The window of culture | once upon a time, time is very slow, and the carriage and horse are very "slow"

Since April 1, the Ministry of Public Security's newly formulated "Measures for the Administration of Scoring of Road Traffic Safety Violations" has been officially implemented. The new rules have adjusted the scoring rules for traffic violations, and the full score is still 12 points in a cycle, and according to the severity of traffic violations, the score of a score is divided into 12 points, 9 points, 6 points, 3 points, 1 point and a total of 5 grades. Serious violations of the law, such as drunk driving, reversing or driving backwards on the highway, scoring points for others and seeking economic benefits, are worth 12 points at a time. Driving jams, driving mobile phones, etc., 3 points are deducted at a time. The new regulations also clearly indicate that scoring fines are not the purpose, the key is to improve everyone's traffic safety awareness, reduce traffic violations, so as to protect everyone's safety and ensure the smooth flow of roads. As repeatedly reminded in the movie "The Wandering Earth", when going out, you must remember that "there are thousands of roads, and safety is the first".

Speaking of this, I can't help but think of some small stories about transportation in the ancients, or those about the past of cars and horses. The ancients did not travel as conveniently as today, if it were not for walking on two legs, there was basically no other way but to rely on cars and horses. Because of the emphasis on social hierarchy, carriage and horse travel gradually derived many norms and etiquette. A comparison shows that once these norms and etiquette are violated, the consequences can be much more serious than today's fines and demerits.

It is a matter of pride that the invention of the car has a special origin with Shandong. According to literature and expert research, Xi Zhong, the originator of the car, was born in the ancient Xue Kingdom and now belongs to Zaozhuang. Records of Xi Zhong's car construction are found in various historical books. The Huainanzi XiuwuXun (淮南子修務訓) records: "In the past, Cangjie wrote a book, Rong Cheng made a calendar, Hu Cao was a cloth, Hou Ji was cultivated, Yi Di was a wine, and Xi Zhong was a car." The "Tengxian Chronicle" describes it as: "When Xia Yu was crowned Xue, he was the doctor of Yu's car service." Xi Zhongsheng Jiguang, Jiguang is the beginning of the wood as a car. "Therefore, the descendants are also known as Xi Zhong's car." From these historical materials, it can be seen that Xi Zhong was awarded the title of Car Costume Doctor by Dayu for his merits in car building, that is, Che Zheng. According to the "Pipe", "Xi Zhongzhi is also a car tool, and the square and straight are all in the rules of the hook and rope", and the book also specially praises, "Xi Zhong's ingenuity, not cutting also". That is to say, the car made by Xi Zhong is not only extremely delicate in the cutting of one knife and one axe, but also its conception and design are extremely exquisite. The pipe gave such a high evaluation, which is enough to prove that the level of Xi Zhong's car is extraordinary. After Xi Zhong's death, he was worshipped by the people as the god of the car, and the descendants built the Xi Gong Ancestral Hall at the head of the Qianshan Mountain to worship for many years in order to travel safely. The folk proverb "Worship Xi Zhong, travel safely" has been passed down in the local area to this day.

The invention of the car has great significance in the history of human civilization. The car was used for production and life, and was also used as a war tool to expand the territory and plunder wealth. In the process, the car gradually became a "luxury" and became a status symbol. The famous historian Ge Zhiyi believes that it is the car service, as an important symbol of aristocratic status, that constructs the basic order structure of three generations of aristocratic society. Due to the implementation of the car uniform system, the status of nobles and commoners was separated. The "Great Biography of Shang Shu" records that "the emperor of the ancients will have a destiny of the people" and "if he is destined, he must ride on a cart and a horse, and the clothes are clothed." Those who have not been killed shall not be clothed, shall not be multiplied, and shall be punished for taking their clothes. Shuren wooden cart single horse, cloth cloth" "Those who have not been ordered to be soldiers, the car must not have flying, not Zhu Xuan." From these accounts, it can be understood that the car suit became a materialized privilege of the knight's gift, and the nobles and commoners were also significantly separated in the use of the car suit. More generally speaking, cars and clothing have become symbols of distinguishing between status and inferiority, and how to use them has been institutionalized. People of different statuses and different classes have clear and strict rules on riding and dressing, and ordinary people can only take wooden cars without decoration and wear cloth without patterns, otherwise they will be punished accordingly.

In the Book of Rites, the tedious etiquette for riding and using a car is recorded. The "Etiquette and Qu li" says that "the passenger car does not enter the gate" means that the guest's car cannot enter the gate of the host's house. It is stipulated that "women do not stand on the ride", the carriage of the ancient carriage is called public opinion, and the ancient people riding in the car is standing in the public opinion, called standing. However, women cannot stand upright, i.e. women cannot stand and ride. Why is this provision being made? Obviously, in the eyes of those who made the rules, women stood on the car, unsecratic, overly ostentatious, and not in line with women's morality. In addition, there are requirements, such as "the car is not extensive, do not point out", which means that when sitting on the car, do not cough loudly, do not point at random. Its meticulousness is evident.

These etiquette norms in the Book of Etiquette do not only restrict the passengers. For those who drive, there are all kinds of rules to follow. It is recorded in the Book of Rites and Rites: "The servant woman enters the left hand and the right hand." The royal monarch enters the right hand, and the left hand is bowed. "When driving for women, motorists should pay attention to putting their right hands behind them to avoid suspicion. What about when driving for the monarch? On the contrary, put the right hand in front and the left hand in the back, and lean down slightly to show respect. What is particularly incredible is that if you accidentally step on the forage of the monarch's horse, you will also be punished accordingly according to the rules of etiquette, the so-called "horse blade with the foot".

In daily life, these etiquette systems for riding and using cars can be effectively maintained. In the Analects of Advancement, a story of Confucius maintaining the etiquette system for using the car is told: "Yan Yuan died, and Yan Lu asked the car of the son to think that it was a coffin." Zi Yue: 'Only those who are not talented, but also their sons are also said.' The carp is also dead, with a coffin and no rafters. I do not do what I think of in vain, and I do not do it in vain after I have gone from the Doctor. Professor Yang Chaoming interpreted this passage in this way: After Yan Yuan's death, his father Yan Lu requested that Confucius's car be used as the coffin of Yan Yuan. Confucius replied, "Whether you have talent or not, you are always your own son." My son carp died, only a coffin and no rafters. I can't use my car as his coffin, because I was a doctor and I can't walk. "Yan Yuan is Yan Hui, virtuous and virtuous, and is Confucius's favorite student. When he learned the news of Yan Yuan's death, Confucius was very sad, cried very sadly, and said to the people around him, what kind of people can you be sad without being sad for such a person? Even so, when Yan Lu made a request to "use the car as a rafter", Confucius explicitly refused. This may seem a little impersonal, but why did Confucius do it? Yang Chaoming explained: "At that time, for all classes, funeral rites had a strict distinction, Yan Hui was a soldier, and his funeral should not use a car, so Confucius politely refused Yan Lu's request. This reflects Confucius's attitude of upholding etiquette. The core idea of this story, in a word, is that you can't use a car to be disrespectful.

Generally speaking, in ancient times, chariots and horses were linked. Nowadays, there is a debate in the academic community about whether to ride a horse or a horse to drive sooner or later. Mr. Wang Li, a famous linguist, said in the article "Ancient Carriages and Horses" that it is common in ancient books to hold carriages and horses at the same time, "Before the Warring States, cars and horses were connected. Generally speaking, there are no horseless carts (of course, there are ox carts, etc.) and there are no horses without carts. Therefore, the so-called royal carriage of the ancients is also the royal horse, and the so-called riding horse is also riding a car. Mr. Wang Li believes that before the Warring States, horses were specially used to pull carts. In the Spring and Autumn Period, there may have been a matter of riding a horse, but that was only a very rare case. In the Warring States period, King Wuling of Zhao rode and shot, and only then did he learn to ride a horse from the Xiongnu. Later, the wind of horseback riding gradually became popular. Ma Yanfeng, a young scholar, believes that the riding of horses is much earlier than the driving of horses. Horses have been widely used for riding in the long years between the domestication of horses and the advent of horse-drawn carriages. As for the reform of Zhao Wuling King Hufu riding and shooting, the focus is on promoting Hufu, completely solving the drawbacks of The Central Plains costume is not convenient for riding, and to a greater extent, it can be seen as a reform of cavalry clothing. However, Ma Yanfeng also said, "Whether riding or driving a horse, it reflects the wisdom and ingenuity of the ancient people of the mainland who are 'good at faking things' and their ardent yearning for a better life, and the ancient car public opinion system formed with this as the core has written an important chapter in the cultural history of the mainland." ”

To this day, the ancient combination of carriage and horse has been basically eliminated, and it is rarely seen in life. In some mountainous areas, especially pastoral areas, local people or herders still raise horses, but the use of horses is very different from that of ancient times, and the etiquette norms carried by horses no longer exist. Of course, the changes in the car are even greater, and the etiquette content given to the car in ancient times is not at all related to the current car. People who drive, as long as they carefully comply with traffic laws, deduct points and fines, which can still be avoided. In this sense, driving is much "brisk" now than in ancient times. (Reporting by Yu Guopeng, client reporter of Dazhong Daily)