In the course of China's history, most scholars, faced with the cruel reality of the fall of the Ming Dynasty and its replacement by the Qing Dynasty, either out of their own needs or out of helpless choice, adopted the practice of defecting to the Qing government. But among them, there were some intellectuals with backbones, who were determined to make a career in the face of the Qing government's solicitation. With the attitude of the literati Qinggao, they left a heavy mark in the history of calligraphy, they were Fu Shan, Song Cao, Gong Xian, Cha Shibiao, Guizhuang and others.
【Fu Shan】
Born in a family of eunuchs, Fu Shan was brilliant and knowledgeable since childhood, but he did not take any meritorious titles during the Ming Dynasty. The concept of "learning and excellence" seems to have not really been reflected in Confucianism, because of his temperament Gengjie, at the end of the Ming and early Qing dynasties, he was arrested and imprisoned for being involved in secret anti-Qing activities, and was bent on restoring the Ming Dynasty, but after all, the change of dynasty was not caused by personal ability, but the trend of the times. Under the planning of many forces such as relatives and friends, Fu Shan was able to survive. After his release from prison, he retired to the mountains and forests to devote himself to the study of scholarship and the creation of calligraphy and painting. Of course, Fu Shan's most famous achievements in the art of calligraphy are the most famous in his life.
Fu Shan 《Cursive Linliu Gongquan Shengci Ti》 Axis Ayamoto 134cm×53cm Collection of Shanxi Provincial Museum
Fu Shan Cursive Linwang Xianzhi "An He Ti" Axis Ayamoto 192cm×47cm Collection of Shanxi Provincial Museum
Fu Shan's "Xingshu Du Fu and Jia SheRen Early Dynasty Poems, Jia She People Early Dynasty Daming Palace Poems"
Ayamoto 24×64.7cm Collection of The Guangzhou Museum of Art
However, there were also a small number of Han intellectuals with strong ethnic feelings who actively participated in the anti-Qing activities and tried to restore the Zhu Ming Dynasty. Even when the Qing Dynasty regime was consolidated and it was impossible to oppose the Qing Dynasty and restore the Ming Dynasty, they still adopted a non-cooperative attitude toward the new imperial court, living in seclusion and willing to be a remnant.
【Song Cao】
He was a ming dynasty remnant and a former courtier with a firm stance. When the Qing army went down to Jiangnan and the Southern Ming Dynasty fell, he did not want to serve as an official, so he chose to live in seclusion in Yancheng. However, such an erudite Andru was a great resource for the Qing government, and there was no reason to be idle. He was summoned twice in the first year of Kangxi and the eighteenth year of Kangxi, but he firmly refused to leave. Always adhere to the position of the remnants who do not cooperate with the Qing government. His daily life entertained himself with calligraphy and poetry, and what was even more interesting was that the friends he made were limited to Guizhuang and others who were also remnants.
"Seven Laws of Poetry Scrolls of Cursive Calligraphy" Cursive on Paper 123.3×54.2cm Collection of the Palace Museum, Beijing
Song Cao's "Xingcao Dazhongtang" (remnant) Xingcao on paper, 276×93cm, Huai'an Museum Collection
Song Cao's "Xingcao Chongyang Should Make Seven Words and Poetry Axis" Xingcao on paper, 157×46cm, Huai'an Museum Collection
Song Cao's "Five Laws of Poetry Axis" Aya Ben Xingshu 84.8×44.5cm Collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing
Song Cao's "Seven Laws of Poetry Axis" Book on Paper, 157.9× 48cm, Shanghai Museum Collection
Song Cao's "Poetry Axis of Flying Flying Peaks" on paper, 209.7×80.6cm Collection of Shanghai Museum
After the situation in the whole country gradually stabilized, the activities of armed resistance to the Qing army failed, and the Qing Dynasty replaced the Ming Dynasty has become an irreversible fact, those remnants who are not willing to recognize the rule of foreign nationalities have to devote their energy to academic research, poetry writing, calligraphy and painting and other cultural and artistic fields. Maintain the self-esteem and sense of superiority of the Han people by maintaining and carrying forward cultural traditions.
【Examiner】
As a student of the Ming Dynasty, Cha Shibiao did not take the road of career after entering the Qing Dynasty. Often with friends in Zhenjiang, Nanjing, Suzhou, Yangzhou and other places, a lifetime of cloth clothes, especially good at calligraphy, his pen is easy and smooth, graceful and beautiful. The words reveal a kind of life pursuit of swimming in the landscape and sending affection to Hanmo, which may be a true portrayal of the heart of a former dynasty remnant.
Cha Shibiao "Xingshu Dong Qichang Inscription Mao Zhai Ink Painting Seven Absolute Poetry Axis"
Book on paper, 68.2×41.2cm, Collection of Yangzhou Museum
Cha Shibiao "Xingshu HeShou Seven Laws of Poetry Axis" Silk Book 175×50cm Ningbo Tianyi Pavilion Collection, Zhejiang Province
Cha Shibiao "Xingshu Xilingqiao Seven Absolute Poetry Axis" Ayamoto Xingshu 181×50cm Nanjing Cultural Relics Store Collection
Since the remnants are generally psychologically disillusioned and distancing themselves from reality, they are able to concentrate all their talents in the cultural and artistic activities into which they are immersed, without having to consider the manipulation of secular aesthetic tastes and the interference of the cultural needs of the rulers.
【Gong Xian】
Born in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, he lived in Nanjing for a long time, and lived for a living selling words, paintings and literature, and did not obtain any meritorious names in his life. But he has a unique understanding of calligraphy, in the early years of the teaching of Dong Xiangguang, today we see The works of Gong Xian reveal the meaning of Mi Fu. His calligraphy is unruly, open and close, varied, and has a strong sense of rhythm and visual impact. This also reflects the inner pain of not being able to go to battle to kill the enemy when the country is in danger, and after entering the Qing Dynasty, he used poetry, calligraphy and painting to masturbate.
Gong Xian's "Xingshu "Fish Leaping Warbler Cry" Five Words Lian" book on paper, Japan Collection
Gong Xian's "Landscape Album"
Because of this, a group of maverick and strong personality artists were produced among the remnants of the early Qing Dynasty. With their arrogant personality strength and magnificent and bizarre artistic style, these relict artists have had a profound impact on future generations of artists.
【Guizhuang】
Guizhuang was born in Xiangmendi, his grandfather was The Dali Temple in Nanjing during the Longqing Period, and his descendants praised his prose as "Mingwen First" Gui Youguang. His father, Gui Changshi, was one of the three talents of Kunshan, calligraphy Jin Tang, good cursive, part-time seal printing, good at painting orchid bamboo. Guizhuang has been influenced by poetry books since childhood, and when he was a student, that is, he read a group of books, wrote thousands of words, worked poetry and prose, was good at drawing bamboo and stone, especially proficient in calligraphy, and his wild grass skills were deeper, and people thought it was wonderful.
Guizhuang "Cursive Scrolls" Collection of Changshu Museum, Jiangsu Province
Guizhuang "Cursive Seven Absolute Poetry Scrolls" 140.1×64.5cm
Guizhuang Xingkai Seven Masterpiece Painting Sketches on Paper 19.5 x 26.5cm
【Risking】
Mao Xiang, a tribute during the Chongzhen dynasty of the Ming Dynasty, lived in seclusion after entering the Qing Dynasty. In the fifteenth year of The Kangxi Dynasty, he was recruited as an erudite Hongru and resolutely refused to go. Mao Xiang is famous for his world-famous talents, and as a literati of the Mingshi Sect, his calligraphy is even more outstanding. There are too many casual and unique features between the lines, making people feel the unique dashing mind and distinct personality of the late Ming Dynasty literati.
Mao Xiang and Cao QiuYue Shilang rhymed with the scroll
Ayamoto 162 x 55cm
Mao Xiang "Xingcao Xiaoxiang Tuba" Xingcao on paper 123×61cm Nantong Museum Collection
Zhu Yizun "Lishu Laopu Drunken Township Seven Words Lian" Lishu on Paper 124×29cm×2 Collection of the Palace Museum in Shenyang
Zhu Yizun "Lishu Maozhai Fishing Boat Five Words Lian" 123.5 × 29cm×2 Collection of Guizhou Provincial Museum
Zhu Yizun 'Lishu Luxiang FengFeng Wuyan Lian' Paper Lishu 113.2×27.6cm×2 Collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei