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If you want to write a good essay, it is very important to use rhetorical techniques appropriately! Today, the pen god will share with you nine common rhetorical techniques to take a look at it!
Common rhetorical devices
simile
Metaphors are analogies. It is a rhetorical technique of describing things or explaining reason with things that are fundamentally different and similar.
(1) Metaphor. Ontology, figurative words, and metaphors appear at the same time. Commonly used figurative words are: like, like, like, like, just like, etc. The typical form of the metaphor is: A is like B.
For example, the holes of a stone arch bridge are curved, like a rainbow. (Mao Yisheng "Chinese Stone Arch Bridge") The leaves are very high in the water, like the skirts of the dancers in the pavilion. (Zhu Ziqing, "Lotus Pond Moonlight")
(2) Metaphor. Also called "metaphor", ontology and metaphor appear at the same time, but use words such as "is" to become "become" and "become" instead of figurative words such as "like".
For example, the reeds of the whole dian are harvested and stacked, and on the square around Baiyangdian, it becomes a great wall of reeds. (Sun Li's "Lotus Pond")
(3) Borrowing. Neither ontology nor figurative words appear, but metaphorical bodies are borrowed instead of ontology.
For example, I know that there is already a sad thick barrier between us. (Lu Xun's "Hometown")
The fierce wind hugged the layers of huge waves tightly, and viciously threw them to the cliff, smashing these large pieces of jadeite into dust and debris. (Gorky's Petrel)
(4) Bo Yu. Refers to the use of several metaphors to illustrate an ontology from different angles repeatedly.
For example, in the middle of the layers of leaves, there are some white flowers scatteredly, some blooming, some shyly playing with flowers; Just like a pearl, like a star in the blue sky, and like a beauty who has just come out of the bath. (Zhu Ziqing, "Lotus Pond Moonlight")
The effect turns blandness into vividness, the esoteric into the superficial, the abstraction into the concrete, and the verbosity into the concise.
metaphor
Analogy is a rhetorical technique of describing and illustrating things A as B things.
(1) Anthropomorphism. Write things as people, and give things people words and deeds or thoughts and feelings. For example, while the waves are singing, they rush high into the sky to meet the thunder. (Gorky's Petrel)
(2) Skeuomorphism. To write about a person as a crop is to make a person have the mood or action of a thing, or to write about a thing as a thing. For example, they saw not far away, under the fat lotus leaf, a man's face, the lower half of which grew in the water. (Sun Li's "Lotus Pond") has a vivid color, depicts an image, and has a rich expression.
Metonymy
Borrowing refers to the rhetorical device of not directly naming someone or something, but borrowing the person or thing closely related to it instead.
(1) Features and logos on the body. That is, to replace the ontology with a certain feature or sign of the ontology. For example: "No?—— I want to laugh and giggle, it's not like..." Hua Bai beard canceled his words. (Lu Xun's "Medicine")
(2) Concrete generation abstraction. That is, replacing abstract things with concrete things that exist objectively. For example, the gun comes out of the regime.
(3) Special names are generic. That is, the name of the ontological thing is replaced by the special name of the person or thing that is typical. For example: if you kill one Li Gongpu, millions of Li Gongpu will stand up! (Wen Yiduo, "The Last Lecture")
(4) Part of the generation as a whole. That is, to replace the ontological thing with a representative part of the thing. For example, it is already a cliff full of ice, and there are still flowers and branches. (Mao Zedong's "Bu Operator Yongmei") The role is to replace complexity with simplicity, to replace virtuality with reality, to replace mortals with odds, and to replace emotions with things.
exaggeration
In order to achieve a certain expression effect, the rhetorical technique of deliberately expanding or reducing the image, characteristics, role, and degree of things.
(1) Expand exaggeration. Refers to the exaggerated form of deliberately saying that objective things are "big, many, high, strong, deep...". For example: three thousand feet of white hair, and the fate seems to be long. (Li Bai's "Autumn Pu Song")
(2) Shrink the exaggeration. Refers to the exaggerated form of deliberately saying objective things as "small, little, low, weak, shallow...". For example, a person covered in black, standing in front of the old bolt, looks like two knives, stabbing the old bolt by half. (Lu Xun's "Medicine")
(3) Exaggeration ahead of time. Refers to the exaggerated form of advancing the things that appear later in time. For example: flowers with a sweet taste; When I closed my eyes, the tree seemed to be full of peaches, apricots, and pears. (Zhu Ziqing's "Spring") role reveals the essence and gives people enlightenment; Set off the atmosphere and enhance the appeal; Strengthen associations to create moods.
dual
Duality is a rhetorical technique that uses a pair of phrases or sentences with equal word count, the same structure, and close relationships in meaning to express two identical or similar meanings.
(1) Positive. Refers to the dual form of the upper and lower sentences that are similar in meaning, similar, complementary, and contrasting. For example, Wanli Sorrowful Autumn is often a guest, and more than a hundred years of illness have been on stage alone. (Du Fu's "Ascending to the Heights")
(2) Objection. Refers to the dual form of the upper and lower sentences that are opposite in meaning or opposite. For example: horizontal eyebrows are cold to a thousand fingers, and bowing down to a cow. (Lu Xun's "Self-Deprecation")
(3) String pairs. Also known as flowing water pairs, it refers to the dual form of relationships such as undertaking, progression, cause and effect, assumption, and condition in meaning. For example, if you cross the Wuxia Gorge from the Ba Gorge, you will go down xiangyang to Luoyang. (Du Fu's "WenGuanjun Collects Henan hebei")
The effect is easy to chant, easy to remember; Used in poetry, there is musical beauty; The expression is condensed and the lyricism is smooth.
parallelism
Comparison is a rhetorical technique that arranges three or more phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure, related content, and consistent tone to strengthen the tone, emphasize the content, and emphasize the feelings.
(1) Sentence ranking. For example: reading enriches people, discussion makes people witty, and notes make people accurate.
(2) The proportion of sentence components. For example: look, like cow hair, like flower needles, like filaments. (Zhu Ziqing's "Spring") Concentrated content and enhanced momentum; The narrative is thorough and analyzed; The rhythm is sharp and longer than lyrical.
repeatedly
Repeat rhetorical techniques that deliberately reuse a word, sentence, or group of sentences in order to express strong feelings.
(1) Continuous repetition. Repeat the same words or sentences one after the other, with no other words in between. For example: Valley Echo: "He just left, he just left." The revolutionary journey was thousands of miles, and he made great strides without stopping. (Ke Yan, "Premier Zhou, Where Are You")
(2) Interval repeatedly. Identical words or sentences appear at intervals, i.e. other words or sentences are separated. For example, it seems that the three eastern provinces have been lost, and the more the party-state has become like a country, the more it has lost the three eastern provinces, and the more like a country, the more it has become. (Lu Xun's "Friendly Surprise") role is used to say rational articles, playing an emphasis role; Lyrical scenes, strong appeal.
Ask
Ask questions without a doubt, ask yourself and answer yourself, in order to guide the reader to pay attention to and think about the rhetorical techniques of the problem.
(1) One question and one answer style. For example: Why are flowers so red? First of all there is its material basis. (Jia Zuzhang, "Why Are Flowers So Red")
(2) A few questions and one answer.
For example: Ah, who brought that dear intoxicating vernacular to my ear so early? Who was it that summoned the rose dawn so early with his creaky, melodious music? It's a young man. (Junqing "Rural Sound")
The role attracts the attention of the reader and inspires the reader to think; Helps to be hierarchical and compact; The character's mental activity can be better described.
rhetorical question
Rhetorical questioning is a rhetorical technique that expresses a definite meaning in the form of a question in order to strengthen the tone. Rhetorical questions are generally only asked and not answered, and the answers are implicit in the rhetorical questions.
(1) Express the negative content with affirmative sentences. For example: Will the sun come out of the west?
(2) Express the content of affirmation with negative sentences. For example, in this mist and ripples, listening to the leisurely intermittent sound of paddles, who can not be introduced into his dreams? (Zhu Ziqing, "Qinhuai River in the Shadow of Paddle Sound and Light")
The role strengthens the tone, is thought-provoking, stimulates the reader's feelings, deepens the reader's impression, and enhances the momentum and persuasiveness of the article.
Other rhetorical devices
Contrast: Contrast is a kind of rhetoric that compares two different things or two aspects of the same thing together. For example: some people are alive and he is already dead; some people are dead, he is still alive. (Zang Kejia, "Some People")
Citations: Quoting ready-made words (idioms, verses, aphorisms, allusions, etc.) to improve the effect of language expression, divided into two kinds. The role of quotations can make arguments conclusive, persuasive, inspiring, and concise, subtle and elegant.
Antics: Express the original meaning with words or sentences that are contrary to the original intention, and strengthen the expression effect by saying the opposite. Some irony reveals, some express intimate and friendly feelings.
Such as: (Qingguo students) also have disbanded braids, coiled flat, removed from the hat, the oil can be learned, like a little girl's bun, but also twist the neck a few twists, really Peugeot.
Easy to confuse rhetorical analysis
1. The difference between borrowing and borrowing.
Borrowing and borrowing are two different rhetorical techniques, and candidates are prone to mistakes when they are not careful when they use them.
The difference between the two is that the borrowing metaphor is a kind of metaphor, and there is a similarity between the two things that are compared and used for comparison, and there is no correlation, so even if there is no figurative word "like" between the ontology and the metaphor, the word "like" can be added and replaced by a metaphor; Borrowing is to replace the things to be expressed with related things, and there is no similarity between the ontology and the borrowing body, only correlation, so the word "like" cannot be added to replace it with a metaphor.
For example, a warrior with flaws is a warrior after all, and a perfect fly is nothing more than a fly after all. The "perfect fly" in this sentence is a metaphor for the reactionary guys. Instead of a metaphor, it can be written as "reactionary guys are like flies."
2. The difference between analogy and metaphor
Analogy is a copy of the ontology modeled on the features of the "imitation" (the thing being simulated), with an emphasis on "imitation"; Metaphor is the use of metaphors to metaphorical ontology, with an emphasis on "metaphor". In analogy, ontology and mimesis blend with each other and become one, the ontology must appear, and the imitation generally does not appear; The ontology of the parable and the metaphor are one master and one subordinate, the ontology is either present or not, and the metaphor must appear.
3. The difference between duality and ranking
Duals generally have two language units, while the ratio has three or more language units. The duality must be symmetrical, the ranking requirement is generally similar in structure, and the word count requirements are not very strict.
Typical dual sentences are inexplicative, and the same word is often used in the row, so that the sentences are connected to each other, giving people a compact feeling. It is better to be a couplet than a parity, but there is no such requirement for the platoon.
4. The discernment of metaphors and symbols.
Conceptually, metaphor is the language means to visualize the language of modified words and sentences, which belongs to the category of linguistics, while symbolism is to make people associate through some specific images, so as to express a certain abstract concept, thought, and feeling associated with it, and the artistic creation technique that expresses the theme of the work belongs to the category of literature and art.
From the point of view of application, some use symbols to conceive the whole text, some use symbols to portray the main characters, and some use symbols to suggest, create atmosphere or express feelings, in short, symbolic meaning has a global nature, and metaphors are often limited to parts.
From the characteristic point of view, symbolism is represented by objects, abstract with concrete expressions, with implications, while metaphors are metaphors for things, with concrete analogies, with distinctiveness. For example, Barkin's "Lamp" uses light as a symbol of light, as a symbol of people's ideals, hopes, strength and victory; Gorky's "Haiyan" uses Haiyan to symbolize the courageous revolutionary spirit of revolutionary pioneers and prophets;
The "red and white garland" in "Medicine" symbolizes the hopeful prospect of the revolution.
However, the "big mansion" of "Take-ism" is only used as a metaphor for Chinese and foreign cultures, and does not have symbolic significance.
Of course, in some articles, symbols also contain the nature of metaphors, from the expression of abstract spirit is a symbol, from the expression of concrete people is a metaphor. Even so, there is a difference between metaphor and symbolism.
5. The difference between asking questions and asking rhetorical questions.
Questioning does not indicate what is affirmed or denied, while rhetorical questions explicitly indicate what is affirmed or denied; Asking questions is mainly to ask questions, attract attention, and inspire thinking, while rhetorical questions are mainly to strengthen the tone and use a definite tone to indicate the author's own thoughts.
For example: Now we have to learn from foreign countries, and in the future we will transform from backward to advanced, do we still want to learn? At that time, there were still many good things worth learning from foreign countries, and we still had to learn from others.
In this passage, the first question uses a set question, and the latter question uses a rhetorical question.
Do you understand these common rhetorical techniques?