Du Fu and Li Shangyin, a prosperous Tang Dynasty and a late Tang Dynasty, a poetry immortal and a poetry saint, a romantic and ethereal, a depressed and depressed.
But Du Fu is often described as an honest man, writing poetry in a disciplined manner, as if as long as he works hard, anyone can reach his height. Is this really the case? Of course not, Du Fu is weird! Eccentric personality - "arrogant talent, proud of the world"; eccentric poetry - "flowers and ducks without mud, every step slowly." Feathers know independence, black and white are too distinct. ”
Li Shangyin is all too familiar with everyone, "spring silkworm to the end of the dead silk, wax torch into gray tears began to dry", "no color phoenix double wings, the heart has a sharp and sharp point of understanding" "this can be waited for into a memory, but at that time has been confused", these classic verses chant inner feelings, won the attention of future generations. But the strange thing is that Sister Lin once directly expressed her dislike for Li Shangyin, what is wrong with Li Shangyin?
Those famous poets of the Tang Dynasty all had their own problems, so was it immediately cute to say so?
Chengdu Xunlu Bookstore recently invited writer Yan Hong to share with readers and friends "those lovely poets of the Tang Dynasty".
Yan Hong, writer and editor of Xin'an Evening News, has published more than ten works such as "Reading China in the Dream of the Red Chamber", "Dreaming of Dreams in Ten Years", "They Make a Living and Love" and so on
Now many people have some prejudices against Du Fu. One of the statements that I am particularly indignant about is that Du Fu can learn, but Li Bai cannot learn. This seems to mean that Du Fu has no genius, only stupid kung fu, just like a scholar who has reached such a height entirely by hard work. Du Fu himself may be angry when he hears this.
"For human nature to delay good sentences, the language is not surprising and endless", this is the common idea of all people engaged in writing, but ordinary people will not say it directly like Du Fu, so Du Fu is a very individual person. If you read Du Fu's poems carefully, you may come to a conclusion, or rather, have a sense of whole: Du Fu's poems are often amazing, a kind of astonishment in the ordinary. He didn't seem to do anything, but suddenly it was like a thunderclap, which made you feel very shaken. For example, I especially like Du Fu's "Twenty-two Rhymes for Wei Zuo Chengzhang", which does not have particularly strange words, but it will make people's hearts very excited, like an iron fist to the heart. The beginning of the poem, "Don't starve to death, Confucian crown is more mistaken", which looks quite ordinary at first glance, but it also requires a lot of self-confidence to dare to write it at the beginning. Du Fu involuntarily and seemingly jumped out of this sentence very mindlessly, making you instantly shocked. If a person is not confident in writing articles, he will write in a very conventional way, and there will be a lot of laying out and talking. Like two strangers meeting, because they don't dare to dig their hearts, so they first come to a big greeting, but they know that these greetings are not informative. The beginning of "Gift to the Eight Virgins" "Life does not meet, moving like a participating businessman", is also a stroke without cause and effect, like breaking the air, words like iron, instantly entering your heart, like a meteor falling to the ground, forming a huge impact. Therefore, Du Fu's writing style is the writing style of a confident literary giant.
Du fu
Du Fu gave me a special feeling of "daring", and many of the poems he wrote to Li Bai also felt this way. We generally believe that Du Fu is Li Bai's senior "fan brother", he wrote a lot of poems for Li Bai, but Li Bai did not respond to him much. On the one hand, it may be because Du Fu has a limited weight in Li Bai's heart, on the other hand, I think du Fu himself caused it—the poems he wrote for Li Bai are too personal, not at all like the poems given to friends. Many of Du Fu's words are very strange, and perhaps Li Bai does not like to hear them. Some of the poems are full of negative energy throughout, and from time to time they point fingers and feet to help Li Bai sketch his life. You will feel that Du Fu seems to lack the self-cultivation of a fan. For example, Du Fu has a poem about Li Bai, "Gone": "I don't see Li Shengjiu, it is really sad to pretend to be crazy." The world wants to kill, and I want to have mercy on them. "This is to say that Li Bai is talented and untamed, and cannot be tolerated in the world, and only I Du Fu is his confidant." Although this is a compliment to Li Bai, Du Fu's problem is that he speaks too harshly, and Li Bai and Du Fu have not established a deep friendship, so Li Bai will not be happy when he speaks like this. Later, he also helped Li Bai put forward some life suggestions, "Kuangshan Reading Office, head white good return", which means that you can almost come back. As a well-known great poet of the Tang Dynasty, what does Li Bai want to do, do he still need to follow your advice? As a fan of Li Bai, shouldn't Du Fu be careful in front of his idols? And we will also feel that Du Fu's way is actually emphasizing himself.
Du Fu's "rudeness" to Li Bai even occurred shortly after he first met Li Bai. He wrote a poem that was a bit offensive: "Autumn comes to take care of Shang Piaopeng, and he is not ashamed of Dansha Ge Hong." Drinking and singing in the air, flying for whom. The first two sentences describe Li Bai's state, saying that Li Bai is infatuated with Dansha. Li Bai was also keen on searching for immortals and visiting the Tao, but in the blink of an eye he would be tempted by the world, so Du Fu used a "shame" to describe that he could not live as he imagined. In fact, this statement is very accurate, but Li Bai may not be happy to hear it, because no one wants to be seen through by others. Du Fu was not enough, he continued to "mend the knife", saying "drinking and singing in the air, flying and singing for whom", this sentence is to say: You drink bitterly, you sing wildly, you look passionate, happy life, but in the end it is still empty time; you fly and soar, as if you are mighty and majestic, but in the end it is just a one-man show, so who can you "be male for"? So you're "pretending" in the end. I think the poem is so well written that I would be very touched if someone said that to me. Because this is a true confidant, he sees through the void behind your apparent arrogance and sees the depths of your soul. But the question is: Did Li Bai take Du Fu as a friend? What is the inner character of Li Bai? He may not be willing to play such a tragic role, and he does not want to be so blatantly broken by Du Fu.
After Li Bai was exiled to Yelang, Du Fu did not hear from him for a long time, he missed Li Bai, and a suspicion arose: Li Bai was dead. He also wrote this doubt into the poem: "The soul comes to Feng Linqing, and the soul returns to Guan SaiHei." "Junjin is in Luo net, why do you have wings?" This statement is actually very illogical, completely self-talking. If Li Bai was a materialist, he felt that it didn't matter, and if Li Bai was an idealist, maybe he would feel that Du Fu was unlucky to be so suspicious. We will wonder: even if you sleep in a confused way, Du Fu thinks so, but when you write poetry, you always have to be sober, right? Can't write such a poem to Li Bai?
You see what the poem that Li Bai gave to Meng Haoran is written like, "I love Meng Fuzi, the world smells of the wind", and instantly lifted Meng Haoran to a height. There is also Gao Shi's "Don't Dong Da": "Don't worry about the road ahead and don't know yourself, who in the world doesn't know the king?" These verses are all praising each other. And the poems that Du Fu sent to his friends are either analyzing people's personalities or giving advice to others, and after a while they suspect that others are dead, so I inevitably have to doubt Du Fu's feelings for Li Bai: Does he really regard Li Bai as a friend? Or is it as an object of observation, a body to be written, a doll to which one can attach one's own imagination? He remembered Li Bai, pondered Li Bai, and used his imagination to carve Li Bai, perhaps Li Bai was a realm that his heart longed for and could not reach in the end. He also wrote a poem "There is a nostalgia for Li Bai in winter", which is also very suspicious, saying "In the lonely study, he will always think about it", that is, he sat in the study, he missed Li Bai, missed all day. If it is not a man and a woman in love, this worry is a day, Li Bai will not feel mad when he sees it. If we understand "thinking" as thinking and thinking, we may not be so maddening. It can be seen that Du Fu still did not treat Li Bai as a human being, but as a certain phenomenon.
Therefore, I think that Li Bai did not respond to Du Fu's gift of poetry, and he did not have so much deep affection and friendship for Du Fu, which can also be understood. Because Du Fu wrote that he was always a kind of self-talk, always describing a realm in his own heart, this realm may be more tragic, may not be so quiet, but it is a more magnificent world in Du Fu's heart. Li Bai also knew that this world had nothing to do with him.
Du Fu's writing has a great advantage in that he is not afraid of offense, and even Li Bai does not have the courage of Du Fu to face himself completely and truthfully. Therefore, Ye Jiaying's teacher, Mr. Gu Sui, had a lot of disapproval of Li Bai, he said: "Although Taibai poetry is literally powerful but unreliable, it is exaggerated and has no internal power. "'Twilight turns into snow like green silk,' although it is exaggerated, it is too much to say that 'you will have to drink three hundred cups.'" For the last four sentences of "Will Enter the Wine", "Five Flowers Horse, Thousand Golden Fur, Hu'er will exchange for fine wine, and dispel the ancient sorrows with Er", Gu Sui said very rudely, saying: "Beginners are easy to like this sentence, it is really deceiving themselves", even if Li Bai exchanged five flowers and horses for fine wine, he could not eliminate the ancient sorrows. Therefore, Gu Sui believes that he "originally wanted to maintain his dignity, but for a long time he became self-deceived." Gu Sui felt that Li Bai's seemingly heroic remarks were all for the purpose of anesthetizing himself and pursuing peace of mind. I seem to have been persuaded by his statement, as if it were the case, and some of Li Bai's sentences really could not withstand cold analysis.
When one person is bragging, others are just hi with him. Therefore, Gu Sui's attitude was a little cruel to Li Bai, and du Fu was also, and the cold eyes of the two of them were actually a very terrible look. Although Du Fu's gaze was not as cold as Gu Sui's, with more goodwill, there was a depth in his gaze that even he did not understand, and this depth made it easy for him to see through others. Some people think that Du Fu is a good-tempered person, and I think this is a misunderstanding of him. The New Book of Tang and the Biography of Du Fu writes that Du Fu was cared for by his old friend's son Yan Wu. Yan Wu was very friendly to Du Fu and often visited Du Fu. But Du Fu had a very inexplicable "debauchery" in front of him, which was difficult for people to understand. Once, du Fu was drunk, ran to Yan Wu's bed, narrowed his eyes, and said, "Yan Tingzhi has this!" This means that Yan Tingzhi actually has such a son. This was unbelievable and very impolite, and he probably wanted to express praise, just as he praised Li Bai. Yan Wu was very unhappy, hated Du Fu in his heart, and even wanted to kill him.
All in all, Du Fu was not a person who could see people's faces and act, and even if he wanted to express his kindness, his strange way would backfire. This habit of not being afraid of offense made Du Fu's poetry more possible. For example, in the Twenty-two Rhymes of Wei Zuo ChengZhang that we mentioned earlier, he made a big fuss like Li Bai: Zhangren try to listen quietly, and the ask for Chen. On the day of the youth, it was early to watch the state guests. Reading a book breaks through ten thousand volumes, and the next pen is like a god. Endowed with the material to promote the enemy, the poem looks at the son to build a relative. Li Yong asked for a face, and Wang Han wished to be a neighbor", saying that he was very powerful, some people wanted to know him, and some people wanted to make him neighbors. He also said that he would "go to the King Yao Shun and then make the customs pure", still boasting about himself. People in the world always say that Li Bai loves to brag, but in fact, Du Fu is also quite powerful at bragging. Like "reading a book breaks ten thousand volumes, the next pen is like a god", the average person is not too embarrassed to praise themselves. Du Fu's great thing is that he dared to take offense and did not take the usual path. Originally, this poem was about to become a bragging contest, but the next few sentences pulled everyone into the dust, and Du Fu wrote: "Towards the door of fuer, twilight follows the fat horse dust." Broken cups and cold burning, lurking everywhere sad. "It's so courageous to say these words. Only Du Fu had the courage to write about his own shabbiness and humility, described the scenes of his encounters very badly, did not shy away from it, and did not spare himself in the slightest.
Literati quite like to sell misery, like to call themselves poor, but poverty is to be proud, such as Tao Yuanming's "Begging". Therefore, Du Fu dared to speak of humility, which I think is a kind of pride, which means that his soul has transcended the flesh and condescendingly watched his every word and deed. We can't do it because we don't have that power, and if we encounter a cold encounter, we feel that the cold encounter will stick to us and enter our hearts. But for Du Fu, it was as if everything was an object of gaze in his eyes, and he was able to turn all people, including himself, into an "other." This is a very strange phenomenon, and it is something that a powerful person can do.
I was going to say those lovely Tang Dynasty poets, but it turned out that Du Fu was a bit unstoppable, and maybe in my heart, Du Fu was really too cute. He had an old man's profundity and a childlike stubbornness. When these two qualities are combined in him, he will achieve strange verses like terrifying waves.
Next, I will talk about Li Shangyin.
Li Shangyin
There is a detail in "Dream of the Red Chamber" that is very interesting, Lin Daiyu said that she did not like Li Shangyin. Many people wonder why she doesn't like it. If she says she doesn't like other poets, it may not matter, but it's strange that she says she doesn't like Li Shangyin. Because no matter how you look at it, she and Li Shangyin are a bit like each other.
It may be difficult to say that sometimes your favorite is someone who doesn't like you, and some people especially like people like themselves. For example, I wrote an article about Li Bai: Li Bai sometimes writes poems for others very lightly, seemingly unintentional; but he writes poems to people who are very similar to him, such as Wang Changling, and writes very affectionately. So for narcissistic people, his description of the feelings of a person who is very similar to himself is actually a kind of self-lyricism. But some people may like people who are completely opposite to their personalities. Therefore, when Lin Daiyu was lecturing to Xiangling, she recommended Wang Wei and Tao Yuanming, she first recommended Du Fu, and then recommended Li Bai, and from this order, it can be seen that the poems that Lin Daiyu likes are light and natural, and do not like special lyricism. Maybe Li Bai's lyrical style is already at the limit of what she can accept, as for Li Shangyin, she can't stand it a bit, and feels that it is too thick.
However, I like Li Shangyin's poems very much, and I think his poems have a kind of modernity. There are some details and scenes in his poems, like the scenes we have today. I even think that his poems are somewhat similar to Xue Zhiqian's lyrics: not to express a general feeling, but through a small scene, to express the kind of emotions that people have in their hearts but you can't see elsewhere. For example, his most famous poem "Untitled": "Last night the stars last night the wind, painting the west bank of the building Guitang East." There are no colorful phoenix wings, and the heart has a sharp point. The partition sends hook spring wine warm, and the wax lamp is red. Oh Yu listened to the drum and went to the official, and walked the Marantai class to turn the tent. Among them, "no color phoenix double wings, the heart has a sharp mind" is a famous sentence, but I prefer the last four sentences, because I think it is very scene-like. "Partition hook" and "nest shooting" are both liquor orders. We see such a liquor order as "Shooting Cover" in "Dream of the Red Chamber". "Next seat to the hook" in my understanding is a bit like drumming flowers, if the hook in the hands of someone when the drum stops, the person will have to drink a glass of wine, this is a very ordinary game. But it is different for men and women with feelings: the golden hook passes from your hand to my hand, and I will feel that the hook has your temperature, has your breath, even if it is transmitted in the dark, it has a unique meaning. Love can turn stones into gold and turn the ordinary into magic, just like in "Dream of the Red Chamber", Jia Baoyu asked Qingwen to send two old handkerchiefs to Lin Daiyu, Qingwen could not understand, but Jia Baoyu said that Lin Sister would understand. Even if it is an inconspicuous old handkerchief, love has been given a very magical meaning.
Back to such a banquet that Li Shangyin attended. When the golden hook passed from the hand of a person he loved to his palm, he felt that the golden hook was different. These two verses illustrate the magic of love. If it's just two sentences, I think it's already very good, but his last two sentences can impress me even more. He said, "Listen to the drum and go to the official, and go to the Malantai class to turn the tent", but unfortunately I heard the drums of the Five More, and I was about to go to the upper court, and I wanted to rush the horse to the Lantai, like a fluffy grass that drifted with the wind. Just now, I was still a lover with a pulse, and now I have become a social animal that has to clock in and out, and this flip is very interesting. Maybe we will encounter this situation in reality, for example, in the bar, you see a person, you have feelings for him, he also has feelings for you, you are about to happen something, at least leave a thought, a thought, and so on. But you suddenly remember that you don't go to the company again, you will be late soon, you don't go to the clock, how much money will be deducted from you this month, you may also be scolded by your boss and leaders, and you feel like you are floating in this world. In this way, Li Shangyin's poem has a kind of modernity. I even think that the last four sentences are better than "the body is without colorful phoenixes and two wings, and the heart has a spirit and a sharp point", because "the heart has a spirit and a sharp point" tells the love that we are familiar with, and the last four sentences talk about our real life.
In terms of literature and art, Li Shangyin has a postmodern feeling. For example, his "Three Songs of Bicheng" is about the daily life of the fairies in the sky, which has a sentence "The stars sink to the bottom of the sea when the window is seen, and the rain crosses the river source to see from the other seat", the star seabed is a very amazing scene for the human world, but the fairies are visible when the window; the rain crosses the river source into the mortal world, it may be a flood, it may be a drizzle, but the fairies do not look much different from each seat. A day in the sky and a year on earth, he is talking about the different perceptions of time between the human world and the immortal world, and presents a huge difference in the sense of space, so the whole poem has a weightless, dizzying, and even a little sci-fi postmodern feeling.
In addition, I like Li Shangyin because I think he is a fierce character, and he is particularly fierce. For example, "Spring heart is not a common flower, an inch of acacia is an inch of ash", your spring heart, your love should not compete with those flowers to open, because you think of an inch of ashes, all your love will eventually turn into ashes, which is particularly desperate. There is also "Liu Lang already hates Pengshan Mountain, and even more 10,000 pounds away from Pengshan Mountain", Liu Lang already feels that Pengshan is quite far away, and that place is farther than Pengshan Mountain, and it is 10,000 weights away from him. This verse can be turned into a vernacular: You die of this heart.
I also have an article about Li Shangyin's stacking of time, he is very good at stacking different time and space together, a bit like what we are talking about now, "stacking", will have a very wonderful effect.
There is also the sentence "Once was lonely golden embers dark, no news pomegranate red", saying that the other party has no news, just like pomegranate flowers, because pomegranate flowers bloom particularly slowly, all the flowers are finished, but it has no news at all, the buds seem to never move, especially calm. It may be like you love a person who has no reaction, you wait and wait, wait and wait, and the result is that the other party has no news, which makes people feel very desperate, but this despair is very beautiful.
Q&A
Q: Teacher, what do you think you think about using the Expression of life, career, and life by the Tang Dynasty poets to reflect on the career, life, and emotional anxiety of modern people?
A: I think the way the ancients expressed it was different from ours, probably because the background of life was different, but there were many things that were similar. For example, Du Fu's "Shu Xiang", which is about Zhuge Liang. Two days ago, my children studied this poem, and his teacher gave several poems about the ancients to write Zhuge Liang, only Du Fu's poem won my heart the most. "Before the master died, the hero was full of tears", when I saw this poem, I was very touched, although I said that I was far from Zhuge Liang's living conditions, but I think many people will have this feeling: you live to be more than 40 years old, more than 50 years old, but nothing has been done, many ambitions have not been realized, this life may be about to pass, you will have a feeling that time is not waiting, you have a sense of powerlessness in the face of life. Everyone's life, in fact, can not make up the time, place, people, just like Zhuge Liang before he went out of the mountain, he did not have confidence in the things he would face, but because Liu Beisan took care of Maolu, he made up his mind, so he said "by gratitude." I originally thought that "gratitude" meant gratitude, but the language book explained it as "excitement and excitement". This explanation is particularly good. Zhuge Liang said that he had always been "living his whole life in a chaotic world, not seeking to reach the princes", a bit like Lu Xun's mood of copying ancient tablets in his apartment in the "Scream" Self-Prologue, that is, he wanted to sink himself. But Qian Xuan and Lao went to him, just like Liu Bei went to find Zhuge Liang, they were inspired by these two enthusiastic people, so they knew that they could not do anything and forced themselves to encourage themselves. Zhuge Liang's final ending is still very lost, so it is said that "he died before he was born, and the hero was full of tears."