Usually, the doctor uses a combination of indirect and direct observation to diagnose the child.
, indirect mode
form:
Include questionnaires, interview scales, etc.
object:
The questionnaires filled out and interviewed are generally direct caregivers of the child, who are more familiar with the child's situation and can provide more objective and comprehensive information.
For example:
The Autism Behavior Assessment Scale (ABC Scale) is a commonly used auxiliary diagnostic scale.
It includes sensory ability, communication ability, athletic ability, language ability, self-care areas, a total of 57 items.
The child's primary caregiver fills in and calculates the final score based on the options to inform the diagnosis.
Through such questionnaires and interviews, doctors can quickly understand the basic behavior of children. However, it may be misdiagnosed due to the ineffectiveness of the caregiver's filling in the communication, so it needs to be judged in conjunction with direct observation.
Attached: ABC Scale
2. Direct observation
The cause of autism spectrum disorder is unknown, so the diagnosis of autism is mainly based on reference to explicit behavioral manifestations. Usually, the doctor will interact with the child to observe the child's specific behavior as the main basis for diagnosis.
The newly released Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Revised Fifth Edition (DSM-5-TR) states that the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders requires the following criteria to be met.
1. Persistently show defects in social communication and social interaction in a variety of environments, including the following manifestations in the present or past:
Example 1: Deficits in social and emotional interactivity.
These include, for example, abnormal patterns of social behavior, the inability to engage in normal back-and-forth conversations, to sharing interests, emotions, and feelings with others, to the inability to initiate or respond to social interactions.
Example 2: Deficits in nonverbal communication behavior in social interactions.
These include, for example, a lack of coordination between verbal and nonverbal communication, to abnormalities in eye contact and body language, deficits in comprehension and use of gestures, to a complete lack of facial expressions and nonverbal communication.
Example 3: Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships.
These include, for example, difficulty adjusting behavior to different social situations, to difficulty playing imaginary games together, difficulty making friends, and having no interest in peers.
2. Limited, repetitive behaviors, interests, or activities, including at least two of the following manifestations, present or past:
Example 1: Movements, use of objects, or stereotyped or repetitive behaviors in speech.
For example: stereotypical simple movements, arranging toys or flipping things, imitation, abnormal wording, etc.
Example 2: Adhere to the same pattern, rigidly follow the same order of doing things, or have a ritualized pattern of verbal or nonverbal behavior.
For example, small changes can cause extreme discomfort, difficulty transitioning from doing one thing to doing another, rigid way of thinking, ritualized greeting, need to walk the same path or eat the same food every day.
Example 3: A very limited, persistent interest with unusual intensity or focus.
For example, a strong attachment or focus on unusual objects, an overly limited or stubborn interest.
Example 4: Overreacting or underreacting to sensory stimuli, or having an unusual interest in certain sensory stimuli in the environment.
For example: insensitivity to pain or temperature, rejection of certain sounds or textures, excessive sniffing or touching of objects, visual obsession with light or movement.
3) These symptoms must have been shown early in development (but may not be fully revealed until their social needs exceed their limited abilities, or they may be masked by techniques learned later).
4. These symptoms present clinically significant impairments in social, occupational, or other currently important functions.
5. These symptoms cannot be better explained by mental retardation or overall developmental delay.
In addition to indirect and direct observation, for special cases, doctors will also prescribe magnetic circuits, or genetic screening, to rule out other diseases.
Parents and friends must follow the doctor's advice.
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