When Sima Qian wrote the Western Han Dynasty part of the "Records of History", he had to write according to the existing official documents. However, the official records of the Western Han Dynasty have a lot of cover-ups about the early history of the Western Han Dynasty, so Sima Qian secretly added some materials when writing biographies, which made some records very strange after reading the biographies of many people, and this included the famous Bai Dengwei.
According to the official article, the siege of Baideng was copied down, and after Liu Bang led several thousand cavalry to attack the enemy lightly, he was ambushed in Baishan Mountain, 8 kilometers northeast of Pingcheng, and was surrounded on the mountain by the three-way coalition of Xiongnu, Lou Fu, and Han Wangxin for seven days and seven nights, and finally relied on Chen Pingji to get out of the trap without danger.
However, based on the records of the Western Han courtiers who participated in the Battle of Baideng, the code word has doubts about the siege of Baideng. Take a moment to take a moment to take stock of the Siege of Bai Deng recorded in the "History" with the code words.
Records of the Siege of BaiDen
In 200 BC, many famous courtiers participated in the siege of Baideng at the time of the founding of the Han Dynasty. In addition to Liu Bang and Chen Ping, Zhou Bo, Dou Bao, Xiahou Bao, and Fan Huan were also involved, but the records of this battle in their biographies are far from detailed.
The Xiongnu besieged the city of Pingcheng and then stopped after seven days. (Historiography of Takazu Honki)
The general attacked against King Xinyu of Han from Gaozu. (Biography of Fan Duo)
Chased north to Pingcheng, it was surrounded by Hu and could not be passed for seven days. Emperor Gao envoyed Hou Fu to open a corner of the siege. Emperor Gao was out of his mind, the infant was stubborn, and the crossbow was full of extroversion, and the pawn could be taken off. (History of Xiahou Infant Biography)
The general rode from the han king Xin Yudai to Mayi, who was ordered to surrender the six counties north of lou, beheaded Zuo Xiang, and broke Hu to ride north of Wuquan. Fu attacked Han Xin Hu riding under Jinyang, and the general Hu Baiti beheaded one person. He was commanded to ride Yan, Zhao, Qi, Liang, and Chu che, and break Hu riding on the stone. To Pingcheng, besieged by Hu, from the army of Dongyuan. ("History of Infant Irrigation")
The general defeated the Han king Xin Yudai from Emperor Gao and sent down the Huo people. Before to Wuquan, hit Hu Riding, break the Wuquan North. Turn to attack Han Xinjun's bronze whip and break it. Also, descend taiyuan six cities. Strike Han Xin Hu riding under Jinyang, breaking it, and going down Jinyang. After attacking Han Xinjun at The Stone, he broke it and pursued it eighty miles to the north. He also attacked the three cities of Lou, and because he attacked Hu Qiping City, the pawns were many. "History of the Zhou Bo Family of The Marquis of Daihou"
The next year, Ping attacked Han Wang Xin Yudai. To Pingcheng, besieged by the Xiongnu, no food for seven days. Emperor Gao used a pingqi trick to make Shan Yu fu solve it and open it. ("History of the Chen Cheng Xiang Family")
After reading the biographies of these Han Dynasty monarchs who participated in the Siege of Baideng, did you find anything wrong?
That's right, why didn't the name Bai Deng appear?
Emperor Gao first arrived at Pingcheng, the infantry was not exhausted, and 400,000 elite soldiers of Maodun surrounded Emperor Gao in Baideng, and for seven days, the Han soldiers were not allowed to save each other. (Chronicles of the Huns)
Then, to Pingcheng, the Xiongnu Guo surprised the army to besiege the High Emperor Baideng, and then he was relieved for seven days. (Biography of Liu Jing)
In fact, bai deng's siege only appears in the "Biography of the Xiongnu" and the "Biography of Liu (Lou) Jing" from beginning to end in the "Records of history", while the other Han Dynasty monarchs' chronicles only mention Pingcheng.
Pingcheng is today's Datong.
Why is it that in the "History", one will be surrounded in Pingcheng and one will be surrounded by Baideng Mountain, so Liu Bang is surrounded in Pingcheng? Or is it surrounded by Bai Deng? What is the difference between Liu Bang being surrounded by two places that are only eight kilometers apart?
Zhou Bo's records
Perhaps the records of other Hanchen involved in this battle can tell us the answer. Since Zhou Bo's record is the most detailed among them, let's take a look at the whole process of Zhou Bo's participation in this battle.
The first city that Zhou Bo attacked was named Huoren, on the eastern outskirts of present-day Fanzhi County, Shanxi Province. Extrapolating from this position, Zhou Bo did not set out from Chang'an with Liu Bang's main army, he should have led troops from the princely state of Zhao.
The second place name, Wuquan, needs to be explored. Baidu entry said that it was in the northeast of Hohhot, and the code word could not find the relevant location, and it was not believed that the Han army would run so far. I tried to find out that there are two places called Wuquan in Shanxi, one is in the west of Linfen City, Shanxi, and the other is a place name called Quanwu in Yungang District, southwest of Datong City. Compared with the location of the Huo people, it is obvious that it is most likely that this place called Quanwu in the southwest of Datong City, Sima Qian wrote the place name backwards.
Later, Zhou Bo marched 900 miles south to attack Tongyun, which was Qin County, north of present-day Changzhi City. From then on, Zhou Bo marched north, first conquering Jinyang City, located in the Jinyuan District southwest of present-day Taiyuan City, and then conquering Taiyuan and other cities. Zhou Bo then continued to march north and attacked the city of Jiaoshi in present-day Ningwu County, Xinzhou City. After conquering The Stone, Zhou Bo marched north to Pingcheng, where he encountered a large Xiongnu army.
After roughly understanding Zhou Bo's marching route, we can also know the purpose of Zhou Bo's battles.
Combined with the "Biography of Irrigation Baby", it is obvious that Zhou Bo is subordinate to the douba, and the army led by the irrigation baby is not a Han army, from which we can infer that Zhou Bo should lead the army of the princely state of Zhao. From the records of the "Records of History", we can also determine that Zhou Bo was the vanguard of the irrigation army.
Zhou Bo first followed Dou Bao's army at Quanwu to defeat the Xiongnu army and occupied Datong, thus cutting off the way for han Wangxin's rebels to retreat north; then Zhou Bo continued to move south as a forward, capturing the copper fence located between the two mountains of Taihang and Taiyue, opening the southern gate of Jinyang; and then after capturing the stone city of Lou Fu, he chased lou fu's army for eighty miles before returning to the division. In the end, Zhou Bo led his army north to Pingcheng, and the Han army encountered a siege by the Xiongnu on the Chi Road outside Pingcheng, and he led his troops as the rear guard of the whole army to fight the Xiongnu army on the Chi Dao, successfully covering Liu Bang's retreat.
Hey?
According to historical records, Liu Bang only took a few thousand cavalry to pursue Han Wangxin to Pingcheng. The defenders of Pingcheng reported to him that Han Wangxin had just bypassed the edge of Pingcheng and gone north, so Liu Bang continued to personally lead his army to pursue the north, only to be surrounded by the Xiongnu army at Baishan Mountain.
Compared with Zhou Bo's biography, what seems to be wrong with this record?
The place that does not go up to the number
Why did The irrigation baby and Zhou Bo go south 900 miles to attack the copper whip?
Judging from its position, the bronze whip should obviously be the target of the main attack of the Han army coming out of Guanzhong. Therefore, when The infant and Zhou Bo led the army to the copper whip, it should be that the main force of the Han army could not take the copper whip, so they led the army to help the battle!
After Zhou Bo captured the stone, why didn't he continue to pursue the city of Loufu after chasing out eighty miles, but instead turned back to Ningwu County to attack loufu city?
Zhou Bo's return to the division was definitely an order to irrigate the baby, perhaps because he was afraid that he would go deep alone. Combined with the rumors of the people, the Irrigation Department was obviously the vanguard force of the Han army against Han Wangxin, and after the Irrigation Infant recalled Zhou Bo who was chasing north, he let him attack the city in loufu territory. The most likely purpose of the feeding was to wait for the arrival of Liu Bang's main army in lou fu territory, and the two armies would meet and go north.
In "Gao Zu Benji", Liu Bang was anxious to take thousands of people to pursue Han Wangxin, which was very strange in itself, did Liu Bang have such a big vendetta with Han Wangxin? Why do you have to chase it yourself? Can't he send a general to chase him?
Compared with Liu Bang's wind and fire appearance in the "Gao Zu Benji", the act of irrigating babies waiting for the arrival of Liu Bang's army in lou fu territory is obviously very strange. Dou Bao and Zhou Bo were carrying such a fast force as chariots, and it was not appropriate for them to pursue Han Wangxin? But why did they stop going north in loufu? Just to wait for Liu Bang to personally come to the current military commander?
Therefore, the records in the biography of Dou Bao and Zhou Bo contradict themselves with the records of the Gao Zu Benji!
Sima Qian copied the official files when recording the history of the Han Dynasty, but he would also add some 'private goods' to let us discover the truth of the matter ourselves.
Strange records
According to the record of "Zhou Bo's Biography", we understand one thing, Liu Bang did not really go to be the vanguard of the whole army himself, this pioneer has always been Zhou Bo! Moreover, from the records that Dou Bao also participated in the Battle of Pingcheng, it can be concluded that Yan, Zhao, Qi, Liang, and Chu Che rode and also followed him to Pingcheng. Xiahou Bao, who was responsible for commanding the Han army's vehicles, also appeared in Pingcheng.
How could these five countries ride together with the Han army's chariots, and how could they have only a few thousand people?
Moreover, through the "Biography of Zhou Bo", Sima Qian also hints to us that it is very strange for the Han army to retreat to Baishan Mountain after encountering the Xiongnu army.
Because of the attack on Hu Riding Pingcheng, the pawns were many.
The reason why the Han army retreated to Baishan Mountain was strange because of the word Chi Dao that appeared in the "Biography of Zhou Bo".
To explain where the strangeness of chi road is, we must first explain the geographical location of Datong City.
Datong City was called Pingcheng in ancient times precisely because of its location in Pingchuan, so if you want to ambush the large army, you can't ambush near Datong City, so the army will soon be exposed. Therefore, if the Xiongnu army wanted to ambush the Han army, it had to hide in the mountains some distance away from the same distance.
The code word checked, Datong City from Qin to Qing location is basically the same, today's Datong Old City compared to the Qin Dynasty only moved a few hundred meters to the south, the Qin Dynasty Datong City is in the north of today's Datong Ancient City Qing Dynasty barracks site. From ancient times to the present, Datong City has been accompanied by the Royal River a few hundred meters west of the city, so the Royal River, which floods from north to south, has a great impact on the road construction of Datong City.
After Quan Wu was recorded as Wu Quan, Sima Qian made another clerical error here. Although Qin Chi Dao is connected to Datong City, it is in the south of Datong City, so the Chi Dao recorded by Sima Qian in the "Biography of Zhou Bo" here is actually Qin Zhi Dao.
The Qin Straight Road was built by the Qin Dynasty to facilitate the chariot troops stationed in the northern border and to quickly counter the attacks of the Xiongnu. Due to the existence of the Royal River, the straight road extending from Datong can obviously only run in a north-south direction parallel to the Royal River.
Since Zhou Bo was blocking the Xiongnu on the Qin Straight Road, the Han army was obviously attacked head-on by the Xiongnu army. The flat terrain around Datong made it impossible for the Xiongnu army to ambush the large army to flank the Han army, so the Xiongnu army's attack was also limited by the local geographical characteristics of Datong.
When Zhou Bo blocked the Xiongnu offensive in the north, why did Liu Bang not lead his army to retreat south to Datong, but instead commanded his army to retreat east to baishan Mountain, which was farther away? Besides, even if the Royal River is frozen, doesn't the towering river bank make the Royal River a big ditch? Moreover, the Han army passed through the frozen Royal River regardless of the situation, in case the ice could not hold up?
Therefore, under the circumstance that it was clear that he could retreat to Datong City, which had a strong city defense, why did Liu Bang climb high and low and pass by the surface of the Yuhe River, where the situation was unknown, and run east to the farther Baishan Mountain?
What is the truth?
It will be cold, and the soldiers will fall to the fingers.
Perhaps the answer lies in this sentence, which Sima Qian emphasized in both the Gao zu Benji and the Biography of Liu Jing.
Through this sentence, Sima Qian is hinting at us something?
After sorting out all these things, make a bold speculation and combing:
Liu Bang's crusade against Han Wangxin did not go well, first he was blocked by Han Wangxin's army in Tongju, and in desperation, he had to give orders to the irrigation army that had originally blocked Han Wangxin's northern escape into the Mongolian steppe in Datong to assist in the battle. Although the Han army captured Tongju with the help of the Infant Irrigation Army, this also made the Datong defenders unable to protect themselves and prevent Han Wangxin from fleeing north.
However, the troubles of the Han army did not end because of the capture of the copper whip, although the history book was not announced, but after recalling Zhou Bo from the northern chase from the irrigation baby, he also let him besiege the city in Lou Fu and wait for the main force of the Han army to meet and see, the main force of the Han army was obviously stumbled by something in Jinyang and failed to go north as planned. It was not until Zhou Bo captured the three cities of Lou Fu that the main force of the Han army reached the territory of Lou Fu to meet with the douba.
The delay in Tongyan and Jinyang made Liu Bang very anxious. Therefore, regardless of the fatigue of the whole army, he urged the army to directly march to Datong. When the exhausted Han army arrived at Da, the defenders of the city reported to Liu Bang that Han Wangxin had just fled north along a straight road from outside Datong.
Liu Bang, who was in a hurry to get on fire, did not care about any reconnaissance, and directly ordered the army to pursue north along the Chi Road!
As a result, the Han army did not chase far, thanks to the terrain outside Datong, the front reconnaissance horse sensed that the situation in front of them was not right. Liu Bang realized that he might have won the plan, so he ordered the rear army to retreat to Datong City. Mo Dun saw that the Han army changed its formation and realized that his ambush had been discovered, so he commanded the Xiongnu, Lou Fu, and Han Wangxin to launch an attack!
The already exhausted Han army was defeated by the xiongnu coalition, but fortunately, after the Zhao army led by Zhou Bo fought to the death, the Han army did not collapse and was able to retreat to Datong City. The Han army was not at all frozen because of the cold weather, but lost a heavy loss in the great battle with the Xiongnu in the north of Datong, losing three-tenths of its strength.
After the Han army was defeated and retreated to Datong, a defensive line was formed, and the Xiongnu coalition army immediately surrounded and surrounded the Han army in Datong.
Why did Mao Dun let Liu Bang go
After understanding that the Han army was the main force and was surrounded in Datong City, and not that thousands of people were surrounded by BaiShan Mountain, we also understood why Mao Dun would let Liu Bang leave.
The foundation of the Han Dynasty at that time was not stable, the descendants of the nobles of the Six Kingdoms were quite powerful in the local area, and many of Liu Bangfeng's foreign kings were the sons of the Six Kingdoms, and they were more emotionally inclined to their homeland. Once the news of Liu Bang being surrounded in Datong spread, it is difficult to say what moves these kings with different surnames will do.
Moreover, not only was the main army of the Han army surrounded in Datong, but the main Han Dynasty generals were also surrounded in Datong. Even if Chang'an wanted to send reinforcements, there were neither soldiers to fight nor generals to command, and Liu Bang knew very well that it was impossible to count on reinforcements.
However, it was very difficult for the Han army to be surrounded in Baideng for seven days and seven nights, but at least the Han army still had a room to shield the wind and snow, while the Xiongnu coalition outside Datong Could only drink the wind in the field. And the winter army has always been a taboo for the northern people, and a snowstorm will kill a large number of livestock, which will make the young people hurt their bones. The grain and grass of the Xiongnu coalition army could only be provided by Han Wangxin, but most of the area controlled by Han Wangxin was occupied by the Han army, and in order to trap the main force of the Han army in Datong, the Xiongnu coalition army did not dare to divide the troops and go south to grab the grain and grass.
Therefore, the problem faced by Mao Dun is the same as that of Liu Bang - he cannot afford to consume.
Since everyone can't afford it, let's sit down and talk. Therefore, Chen Ping went to the Xiongnu army as an emissary to negotiate, and the two sides reached an agreement so smoothly.
The content of this agreement was so secretive that Sima Qian could only prevaricate in the "History of the Chen Cheng Xiang Family" with the sentence 'Emperor Gao is out, his plans are secret, and the world has to hear'.
However, it is not that there is no clue to the content of the agreement between the two sides, let's first look at the situation after the two sides reach an agreement.
When the Han army left the city, the crossbows were all held in an outward direction, forming a tight formation to go south. Liu Bang continued his poor performance in this battle at this time, and the "History of Xiahou Infant Biography" records that Emperor Gao was eager to gallop and infant Gu Xu xing. Here Sima Qian gave another hint, using a word out, is this out of the siege or out of the city.
Sima Qian's records about the Siege of Baideng were secretly carrying such 'smuggled goods' everywhere.
So why didn't Mo Dun take advantage of the Han army's departure from Datong City to launch an attack?
Perhaps the answer lies in the fact that Zhou Bo led the army to pawn as a number of chi road, although the Han army suffered heavy casualties, but the Xiongnu did not lose less. At this time, the Xiongnu, the Eastern Hu in the east and the Great Moon Clan in the west had not yet been completely subdued, and if the losses in the battle with the Han army were too great, it would naturally be more than worth the loss. Moreover, Liu Bang was very honest and did all the conditions he promised.
Since Liu Bang had fulfilled everything he had promised, Mo Dun also led the main force of the Xiongnu army back to the Mongolian plateau after the main force of the Han army left. Obviously, Mao Dun's cheekiness towards Liu Bang was not clear, and his move determined the fate of the Han-Hungarians in the future.
Discussion and inquiry into the truth
From the Huo people to the clouds in the past, they were determined together with Daihou and so on. (Biography of Fan Duo)
There is no mention of Fan Duo's role in the Battle of Pingcheng in the "History of Fan Duo", as if he is deliberately avoiding something. But this simple record tells us that the armistice agreement between Han and Hungary is not just a simple condition for giving a little money with a relative.
The general attacked against King Xinyu of Han from Gaozu. From the Huo people to the clouds in the past, they were determined together with Daihou and so on.
The combination of these two sentences of "Fan Duo" makes it easy to mistakenly think that they are talking about one thing, but in fact, these are two things!
The previous sentence says that Fan Duo followed Liu Bang in his crusade against Han Wangxin, and the latter sentence said that Fan Duo led the Han army to quell the rebellion of Han Wangxin at the behest of Liu Bang! Therefore, the Han army not only withdrew from Datong, but even the Huo people who had occupied it before withdrew.
Therefore, it is not difficult to deduce that the conditions that Mao Dun gave to Liu Bangkai included recognizing Han Wangxin as a Xiongnu vassal state, and the Han army retreated from the occupied Han Wangxin territory!
Understanding this matter, we will also know why the Han Dynasty was so secretive about the Han-Hungarian deliberations and terms. Because after Liu Bang retreated to the rear to detect the return of the main Xiongnu force to the north, he immediately tore up the treaty of peace and ordered Fan Duo to command the whole army to fight against Han Wangxin!
But why did the Han Dynasty officials pretend to be a defeat in the Siege of Bai Deng to cover up Liu Bang's treachery?
Thousands of people were surrounded by an army of 400,000 people, and finally after agreeing to some conditions with empty mouths and white teeth, the whole army returned safely.
This is obviously a great hero legend!
Why fan duo recorded the most briefly in the siege of Pingcheng among the major generals of the Han Dynasty who participated in the war was because he had been following Liu Bang to lead the main force of the Han army. If you explain where he is, then the truth that it is not thousands of Han troops who are surrounded but the main force of the Han army will not be revealed? Then how else can the official file make up the story of Bai Deng's Siege?
Some people may ask, why didn't the Battle of Pengcheng be faked? Didn't Liu Bang lose even worse that time?
That will be Liu Bang is only the King of Han, and the siege of Pingcheng is the Emperor of Han. The defeat of Pengcheng shows that when the Han Dynasty was founded, it was difficult to start a business and fight a lot, and the siege of Pingcheng could only show his light enemy's adventurism.
Why didn't Liu Bang continue to lead his own troops to clean up Han Wangxin and retrieve the lost field?
There are more important goals than Han Wangxin
Because of the experience before and after the Battle of Heisei, he thought that there were more important things he had to do!
After appointing Fan Yu as the commander of the army, Liu Bang took the infant to the Zhao king's capital Dongyuan (present-day Shijiazhuang). There, he played a mighty trick at his son-in-law Zhang Ao, and made the Zhao Ministers furious one by one before leaving.
Then the next year (199 BC), someone reported that when the emperor was in Dongyuan, Zhao Guoxiangguo Guan Gao plotted to assassinate the emperor! Therefore, Liu Bang vigorously arrested the Zhao Guochen involved in the case and ordered Zhang Ao to face the saint in Chang'an!
When Guan Gao received the news, he stopped his colleagues who were going to commit suicide, believing that only when they went to Chang'an to defend Zhang Ao, Zhang Ao would be spared the scourge of killing. So Guan Gao took the initiative to get into the prison car to Chang'an, and although he had been tortured countless times over the past year, Guan Gao Zhao Guo's courtiers insisted that the assassination was secretly planned by them and had nothing to do with Zhang Ao!
They all understand that it is impossible to prove innocence, so let's protect our little lord.
In the end, Zhang Ao cleared up the relationship, but he was still demoted to a marquis by Liu Bang under the pretext of not being strict under the pretext of the imperial subordinates, and left Chang'an and Zhao Guoguo removed!
And Guan Gao, after hearing the news that Zhang Ao had been spared the disaster of blood and light from the emissaries sent by Liu Bang to persuade him to serve the Han Dynasty, committed suicide in front of the emissaries to thank Zhang Ao's father Zhang Er!
Guan Gao and Liu Bang may have known each other for a long time, and when Liu Bang studied from Zhang Er, Guan Gao, who was a guest of Zhang Er, was likely to be together. Guan Gao is definitely Zhang Er's doorman, and it is difficult to say whether Liu Bang is a doorman, and it is not only a doorman who can follow Zhang Er.
With the pride of the high, how could he wish to be under the slaves?
So why did Liu Bang not even care about the Letter of Han Wangxin, who had given him the humiliation of the city, and was busy cleaning up the Zhao Kingdom?
Who captured the Fortified City for him? Who stopped the Hun army for him on the straight?
Zhao Jun's sharpness, the world is matchless.
In the early Han Dynasty, Liu Bang's cheeky skin was indeed invincible, but it was really suitable for being an emperor.