Defeated taiwan
In 1949, the Nationalist military government completely lost power on the mainland, and Chiang Kai-shek had to flee to Taiwan with his troops.
The plan to go to Taiwan was not a temporary intention of Chiang Kai-shek. With the august 27, 1947, Liu Deng's army leaped thousands of miles into the Dabie Mountains to reverse the war situation, and the war situation began to develop in a favorable direction for the People's Liberation Army.
Although Chiang Kai-shek did not concede defeat on this, he could not suppress the hidden worries in his heart. He knew that he must take advantage of the fact that the situation in the war had not yet reached the point of complete irreparability, and prepare a way back for himself in advance.
Chiang Kai-shek
When he left the mainland, Chiang Kai-shek not only packed and took away about 90 tons of gold, strategic materials and various treasures he had hoarded.
He also took with him a group of masters whose existence was as meaningful as gold.
Who are these masters?
After following Chiang Kai-shek to Taiwan, what was their fate?
The last generation of the Anglicans
Among the masters who were taken away by Chiang Kai-shek, 3 people had very special identities. They represent China
Buddha-Taoism
Three traditional cultures. For Chiang Kai-shek, it was not they themselves who were really useful, but the cultures or forces they represented.
Among them, the representative of Confucianism is the 77th grandson of Confucius, the 33rd generation of the emperor and the last generation of Yan Shenggong
Kong Decheng
。
Since the Han Dynasty, Confucian culture has always been the orthodox idea of China's feudal society, and it is also the favorite and respected idea of successive rulers. During the Republic of China period, although the Qing government was overthrown and the May Fourth New Culture Movement began to prevail, the monarchical system that had existed for thousands of years was not eliminated, and in the minds of the people, traditional concepts were still deeply rooted. Yuan Shikai's act of restoration is the most typical representative.
Kong Decheng was born in 1920, which was the ninth year of the Republic of China, when his father Kong Lingyi (yí) had died, but his birth still attracted much attention. Even in order to prevent Kong Decheng from being transferred after birth, the Beiyang warlords also sent troops to stand guard outside the Confucius Palace, and Qu Yingguang, then the governor of Shandong Province of the Beiyang government, was on the spot to supervise. As soon as Kong Decheng was born, Xu Shichang, who was then the president of the Republic of China, could not wait to announce that Kong Decheng had been enthroned as the Duke of Yansheng.
Later, the call for anti-Kong became louder and louder, and Kong Decheng gradually grew up, accepting Chiang Kai-shek's invitation in order to maintain the status of the Kong family, and began long-term cooperation with him. At the age of 15, Kong took the oath of office in Nanjing and formally began his allegiance to Chiang Kai-shek.
However, after Chiang Kai-shek came to Taiwan, Kong Decheng did not get much opportunity to participate in politics, and he spent more time as a professor in the department of Chinese at National Taiwan University and the chairman of the joint management office of the National Palace Museum in Taipei, busy with academics. Although he and Chiang Kai-shek had a relationship of mutual use, Kong Decheng experienced war during his time on the mainland, did not like Chiang Kai-shek's deeds, and always refused to defend Chiang Kai-shek during his time in Taiwan.
Kong Decheng is old
The Seventh Life of the Living Buddha
The Representative of Buddhism who was brought to Taiwan by Chiang Kai-shek was
Living Buddha Zhangjia HukHutu
Zhang Jia
After the victory in the River Crossing War in 1949, Tibet was still not liberated. Chiang Kai-shek was very shrewd, and he saw that the People's Liberation Army was limited by geography and other reasons, and it was impossible to liberate Tibet in a short period of time, so he wanted to use Tibet as one of the starting points for his counterattack on the mainland.
This living Buddha, Zhangjia, was the seventh generation and was the spiritual belief and pillar of the Tibetan people at that time.
After Zhang Jia came to Taiwan, the first Tibetan Buddhist believers soon appeared on the island, but in general, buddhism did not have a great impact on Taiwanese society. However, Zhang Jia still preached Tibetan Buddhism in Taiwan very religiously, not only proposing to amend the Regulations on the Supervision of Temples, but also presiding over the Second Chinese Buddhist Congress.
In 1952, when Zhang Jia led a Taiwanese Buddhist delegation to Tokyo, Japan to attend the Second Buddhist Congress, he negotiated with the Japanese side many times, and finally successfully retrieved the remains of Master Xuanzang in Dongdu. As a living Buddha, Zhangjia is a person with great ideas and abilities, but unfortunately he takes the wrong position.
In Chiang Kai-shek's view, with the presence of this living Buddha, he could easily stabilize the Tibet region and thus expand the influence of the Nationalist military government in Tibet.
However, what Chiang Kai-shek did not expect was that after the founding of New China, although all walks of life on the mainland were in ruins and waiting to be rebuilt, in order to defend the national territory, China also sent volunteer troops to Korea to fight against the United Nations army led by the US army, but in 1951, the People's Liberation Army still had the energy and ability to send troops to Tibet to help the Tibetan people gain liberation. Chiang Kai-shek's plan immediately went bankrupt, and before Chiang Kai-shek could think of using the living Buddha Zhangjia, Zhangjia died in March 1957.
Zhang Tianshi
The representative figure of Taoism is named
Zhang Enpu (pú)
, is The Taoism of our country
The sixty-third generation heir of the Heavenly Master Dao
, also known as
Zhang Enpu
In this system, he led the three major Fu Seal Daoist sects such as Mao mountain, Dragon Tiger Mountain, and Jiangnan Pavilion Soap Mountain, and each generation of Zhang Tianshi was a "Zhengyi Sect Leader", and unlike the Quanzhen Sect, they could get married and have children, and each generation of Zhang Tianshi was hereditary. For example, the sixty-second generation of Zhang Tianshi is Zhang Enpu's father, Zhang Yuanxu.
As the eldest son, Zhang Enpu not only read the Four Books and Five Classics from an early age, but also obtained the seal of merit and excalibur passed down from generation to generation by the Heavenly Master, and at the age of 20, he became a new generation of Heavenly Master of the Heavenly Master Dao, and was admired by countless believers across the country.
However, Zhang Enpu was born with a more casual personality and was not interested in ordinary things. He lived for many years in the ancestral Tianshi Mansion in Shangqing Town, Guixi, Jiangxi Province, and when he carried out Taoist activities, he basically only lived in Shanghai and Jiangsu.
He was a very patriotic man, and when the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression broke out, the Japanese valued his position in the hearts of the Chinese people and wanted to win him over and thus bring him closer to the Chinese. However, Zhang Enpu was very disgusted by this, and he did not like this group of invaders, so he retired to Longhu Mountain, and it was not until the end of the War of Resistance Against Japan that he returned to Shanghai and established the Shanghai Taoist Church, which quickly received a nationwide response from believers.
Chiang Kai-shek was also aware of Zhang Enpu's unique position in the hearts of the Chinese people, he knew that Zhang Enpu's lineage would only pass the throne to the eldest son, and if Zhang Enpu was brought to Taiwan, then the most orthodox Tianshi Daoist lineage would only continue in Taiwan, and at that time even the Daoist believers on the mainland would inevitably try their best to come to Taiwan to pay respects to the Celestial Master, and the center of Taoism would sooner or later be transferred to Taiwan.
In order to win Zhang Enpu closer, Chiang Kai-shek even granted him the post of deputy commander of the 20th Army, and Zhang Enpu agreed to follow Chiang Kai-shek to Taiwan. He is not as calm as he seems on the surface, but in fact, he is ambitious in his heart and wants to show his skills in Taiwan.
Unfortunately, Taiwan already has a unique Taoist faction, and although Zhang Tianshi's faction is very prestigious in the mainland, the native Taoism in Taiwan does not eat their set.
Zhang Enpu has been working hard and busy in Taiwan for many years, and he has never been able to mix out any doorways. Gradually, Chiang Kai-shek did not pay so much attention to him, and his position in the Taoist Church was gradually lost, and he was finally replaced by someone to take up the position of the Taoist Church in Taiwan. His eldest son died early, and Zhang Enpu lost his heir, and could only pass the throne of Tianshi to his cousin Zhang Yuanxian, and finally in 1969, with regret, he was feathered in his private residence in Taipei.
Masters of education
In addition to the representatives of religious factions, Chiang Kai-shek also took away representative masters in many other fields, such as masters in the field of education.
Fu Si Nian
During the May Fourth Movement, Fu Sinian studied at Peking University and was educated by Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu, and in addition to his educational career, he was quite successful in history and classical literature.
As early as the 1920s, Fu Si Nian sided with Chiang Kai-shek, and in 1948 he was elected as a legislator of the National Government in Nanjing. When Chiang Kai-shek made the decision to retreat to Taiwan, he ordered Fu Sinian to follow, and asked him to do ideological work for other well-known masters and persuade them to go to Taiwan together.
Fu Si Nian is also a person with high ambitions, he has always been straightforward and is called
"Cannon Fu"
。 When he went to Taiwan at Chiang Kai-shek's request, he was more than half a hundred years old, but he was still full of enthusiasm in his speech, and he wrote a letter to Chiang Kai-shek on the plane to Taiwan, telling Chiang Kai-shek very directly:
"I came to Taiwan not for the high-ranking official Houlu you promised, but for my personal ideal of freedom."
After coming to Taiwan, Fu Si Nian quickly became the president of The Restructured National Taiwan University of Taipei Imperial University, a bad school that had changed four presidents in three years, under the coaching of Fu Si Nian, it was rejuvenated. After he took office, he searched for outstanding teachers everywhere, focusing on students in all aspects, quite like the style of Cai Yuanpei, the president of Peking University who once taught him.
Cai Yuanpei
As the head of a school, Fu Sinian's life style is very simple, and he has never been as corrupt as other Taiwanese officials. Chiang Kai-shek originally just wanted to use Fu Sinian's name to stabilize other well-known masters, but as a result, he gave Fu Sinian a good opportunity to show his skills. Although Fu Sinian stood on the side of Chiang Kai-shek, he did not join the nationalist military government until his death, and Chiang Kai-shek used him, and he also used Chiang Kai-shek.
Unfortunately, Fu Si nian was obese, suffering from severe high blood pressure and gallstones and other diseases, and because he did not want to be corrupt, he was forced to stay up late to rush to the manuscript for his livelihood, and his body soon collapsed. On December 20, 1950, when Fu Si Nian participated in the Taiwan Parliament to answer the administrative inquiry on education, he was too excited and suddenly suffered a cerebral hemorrhage, fell on the podium, and died.
Before his death, Fu Sinian always felt that he would still have the opportunity to return to the mainland in the future, but unfortunately he did not wait for that day.
epilogue
Whether it is the representative figures of the three religions of Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, or the educator Fu Sinian, who used Chiang Kai-shek with Chiang Kai-shek, these people have indeed made great contributions to protecting and developing the essence of traditional Chinese culture, but the fundamental use they brought to Taiwan is to install a façade for Chiang Kai-shek, and the actual use is not great.
Chiang Kai-shek's plans were indeed shrewd, but relying solely on the influence of these masters did not help him regain the support of the people. He never understood that what he really needed was never these masters, but the heart that really held the people.
Chiang Kai-shek could not do this, so he was doomed to become a loser.