In 1917, it was the precursor of the era of awakening, the new youth had just been founded for 2 years, Chen Duxiu had just gone north, and the beijing ideology was surging and the students were young.
In this year, Yangzhou teenager Zhu Ziqing was admitted to the Philosophy Department of Peking University.
At Peking University, Zhu Ziqing was enlightened by new ideas and joined the Peking University Civilian Education Lecture Group that disseminated new ideas to the people.
The ignorant and dim social reality stung Zhu Ziqing, who changed his name to "Self-Qing", taken from the Chu Ci Buju ,"Prefer to be honest and upright to be self-purifying", encouraging himself not to lose his will and not to be defiled in the midst of difficulties.
In a word, the end of his life is also quietly hidden in this name.
Also in 1917, the new young Zhu Ziqing and the old scholar Zhu Father had a father-son conflict written into the history of Chinese literature.
Father Zhu, an old bureaucrat, was then the director of the Xuzhou Yuyun Bureau, and he had several aunts and wives in Xuzhou, and later in Yangzhou, his aunt Pan Shi, ran to Xuzhou to make a big fuss about the Yuyun Bureau, and Zhu Father was dismissed. After that, Zhu's father spent money to dismiss Xuzhou's aunts and wives, and the loss of 500 yuan allowed the family to buy property, and the grandmother died unbearably. (Jiang Jian and Wu Weigong's "Zhu Ziqing Chronology")
Zhu Ziqing, a progressive young man who returned home to mourn, was disappointed in his father, and his grandmother died and his family collapsed, and his father could not escape the blame.
But in the early years of the Republic of China, this disappointment was widespread. The new youth accepted the new ideas, but the old literati were still the old ideas of three wives, four concubines, and three programs and five constants.
In 1919, Zhu Ziqing published the vernacular poetry collection "Sleep, Little Man", which appeared on the stage of new literature, and after the Outbreak of the May Fourth Movement, Zhu Ziqing worked tirelessly and became the "little standard-bearer" of the new literary movement, at that time, Zhu Ziqing was 19 years old.
At the age of 19, when you were fighting for the glory of the king, people were on the same stage with Lu Xun and other masters!
After 1920, when the situation was turbulent, Zhu Ziqing sought teaching positions in Hangzhou, Yangzhou, Shanghai and other places, but still continued the new cultural movement, the first poetry group "China New Poetry Society" and the first poetry magazine "Poetry" monthly magazine, he was one of the founders.
In 1925, Zhu Ziqing went to Teach at Tsinghua University, and in this year, he received a letter from his father:
"I am in good health, but my arms are in severe pain, I hold up a pen, there are many inconveniences, and the period of about the end is not far away."
In the light of tears, Zhu Ziqing saw the back of the fat, green cloth cotton robe and black cloth horse coat, and wrote "Back Shadow".
As the text says, "He finally forgot my badness," and I forgave his oldness.
From the perspective of the individual's childhood, this is the resolution of the contradiction between father and son, but in fact, it is far more than that.
In 1925, it was a special period of history. The older generation let go of the clamp of the father as the child, the new generation broke free from the shackles of the old ideas, and the revolutionary wave rolled in, and "Qinyuan Chun Changsha" was also written in this year.
"Back Shadow" seems to be a separation between father and son, but the reason why it was selected in the textbook is because it is a figurative of the turn of the times - the back of Zhu Father, the back of that old era.
From the perspective of the general pattern of the times, that back is the mutual understanding of two generations and two eras.
This is something that many people overlook.
In 1927, the Great Revolution failed, and the blood of the "April 12" incident shocked Zhu Ziqing.
He dropped the creation of lyrical sketches and turned to essays that attacked the ugliness of reality.
Soon, he met a close friend at Tsinghua, Wen Yiduo.
Before being assassinated by Kuomintang agents, Mr. Wen Yiduo also shouted in his final speech: "Justice cannot be killed, because the truth will always exist!"
Two like-minded academic warriors forged a friendship, they ruled, enlightened, shouted for the truth, and declared war on injustice.
After the outbreak of the July 7 Incident, Zhu Ziqing, Wen Yiduo, and others moved to Kunming with Tsinghua, and Zhu Ziqing served as the director of the Literature Department of the Southwest United University and concurrently served as a director of the All-China Literary and Art Circles Anti-Enemy Association. He went to the countryside to mobilize and gave anti-Japanese speeches at Xuyong County Junior High School and private Bacon Primary School.
After the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Kuomintang area entered the White Terror, and Li Gongpu and Wen Yiduo, who attacked the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang, were assassinated one after another, which made Zhu Ziqing sad and indignant.
At the memorial meeting for the Li and Wen massacres, he tearfully reported wen Yiduo's life, and after returning to Beiping, he served as the convener of the "Committee for Sorting Out Mr. Wen Yiduo's Writings."
Later, he wrote articles attacking the dark rule of the Kuomintang, especially in the 1947 "On Eating" published in the Ta Kung Pao: "After the victory of the War of Resistance, China could not imagine that it would be more difficult to eat, and there was more food without food." Today, the average people are really unbearable, can no longer bear it, can't eat enough or even have no food to eat... This collective action cannot be suppressed or dispersed until the day when everyone has food to eat. ”
He angrily rebuked the Chang Kaishen Group for "the smell of Zhumen wine and the freezing bones on the road", but after 1 year, Zhu Ziqing, who called for "eating first", took the lead in "refusing" to eat.
In 1948, he signed the Declaration of Protest against U.S. Pro-Japanese Policy and Refusal to Receive Flour Aid from the United States, preferring to go hungry rather than buy and sell flour, and later left the following sentence in "Farewell, Stuart Redden":
Wen Yiduo shot up the case, raised his eyebrows angrily at the Kuomintang pistol, and preferred to fall down rather than give in. Zhu Ziqing was seriously ill and would rather starve to death than receive "relief grain" from the United States. ”
The shattered bones [self] are not afraid, and we must leave the [pure] white in the human world.
On August 12, 1948, Zhu Ziqing died at the age of 50.
A thin intellectual suffering from a stomach disease refuses to sell food for the dignity of the state, just as Bo Yi and Shu Qi, who did not eat Zhou Su and starved to death in Shouyang Mountain.
At the end of his life, he may think of two backs:
In 1917, my father's back was weak, old, but where we came from.
And then there's the back of 1938, which is straight, tall, pointing ahead of us.
The back came from his son Zhu Maixian. He joined the Party in 1936 and, as an underground party member, embarked on a dormant journey in 1938 (died in 1951).
Zhu Ziqing looked at his son's distant back, just as in the era of awakening, when Chen Duxiu sent his sons Chen Qiaonian and Chen Yannian on a trip, he looked at the backs of the two new youths.
Their lives are fixed on that back, and China's future is also fixed on that back.
At this time, the back shadow is not a trick, the back shadow is the forward movement, only the forward, will leave the back shadow.
This is the deeper meaning of the back: a generation comes, a generation goes, and the sun rises as usual.
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