Read the Analects once a year (2022.25)

Ten lectures in the Analects

Comment on each passage of the original book, and give each quotation cluster class;

The large categories were sorted according to certain rules, so there was a new Analects.

The seventh lecture is politics

"Politics" cannot be understood in a narrow sense.

It is not only when you are a national leader that you can talk about "politics".

Nor can we only talk about "politics" if we enter state organs.

Wherever there are people, there are rivers and lakes, wherever there are rivers and lakes, there are levels, and wherever there are levels, we can "serve the government."

【For the government】【Shi Jun】

14.22 Zilu asks the King. Zi Yue: "Do not deceive, but commit." ”

6.26 Zai I asked, "The benevolent one, though he told him, 'Well has benevolence(ren)'. From where does it come from? Zi Yue: "What is it?" A gentleman may pass away, but he shall not fall into it; he may be deceived, nor shall he be deceived. ”〗

〖9.12 Sub-disease, sub-way makes the doorman a subject. During the illness, he said, "Kuya, yuchi's deception!" There are no subjects, but there are subjects. Who am I to deceive? Deceitful? And instead of dying at the hands of his subjects, Wu Ning died at the hands of the second and third sons? And even if you can't be buried, you can't die on the road? ”〗

Zilu is good at cheating in the teacher's impression, so there is a warning of "do not deceive".

Offense: Guilty of slander.

Zilu asked how to honor the monarch. Confucius told him not to tell lies and deceive the king, but to offend Yan Zhi and loyal to the king.

That is to say, a subject can point out his mistakes, which is allowed, but he cannot be deceived, and he cannot be fooled like a fool.

【For the government】【Shi Jun】

15.38 Zi Yue: "Respect the king, and then eat." ”

Food, Food.

To be respectful is to be loyal to one's duties and to scrupulously fulfill one's duties.

If there is no merit, the king must first be sincere and respectful, and do the monarch's affairs well, and then take the lu.

【For the government】【No action】

15.5 Zi Yue: "Whoever does nothing to rule, his Shun is also with him." What is a husband? Just south of Gongji. ”

"Ruling by doing nothing" is a taoist technique advocated, but others do not ignore it. Confucians also have an appreciative attitude toward the inaction of the early legends. It is just that Confucius emphasized that the holy king should stand upright, starting from himself, and his example was Yao and Shun.

The Yellow Emperor ruled the world with his clothes draped, mainly by experts. The Book of Shang has the YaoDian and the Shundian and also talks about the division of labor among the subjects, each performing its own duties.

Whether it is Taoists or Confucians, the so-called inaction is actually nothing. The head is not an expert insider, but he will choose to manage the use of expert insiders, of course, worry and effort.

Confucius sighed and said that probably only Shun could do nothing, what did he do? He just sat solemnly in his place.

Zhu Ziyi: Those who rule without doing anything, the saints are virtuous and popular, and do not wait for them to make a difference. The one who is called Shun alone, after Shao Yao, and then has been given the title of a public, so it is especially not seen that he has done anything.

【For the government】

15.11 Yan Yuan asked for the state. Zi Yue: "When you are in the summer, take the Yin Zhiruo, serve the crown of Zhou, and enjoy the "Shao" and "Dance". Let go of Zheng Sheng, far away from the people. Zheng Sheng was obscene, and the people were destroyed. ”

〖3.25 The sub-said that "Shao" is perfect and perfect; it is said that "Wu" is perfect, but it is not perfect. 〗

Yan Yuan asked how to govern a country, and Confucius replied with four points:

When the summer is done, it is the season of the summer dynasty. In ancient times, there is a saying of "three positives", xia is in the first month of Mengchun; Yin is in the winter of December, and Zhou is in mid-winter November. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Jin used Xia Zheng and Lu used Zhou Zheng.

It is a relatively advanced carriage. According to written records, there were already horse-drawn carriages in the Xia Dynasty, but from archaeological findings, only examples of the late Shang Dynasty have been found.

Serve the crown of the week, and the people of the week pay attention to wearing. Crown, the top hat worn by ancient emperors and princes.

The music "Shao" and "Dance (Wu)", the "music" said by the ancients, including sound, instrumental music, and dance, are a combination of the three.

In the time of Confucius, there were six most famous classical musics: "Cloud Gate" was the music of the Yellow Emperor, "Xianchi" was the music of Tang Yao, "Dashao" was the music of Yu Shun, "Da Xia" was the music of Xia Yu, "Da Xi" was the music of Shang Tang, and "Dawu" was the music of King Wu of Zhou. Confucius liked Shao the most, followed by Wu.

The above four points all belong to the ritual making.

Confucius also added that some bad things must be removed.

Release, which means banishment, here refers to purging.

Zheng Sheng, referring to pop music, is the opposite of Gagaku. At that time, popular music was mainly popular music from Zheng, Song, Wei, Qi and other countries, especially music related to male and female love.

Classical music is too elegant for ordinary people to hear or have a chance to listen to. Pop music is different, and you can understand it when you listen to it. Confucius did not like it, saying that these obscene extravagances were excessive, and they could not be destroyed.

Far away means to avoid. The "far" in "Pro-Virtuous, Far Little Man" may have been used from here.

Yu ren is a person who can speak the Tao and speak cleverly. Confucius hated such people, saying that it was dangerous to have such people around.

Like the society we live in today, those bottomless entertainment programs must be restricted; those unscrupulous singers and movie stars with small white faces should be caught (banned) and killed (banned).

Confucius meant that the calendar was good in the Xia Dynasty, the car was good in the Shang Dynasty, the hat was good in the Zhou Dynasty, and the music was good in classical, and it was best to pinch the good of different periods together. Eliminate the sound of silence and stay away from the rhetorical people.

【For the government】【Zhihe Ren】

15.33 The Son said, "If you know what you know, you cannot keep it, and if you gain it, you will lose it." If you know it, benevolence can keep it, and if you don't be solemn, the people will not respect it. Knowing what is known, benevolence can be kept, zhuang is not good, moving is not courtesy, and is not good. ”

KEY: Governance.

First of all, there must be wisdom, and wisdom must not be enough, and nothing should be said.

Wisdom and wisdom, when you get your hands on it, you must also use benevolence, which can be understood as handling things reasonably, reasonably, fairly and justly. It is necessary to show the people a solemn and mysterious appearance, and the masses will respect you. Respect or reverence, if they don't respect you, you can't do anything.

In the end, any behavior must conform to the norms of etiquette, otherwise it is not perfect, and it cannot start and end well.

What does the "of" mean? High-ranking officials houlu, even more so the country or the world.

【For the government】【Conquest】

16.1 The Ji clan will cut down the jaws. Ran You and Ji Lu are seen in Confucius: "The Ji clan will have something to do with Ji Zhi. ”

Confucius said, "Please, is it too much to be true of Wu Nair?" Fu Zhao, the former king of the past, thought that he was the lord of the east, and he was in the middle of the state, and he was a minister of the society. Why cut it? ”

Ran Youyi said, "If the Master desires it, neither of my two subjects desires it." ”

Confucius said: "Please, Zhou Ren has a saying: 'Chen Li is listed, and those who cannot stop are not stopped.' 'If you are in danger and do not hold on, and if you do not support it, you will use the other side? And Er said too much, the tiger out of the tree, the turtle jade destroyed in the tree, whose fault is (欤)? ”

Ran Youyi: "The present husband is stubborn, solid and close to Fei." If you do not take it now, the hereafter will worry for the children and grandchildren. ”

Confucius said, "Please, a gentleman who desires what he wants will do." Qiu also heard that there are people with state-owned families who do not suffer from widowhood but from inequality, and do not suffer from poverty but from uneasiness. Cover is not poor, and no widow, no tilt. If the husband is so, if the distant man does not obey, he will cultivate Wende since then; if he comes, he will be at peace. Now yu and qiuye, xiangfuzi, far away from the people disobedient, and can not come also; the state is falling apart, and can not keep also; and plotting to go to the state, I am afraid of the worries of the sun, not in the temple, but also within the Xiao wall. ”

This chapter is a record of what happened when Ran You and Ji Lu were in the Ji clan. The Ji clan and the Ji Sun clan in the text both refer to Ji Kangzi.

Zhuan1 臾, zhuan1 sound yu2 sounds, in the east of present-day Pingyi County, Shandong, is an ancient country with a wind surname.

The ancient country of Shandong has more Dongyi systems, especially the two surnames of Feng and Yin [yíng]. The wind surname Guguo spread out Taihao, and the surname Ofe Ancient Guo came out of Shaohao.

Mencius said that a small country less than 50 miles from the square could not reach the Heavenly Son, and could only be attached to the neighboring large countries, called vassals. He was a vassal of the State of Lu.

At this time, the three Huans were divided into four offices, and the Ji clan had two of them, and the power was the largest. At the northwest of Ji's Fengyi Fei, only 80 miles away, the Ji clan plotted to destroy ji and annexed it, Ran You and Ji Lu reported the matter to Confucius, and Confucius lost his temper and trained them. But training is training, and he can't change anything.

Wu Nair is also over: Isn't this your fault?

The former king thought that the eastern lord was the lord: the first king referred to the Zhou Tianzi. Dongmeng, that is, Mengshan Mountain, because it is in Ludong, it is called Dongmeng. Zhou Tianzi appointed the sacrifice of Dongmeng Mountain for the "Lord of Eastern Mongolia".

In the realm: The land/fiefdom of the Lu kingdom is within the territory/fiefdom of the lu state.

Minister of sheji: Emperor Huan served as a vassal to Lu. Even if there is a contradiction, it is an internal contradiction, and the means of resolution should not be preferred to conquest.

Zhou Ren: A historical official of the Zhou Dynasty, known as Liangshi. Chen Li is listed, and those who cannot stop: if they can exert their own ability, they will take up their posts, and if they are not competent, they should not do it as soon as possible.

If your monarch is in danger of falling from a high place, you will not pull him; if there is a danger of falling, you will not help him, and if there is a danger of falling, you will not help him, so what else do you want you to help him? Phase, the meaning of help.

Tiger: The tiger is the tiger, which sounds 4, an animal similar to a rhinoceros. Garnet, xia2 sounds, beast cage.

Turtle, here refers to the divination of the turtle shell, turtle version. In ancient times, tributes from afar were treasures in ancient times. Tsubaki, a kind of box. 匮:[kuì]:Lack;[guì], same as "cabinet".

The gentleman's sick man will say what he wants: disease, hate. Give up your desires, and don't say your true purpose. You have to make excuses.

There are state-owned families, and liu bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, avoided the secret of changing "state" to "country".

Do not suffer from widowhood but from inequality, do not suffer from poverty but suffer from uneasiness: "poor" and "widow" are synonymous, and the word order seems to be interchangeable. Widowhood and wealth are small and belong to economic development issues; both are small gaps between the rich and the poor, which are issues of social fairness; harmony is harmony, and peace is stability, which is a matter of national security. It is not a big problem to be poor, but it is fair, harmonious and stable.

The three sentences below the cap are the parts that insert explanations. Fu is like this, referring to the unevenness and uneasiness in front of these three sentences.

Huairou Yuanren was an ancient Chinese political ideal. Confucius believed that if a country could not solve the problems of fairness and security, the distant people would be dissatisfied.

What should I do if I am not convinced? We can only cultivate morality on our own, that is, we can engage in the building of spiritual civilization. And you can't bully and disobey. Conquering by force cannot convince people.

If they have come, they will be safe: Since they have been attracted, we must appease them and let them live in peace. The meaning of this sentence is different now than before.

Inside the Xiao Wall, it refers to where Lu Jun is. Xiao Wall is a short wall or door screen that obscures the view of the visitor. What Confucius meant was that Ji Sun's concern was not at all About, but About Lu Jun. He was afraid that Lu Jun would clean up after himself, and Lu Jun would serve as Lu Jun's help.

Ji Shi may not be afraid that Lu Jun will clean up after himself, but it is possible that as Lu Jun's foreign aid, it is better to cut it or cut it early.

Confucius was mainly angry at that time. The second son, Ji Sun, Ran You, is the Ji clan zai, and the responsibility is even greater.

Confucius believed that the purpose of the Ji clan was to weaken the office, and Ran You and Zi Lu knew that it was wrong, but they did not dissuade it, and they also had to argue that this was not their idea, it was the Ji clan who wanted to do this, and even said that the city was strong and close to the land, and if it was not annexed, it would definitely become a threat to the descendants of the Ji clan in the future. Confucius believed that they were aiding and abetting abuse.

The Ji clan prepares to conquer the Jaws. Ran You and Ji Lu came to see Confucius and told him the news.

Confucius rebuked Ran Qiu, "Ran Qiu! Isn't that your fault? Emperor Zhao, the king of Zhou authorized him to preside over the sacrifice of Dongmeng Mountain, the fief was within the territory of the State of Lu, and the vassals were attached to the State of Lu, so what reason was there to conquer him? ”

Ran Qiu explained, "It was Ji Shi who had to do this, not the idea of the two of us. ”

Confucius saw that he still dared to defend, and he was even more angry, you are a student, can you still argue with a teacher?!

"Ask! Ancient Liangshi Zhou Ren has a saying that "if you can do it, you can't do it". Your assistant is about to fall from a high place, and you don't pull him; seeing that you are about to fall, and you are not helping him, then what do you want to do?! And what you say is wrong, and what is not your responsibility. Lock the public power in the cage, and your responsibility is to take care of the cage. Whose responsibility is it to release tigers and rhinos? Whose fault was it to let the turtle shell and jade be destroyed in the box? ”

Ran You was also energetic, and the front bar was hard: "Now the city wall is strong, and it is very close to Feiyi." If it is not captured now, future generations will surely become a danger to future generations. ”

Confucius had already seen through him and knew that he had not played a good role in this matter. "Ask! I hate the kind of people who are insincere, obviously greedy, and have to find some nice excuse. I have also heard that people with states and families are worried not about insufficient property but about uneven distribution, and they are not thinking about too few people but whether their lives can be stable. Equal distribution does not care about poverty, harmony between the upper and lower levels does not care much, and there is no danger of extinction in the stability of life. If this is really possible, and people from afar are still unable to surrender, they should be more civilized and virtuous to make them satisfied. If they are recruited, they should be properly placed. Now the two of you are assisting the Ji clan at the same time, but you cannot please the people in remote places, and the country is in danger of falling apart and cannot be defended, but you are plotting to start a war at home. Hmm, where ji Sun was really worried about was Zhen Zhen, what he was really worried about was within the court of the Lu Kingdom! ”

Xie Shiyi: "When it is, the three families are strong, the public office is silky, and the one who wants to cut down the house is to benefit." The Master was so deeply guilty that he would be fattened by the three families for his barrenness. ”