Read the Analects once a year (2022.21)

Ten lectures in the Analects

Comment on each passage of the original book, and give each quotation cluster class;

The large categories were sorted according to certain rules, so there was a new Analects.

The seventh lecture is politics

"Politics" cannot be understood in a narrow sense.

It is not only when you are a national leader that you can talk about "politics".

Nor can we only talk about "politics" if we enter state organs.

Wherever there are people, there are rivers and lakes, wherever there are rivers and lakes, there are levels, and wherever there are levels, we can "serve the government."

【For the government】

1.5 The Son: "The kingdom of a thousand multiplications, honor and believe, use sparingly and love others, and make the people timely." ”

Tao, guide, leadership, governance meaning.

Multiplied by: sheng, 4 sounds. In ancient times, four horses and a military vehicle were used as one. A country of a thousand rides, a country with a thousand chariots. With thousands of chariots, it was a big country in the Spring and Autumn Period.

In the ancient books, "man" has a broad and narrow sense, "man" in the broad sense refers to all people, and "man" in the narrow sense refers only to people above the level of scholars. "People" refers to the lower masses, also called "people". The last two sentences, "people" and "people" as opposed, use the narrow sense of "people", referring to people above the rank of scholars.

Time: On time, refers to not violating the agricultural time.

To lead a big country, we must do: dedication, integrity, thrift, love talent, and understand the times and be good at making good messengers (when assigning ordinary people to work, we must grasp the seasons well, and we must not delay their own business).

【For the government】【Rule by virtue】

2.1 Zi Yue: "For the government to be virtuous, such as the North Star, dwell in its place and all the stars are together." ”

"Engaging in politics" means being an official, and "serving the government" means governing. The main language of "government" is not necessarily monarch, but can also be officials at all levels.

The "North Star" is the North Star.

Confucius advocated ruling the country with ethics, and he hoped that those in power would all be moral models, set an example by example, and set an example for the whole people.

Ruling the country with virtue, the ruler is like the North Star, located at the north pole of the sky, and other stars (subordinate officials and ordinary people) surround and arch around it, taking him as an example.

【For the government】【Rule by virtue】

2.3 Zi Yue: "The Tao is governed by government, and the people are punished with punishment, and the people are exempt from shamelessness; the Tao is virtuous, and the Qi is courteous, and there is shame and dignity." ”

Tao, lead, guide; Qi, constrain. Government, decrees; penalties, penalties. Avoid, avoid, dodge, avoid.

"Govern by the way, and punish by the law" means to rule the country by law, to manage society according to the domestication of cattle and horses, to obediently give grass to eat, and to take a whip to smoke without eating. The result of this is that the common people are lucky, they can hide if they can hide, they can escape when they can, and they regard unrulyness as freedom and no shame.

"The Tao is based on virtue, and the Qi is with courtesy" is to rule the country with virtue. "Virtue" is self-discipline, and "etiquette" is his law. "Shame and dignity", "shame" means having a sense of shame, shame; "character" is strict compliance with regulations, the opposite of "exemption".

【Ganlu】

2.18 Zi Zhang Xue Ganlu. Zi Yue: "If you hear more doubts, if you are careful about the rest, you will be widowed; if you see more than you are poor, if you are cautious about the rest, you will be remorseful." Words are too much, deeds are remorseful, and Lu is in it. ”

Zi Zhang is the character of Sun Shi of Zhuān, who was a third-term student of KongMen, with an outgoing personality, a bold personality, and a small boy. His personality is not suitable for mixing up the officialdom.

"Ganlu" means seeking official positions and earning money.

Que, used as the word "lack" in ancient times, here is shelved, that is, there are doubts, uncertain things, for the time being, do not break the language, leave it for investigation.

"Que doubt" is doubt, "Que Que" is confused, the meaning is similar.

Annihilation, doubt, danger, here is the meaning of "doubt". "Thinking without learning is dead" means that the spirit is tired and has no gain.

"You" is a mistake. "Regret" is regret.

The "rest" is beyond "doubt" and "confusion", which one should know and can do.

Zi Zhang asked Confucius for advice on the way of the officialdom, and Confucius advised him to listen more and see more, be cautious in his words and deeds, be suspicious, not be too curious, not to ask the root of the matter, not to be black and white in everything, it is rare to be confused, almost on the line.

People in the official arena, nothing else has to be figured out. What you should know will naturally let you know, what you shouldn't know, it's best not to know. Even if you don't know it, pretend you don't know. It is rare to be confused, wise and foolish, mixed in the official arena, don't let the leader see that you are too shrewd. You are more shrewd than the leader, does the leader dare to use you? You are more self-motivated (ambitious) than the leader, can the leader rest assured of you?

Although Confucius himself did not mix well, he still saw the official field very thoroughly. This is called seeing, wanting, but not doing. The highland of theory, the dwarf of action. Some things, some words, know how to do it, how to say it, do it and say it will have good results, but you can't do it yourself, or you don't want to do it and say it that way.

【For the government】【Knowing people】

2.19 The Duke of Sorrow asked, "Why should the people obey?" Confucius said to him: "If you straighten out the wrongs, the people will obey; if you lift up the wrongs, the people will not obey." ”

〖12.22 Fan Chi Ask Ren. Zi Yue: "Lover." "Ask. Zi Yue: "Know people." "Fan is late. Zi Yue: "Straightening out the wrongdoers can make the wrongdoers straight." Fan chi withdrew, and saw Zi Xia Yue: "Xiang Ya I also saw the master and asked, the son said: 'Straightening out all the wrongdoers can make the wrongdoers straight.'" 'What is also?' Zi Xia Yue: "Fu Ya said it! Shun has the world, chooses the crowd, lifts gao pottery, and the unkind are far away. Tang has the world, chooses the public, lifts Yi Yin, and the unkind are far away. ”〗

The Duke of Lai, that is, the Duke of Lu Ai. His surname is Ji (姬), and his name is Jiang (蒋). "Lamentation" is a slang term.

Lift, the meaning of "selection".

Wrong, through the "measure", placement.

All, the meaning of "to".

Straight, honest and fair.

Wrongful, unrighteous.

The leader asked how to make the people obedient? Confucius said that let the righteous (straight) be on top, and the unrighteous (wrong) be on the bottom, and the people will obey.

Good talents are used well, those who can live in it, those who can go up, those who are peaceful let go, and those who are mediocre are down. Those who have virtue and ability are in the upper position, and people are convinced; by relying on various relationships, sneaking horses, giving gifts, and going through the back door to get into position, no matter what people say in their mouths, they will not be convinced in their hearts.

Disobey those who are in power, nor do they obey the leaders who promote them.

【Messenger】

2.20 Ji Kangzi asked, "What if the people are loyal and persuaded?" Zi Yue: "When it comes to it, it is respectful, filial piety is loyal, and if it is good and teaching cannot be advised." ”

15.33 The Son said, "If you know what you know, you cannot keep it, and if you gain it, you will lose it." If you know it, benevolence can keep it, and if you don't be solemn, the people will not respect it. Knowing what is known, benevolence can be kept, zhuang is not good, moving is not courtesy, and is not good. ”〗

In the era when Confucius lived, among the nobles of the Lu kingdom, the Three Huans were the most prominent; among the Three Huans, the Ji clan was the most prominent. Ji Kangzi was the head of the Ji clan at that time, that is, the Ji Sun clan, and the name fei.

Ji Kangzi asked Confucius how to make the people respect, loyalty, and hard work? Confucius said that leaders should respect themselves and have the solemn appearance of leaders, and the common people will respect you. Leaders should take the lead in practicing the way of "filial piety", and the people will naturally treat you with the way of "filial piety", that is, be loyal to you; leaders should promote people with moral character and ability, and at the same time educate those who are incompetent, and the people will see and learn well and strive for each other.

【Shijun】

3.18 Zi Yue: "When a prince is done with courtesy, people think that he is a courtesy." ”

Thing: Serve, serve.

Courtesy: Honor the king with the covenant of etiquette.

Subjects, to be loyal, to be caring, to be dedicated, to think of what they think, to be in front of him, to exceed his expectations, and even to sacrifice their lives to defend him, this is the requirement of "etiquette", it is the duty of being a courtier, but in the eyes of others, it will be considered to be a slap on the back.

【Minister】【Envoy】

3.19 Dinggong asked, "What about the king's envoys, the ministers' ministers?" Confucius said to him, "The king makes his subjects courteous, and the subjects are loyal." ”

Dinggong, Lu Jun, surname Ji, name Song. The younger brother of Zhao Gong, he succeeded Zhao Gong. "Fixed" is a courtesy name.

Enable: Drive, appointment.

TO: Follow.

Lu Dinggong consulted the way for the monarch to get along, and Confucius replied: The monarch cannot ask the courtiers how to mention them, and the content of the requirements and the way to make the demands should comply with the requirements of "etiquette"; the first criterion for the courtiers to serve the monarch is loyalty, no matter how capable you are, loyalty to the monarch can be used by the monarch.