Reading 196 - "Three Kingdoms, Two Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties" (4) Jiangnan is a school of song and dance, but the north is more than a hundred years of bloody rain, this is the Period of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms. The Five Hus and Sixteen Kingdoms are not one

Reading 196 - "Three Kingdoms, Two Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties" (4)

The Jiangnan faction sang and danced, but the north was more than a hundred years of bloody rain, which was the period of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms.

The Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms are not a dynasty, but an era. The Rebellion of the Eight Kings broke out in the middle and late period of the Western Jin Dynasty, known in history as the "Rebellion of Yongjia", and the Western Jin Dynasty fell. During this period and thereafter, the five ethnic minorities of xiongnu, Xianbei, Xianbei, Qiang, Qiang, and Yu, as well as the Han nationalities, established a number of separatist regimes in the north and Sichuan, of which sixteen countries such as Former Liang, Chenghan, and Former Qin were represented to a certain extent, and these five ethnic minorities and sixteen countries were called "Five Hu Sixteen Kingdoms" by posterity. One short-lived state after another was established and then destroyed one after another, until the establishment of the Northern Wei Dynasty, a period of history called "Wuhu Chaohua".

The so-called "Five Hus" are not only five, but also many ethnic minorities such as Wuhuan, Ding Zero, and Goguryeo. The Qiang people originally had a base outside of Xiliang, that is, in present-day Wuwei, Gansu, northwest of Zhangye. The Qiang people were fond of martial arts, and dong zhuo, Ma Teng, Han Sui and others in the Three Kingdoms once led Qiang soldiers to sweep across a large area of the country. During the "Five Hu Chaohua", the Qiang established a divided regime after Qin. Around the time of the Two Song Dynasties, some of the Qiang migrated to the southwest, and in the area of today's Aba Tibetan and Qiangzhou, some entered the Central Plains and merged with the Han nationality, and a small number remained in the northwest, and the Qiang people are the only ethnic group that is still alive in the "Five Hus" so far. Wuhuan was a short-lived people, and the Romance of the Three Kingdoms devotes a great deal of space to the story of Cao Cao's expedition to Wuhuan. Wuhuan is a descendant of the ancient Donghu tribe, Donghu was defeated by the Xiongnu, and retreated to wuhuan mountain with wuhuan as the clan name, and retreated to the xianbei mountain with xianbei as the clan name, which is the later Wuhuan and Xianbei. The Wuhuan were later assimilated by the Han and Xianbei tribes. Xianbei established the Northern Wei Dynasty. Originating in the Songpan Plateau of Sichuan, the Hu people are an agrarian people, and the Hu people seem to have no sense of existence, but this ethnic group established the first divided regime in the "Five Hus", the Cheng han, and after that, the Former Qin ruler Gong Jian once unified the northern region. The Xiongnu were once a tribe of Xiongnu, and the Xiongnu did not exist for a long time, and the Later Zhao dynasty was established during the "Wuhu Chaohua" period. The Xiongnu successively established former Zhao and Northern Liang, and gradually integrated into other ethnic groups, and the largest and longest enemy in the Central Plains since the Qin and Han Dynasties finally ceased to exist. Goguryeo was so powerful that it actually dragged down the Sui Dynasty and caused Tang Taizong to suffer a rare defeat.

Looking at "Wuhu Chaohua" from the current standpoint, this is not a war between countries, but a "scuffle" between different ethnic groups in the land of China, and it is a different performance of different characters at different times and in different places in a big drama. Social unrest made the people unhappy, but historically this period also had a certain progressive significance.

The greatest influence of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms on Han areas was the Great Migration of People. There have been many migrations in China's history. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the system of dividing feudalism was implemented, and the feudal personnel went to the fiefdom, which was a kind of migration; the first emperor of the Qin State sent hundreds of thousands of troops into Lingnan without returning, which was also a kind of migration. These migrations can be understood as "policy migrations" and are relatively small in scale. Subsequent dynasties and dynasties have had "policy migrations" of different scales.

China's first great population migration was during the "Wuhu Chaohua". The migration during this period was divided into several parts, one was that the ethnic minorities in the north moved south into the areas inhabited by the Han nationality; the second was that the "national age" of the sixteen countries was generally not long, the alternation was relatively frequent, and the national capital changed repeatedly, causing some populations to migrate with the changes in the national capital; the third was that a large number of the population of the original countries was migrated to the new country as labor or slaves when the country changed; and the fourth was that the Han nationality in the north moved into the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the south for the purpose of escaping war. Some people have counted that the number of people who have migrated in more than 100 years has reached 7 million, and it is said that there are 15 million people who have migrated. However, in the later Northern Wei Dynasty, the population of 30-35 million people calculated that it seems unlikely that half of the population will migrate, and if it is said that the number of migrations seems to make sense.

The Great Migration after the Yongjia Rebellion had a positive effect on the development of human society.

The first is inter-ethnic integration. With the continuous deepening of migration, including the impact of the war, many ethnic groups have disappeared, and the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Xianbei, Qi, and other ethnic groups in the Wuhu have gradually integrated into the Han and other ethnic groups, and now we can only see their existence from the text.

The second is interracial integration. The Han chinese are wise but relatively cowardly, and the northern nomads are fierce, and the fusion between the two has created a new Han nationality that is smart and strong.

The third is the integration of culture, the rapid development of Buddhism, monasteries and grottoes from the northwest all the way into the Central Plains, statues and murals have a deep influence on the Culture of the Central Plains; senior monks in the Western Regions entered Middle-earth to teach the scriptures and communicate with local Buddhism. Especially in the process of integration, the pronunciation of the Han language underwent major changes, eventually developing into what is now Mandarin.

The fourth is the preservation and inheritance of Han culture by migration. The migration of the Han nationality in the Central Plains to Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Liangguang, Fujian and other places has played an important role in preserving the traditional culture of the Han nationality, still in terms of language, so far we can still hear some of the ancient Han pronunciation rhythms that have long been lost in the north from Hakka and Cantonese.

The Great Migration is an important part of the development of human history. After the southern crossing of yiguan, it was a great migration such as breaking into the Guandong, taking the west entrance, filling the lake in Sichuan, and going down to the South China Sea.

(To be continued)