ho", "what". The Analects of the Eight Nobles: "It is tolerable, but it is intolerable." "This can be done with a fierce heart, what can not be done with a fierce heart?" Here comes an idiom "tolerable, tolerable", meaning that it must not be tolerated. Among them, it means "what".
Let's talk about "cooked", which is actually the original meaning of "孰". Usage More:
(1) The food is heated to the point of being edible. "Jade Chapter, Fire Ministry": "Ripe, rotten also." "Analects of the Township Party": "If a king gives a fishy gift, he will be familiar with it and recommend it." "The king gave raw meat, which must have been cooked and advanced and offered to the ancestors.
(Cooked prawns)
(2) Maturity. "Guangyun Yayun": "Mature, Chengye." "Mencius, Confession of the Son": "The grain of the grain, the beauty of the seed, is not ripe, it is better than the barnyard." "Grains are the best of the crop, and if they are not ripe, they are not as good as rice and barnyard grass.
(ripe wheat)
(3) There is a harvest; a good harvest. "Book of Gold": "Where the wood is erected, it is built with all its strength, and the years are ripe." "All the crops pressed by the great trees must be lifted up and the roots must be cultivated, and the annual harvest of this year will be a great harvest." For example, we usually say the proverb "the lake is wide ripe, the world is full", cooked, is the meaning of harvest.
(Harvest)
(4) Quantifiers. Refers to the number of times a crop matures in a year. For example: twice a year.
(5) Beauty; exquisite. "History of Dawan Lie": "There were many han messengers in the past, and their less subordinate rates were more familiar with the Son of Heaven." Pei Xiao's "Commentary on the Collection of Historical Records" quotes the "Hanshu Yinyi" as saying: "Mature, American language is like a mature person." "The number of envoys from the Han Dynasty to the Western Regions gradually increased, and most of those who accompanied the envoys since their youth reported to tianzi the exquisite things (good things, good products) that they knew.
(6) refers to processed or conditioned. For example: wrought iron; wrought skin. The twenty-sixth time in the Fengshen Yanyi: "It is said that Bigan cooked the fox skin, causing a robe, only to wait for the harsh winter to enter the robe." The so-called nitry refers to the use of glauber's salt, plain salt and other tanned animal leather to make it soft (see the previous course "tanning" character explanation).
(7) Refers to the land after many times of cultivation and suitable for crop growth. "Encyclopedia of Agricultural Politics, Agricultural Tools, Atlas": "Yi Rak (pronounced chào, a kind of agricultural tool used after ploughing and harrowing the land to make the soil thinner. With one man's cattle, there are consecutive rakes, two people and two cattle, especially for the field, see the work and speed, plough the rake and then use this, the mud soil begins to ripen. ”
(耖)
(8) Know clearly because it is common or commonly used. For example: acquaintances; regular customers.
(9) (have been doing some kind of work for a long time) proficient and experienced. Such as: practice makes perfect. Ouyang Xiu's "Oil Seller": "Without him, but the hands are familiar." "I don't have any other mysteries, just skilled hands."
(The Oil Seller's Intention)
(10) Careful; profound. "Han Feizi Xie Lao": "If you are straight, you are thoughtful, and if you are thoughtful, you can get things right." "If you act righteously, you will think deeply; if you think deeply, you will get the law of things." Also referred to as degree of depth. "Lü Shi Chunqiu Bozhi": "Therefore, it is known that if you are refined and mature, the ghost will tell it, and the non-ghost will tell it, and the fine and mature will also be familiar." So he said, "Be deep in your heart, and the ghost will tell." "It's not that there are really ghosts and gods to tell, it's because the degree of understanding is so deep!"
(11) Heat. "Su Qing Shu Wu Guo Theory": "I don't know Yu Li, the five Tibetans are ripe, the carbuncle is six houses, and the diagnosis of the disease is not tried, which is called an abnormality." "If you do not know the principle of taking the acupuncture point and apply the needle stone in vain, you can make the five internal organs accumulate heat and the carbuncle occurs in the six internal organs." If the diagnosis is not careful and thorough, it is an abnormality.
Occasionally, there are also those who are familiar with the same "孰", such as "Yi Lin Wei Ji Zhi Jie": "The enemy hates his back and is willing to meet each other." "But this usage is relatively rare.
The small seal of "[亯羊丮]" is written as follows:
(Small seal writing method of [亯羊丮])
([Explanation of words] no. 541, some pictures from the Internet)