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Zeng Zi said: "My three provinces and my body--for people to seek loyalty? Friends and not convinced? Can't get used to it? ”
● Zeng Zi, a disciple of Confucius, a famous ginseng, a zi you, a native of Nanwucheng, Luguo, was forty-six years younger than Confucius. He was a thinker in the late Spring and Autumn Period, a master of Confucianism, and an important representative of the Confucian school. Zeng Was diligent and studious, and was quite popular with the true biography of Confucius, and it is said in the "Biography of the Disciples of Shi Ji Zhongni": "Confucius thought that he could pass filial piety, so he taught the karma." Wrote the Book of Filial Piety. Died at Lu. ”
After Yan Hui's death, Zeng became the main heir to Confucius's teachings. He actively promoted Confucian ideas and spread Confucian thought. After the death of Confucius, Zengsan inherited the teachings of Confucius and opened the Mencius school of Zisi (Confucius's grandson Kong Ling, ZiZisi), so it was revered by later generations as "Zongsheng", and was one of the four pairs worthy of the Confucius Temple (Fusheng Yanhui, Zongsheng Zengzi, Shu shengzisi, and Yasheng Mencius), especially respected by Song Confucianism.
● The "three" in ancient Chinese is often an imaginary number and an approximate number, but why did you choose the number "three" to express this meaning? Eun Mao Yong said in the Analects of the Analects: "Three characters, the Shuowen is one of the yang, the second of the yin, and the number is three." The Book of The Laws of History: "The number begins with one, ends with ten, and becomes in three." 'As for the number of covers, the yin and yang poles will be distorted, and they will be judged. Therefore, the ancients used three words in many and many and long counts, such as Yan Zi March does not violate, Nan Rong three times ... If you ask for it one by one, if you ask for it, if you have two, if you ask for it, if you want it, you will lose it. ”
Whether this statement is correct or not, the author is shallow and does not dare to judge it easily, but the "three" of "three provinces and my body" means that there is no doubt about it many times. Yang Bojun's "Translation Notes" said: "In ancient times, a number was added to the action verb, and this number generally indicated the frequency of action. And the words 'three' and 'nine' generally indicate a lot of times, do not look at it in the field. He added: "What is reflected here is three things, and the 'three' of the 'three provinces' is just a coincidence." If the word 'three' refers to the following three things, according to the syntax of the Analects, it should be said: 'The three of the provinces of Wu ri. It is the same as the "Gentleman's Taoist III" in the Constitution. The analysis makes a lot of sense.
● "Loyalty" and "faith" are the basic moral requirements of Confucianism, and the Commentary on the Collection explains this one: "To do one's best is to be loyal, and to be faithful is to be faithful." ”
"Zhong", the Shuowen Jiezi explains: "Respectful also." The Zhou Li Da Situ calls "loyalty" one of the six virtues: "One is the six virtues: knowledge, benevolence, holiness, righteousness, loyalty, and harmony." The "Left Biography" said: "Selfless, loyal." Most of the "loyalty" in the Analects means "dedication to one's heart", but apart from this, "dwelling in a respectful place, respecting the deacons, and being loyal to others" ("Zi Lu"), "being loyal, being able to be loyal" ("Constitutional Question"), "the king's envoys are courteous, and the ministers are loyal" ("Eight Servants" are not the same as the "loyalty" to the king as understood in later generations.
The original meaning of "faith" is the truth of words, "Shuowen Jiezi": "Sincerity also." "Zuo Chuan, Seven Years": "Keeping orders and sharing time is faith." "Faith" here means "honesty and not deception", that is, to talk about credit, not hypocrisy.
Faced with the social reality of "liturgy and bad luck", Confucius and his disciples advocated "faith" and emphasized that people should keep each other's trust in accordance with the rules of etiquette. They regard "faith" as the foundation for self-cultivation, nation-building, and governance, and as one of the important conditions for realizing the moral principle of "benevolence." Later, Han Ru included "faith" in the "five constants".
In the works that interpret the Analects, some regard faithfulness as one, such as Zhu Xi's "Quotations", which says: "Faithfulness is only one thing." In this regard, the "Four Books of Doubt" refuted: "Gai Zhong should speak with his heart, and believe with his words." Selflessness means loyalty, and truthfulness means faith. This is the difference between faithfulness and faithfulness. ”
● "Transmission is not habitual", "Collection of Explanations": "What do you know: 'If you are not accustomed to transmission, you must pass on whatever you say and what you preach without teaching?'" This is to say that what is taught to others, you have to teach it yourself first. The Emperor Shu holds the same view: "Whoever has something to say must be learned first, and then it can be passed on, so how can it not be passed on in vain without first practicing it?" ”
Zhu Xi's view is different, he said in the "Commentary on the Collection": "Transmission is subject to the teacher, and habit is familiar to oneself." He thinks that the "transmission" here refers to what the teacher has taught himself. Yang Bojun agreed with this view, saying that "transmission" is "the verb used as a noun, and the teacher's teaching" (Translation Notes). This statement is more reasonable, and is mostly used by people today (but there are exceptions, such as Li Zehou's "Analects and Readings", which translates as "what is taught to others").
The meaning of "xi" here is the same as the "xi" of "learning and learning", which not only has the meaning of review and revision, but also has the meaning of practice and exercise. Yang Bojun in this article is generally translated as a review, I think it is more in line with the original meaning than the practice.
● If we can constantly reflect on ourselves, whether it is for learning or for people, we will benefit a lot. The Qing Dynasty scholar Li Yong's "Four Books of ReflexiveNess" said: "Xianru Zengzi, the three provinces of Juri. If in our people, in the middle and lower capital, especially the great-sons can be compared, and there are thousands of flaws, will the people who should be in charge stop here? As the old saying goes, "Sit quietly and think about yourself, and gossip about others", which is true, but it is very difficult to do it.
●Translation:
Zeng Zi said: "I reflect on myself many times a day: Have I not done my best to plan for others? Isn't it honest to be honest with friends? Is there no practice in the studies taught by the teacher? ”