Starting from the Siege of Bai Deng- a brief analysis of the history of the century-old relationship between Han and Hungary
"Siege of Baiden"
It took place in 200 BC
Han Gao Zu Liu Bang
The period of rule refers to
At that time, in order to suppress the rebellion of Han Wangxin, Han Gaozu was besieged by the Xiongnu at Mount Baishan after the lone army went deeper.
For the rulers of the Western Han Dynasty at that time, the Siege of Baideng was both a military crisis and a political crisis that threatened the rule of the Western Han Dynasty.
If Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, did not escape from the siege of Baideng, but was captured by the Xiongnu, then it would be a disaster for the newly established Western Han Dynasty. Not only will it lead to chaos in the Western Han Dynasty, but the Western Han Dynasty may also change hands.
But history never allows for assumptions.
After Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, was besieged by BaiShan for seven days and seven nights, under the premise of a critical situation, the strategists adopted Chen Ping's strategy and ventured to ask for help from Mo Dun Shan Yu's wife Fu Shi, who was able to escape from danger after sending troops to break the siege.
After the "Siege of Baideng" incident, Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gaozu, realized that when governing the country, if he only tried to solve the problem by force, it was slightly rude, especially in the face of the state established by the minority regime, he should adopt relatively moderate political means to interact with it.
The Xiongnu are a relatively old northern ethnic minority in China, because they "have no fixed place" to live by nomadicism, so under the background wall created by the natural environment and living customs, the Xiongnu regime had to "chase water and grass" and wander around in order to be able to survive better.
In the process, it would continue to cause quite a lot of harassment to other regimes other than the Xiongnu regime. Because the Xiongnu were relatively strong in nature, they generally used force to solve problems when faced, which was not only unsurperable for the Already highly civilized Western Han Dynasty, but also constantly at war with them. And the Siege of Baideng experienced by Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, happened in this historical background environment.
I. The Siege of Bai Deng opened the prelude to the Hundred Years' War between Han and Hungary
It is no exaggeration to say that
The "Siege of Baideng" was the trigger for the Three Hundred Years' War between the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu
。 From an objective historical point of view, it was actually the key point of contradiction between the Han and ethnic minority regimes at that time. In fact, the history of the Xiongnu regime's intrusion into the Han settlements has to go forward.
After Qin Shi Huang unified the Six Kingdoms, the biggest enemy to the outside world was actually the Xiongnu.
During the era of Qin Shi Huang's great unification, there were many wars with the Xiongnu, and finally the Xiongnu were defeated and expelled from the Qin Dynasty. In order to prevent repeated incursions by the Xiongnu, Qin Shi Huang sent people to build the world-famous Great Wall. In fact, after the Qin Dynasty was replaced by the Han Dynasty, the contradictions or wars with the Xiongnu from the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty lasted for more than three hundred years. It was not until the Han Emperor Liu Che sent Wei Qing and Huo Toyi to take the initiative to attack the Xiongnu that the century-old dispute between the Western Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu was finally ended.
The war between the Western Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu actually involved a wide range of aspects, and the Xiongnu regime constantly had disputes and even wars in the border areas of the Western Han Dynasty in order to survive or consider the interests of its own people. This had a very adverse impact on the frontier security and state power of the Western Han Dynasty.
In particular, the common people living in the frontier areas of the Western Han Dynasty continued to move from the frontier to the interior in order to avoid the slaughter of the Xiongnu, which could easily lead to the impact of agricultural production and economic development in the frontier areas of the Western Han Dynasty. Especially when the frontier areas were sparsely populated, the Huns even directly classified this area into the territory of Xiongnu rule. This practice has been intolerable in all dynasties and dynasties.
Especially in the "Siege of Baideng" that occurred during the period of Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gaozu, shows that the Xiongnu did not pay attention to the rulers of the Western Han Dynasty at all, and if you look deeper, you will find that the Xiongnu are actually coveting the territory of the Western Han Dynasty. However, after the Siege of Baideng incident, Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, changed his policy of foreign exchanges in a timely manner, from armed confrontation to one
"And pro"
。
This policy was actually a helpless move at that time, because when the Western Han Dynasty was first established, there was actually a big gap between the national strength and economy, or the comprehensive strength of the military, and the Xiongnu regime at that time.
Therefore, in order to ensure the rule of the Western Han Dynasty, it was necessary to "make peace" with the Xiongnu in exchange for the tranquility of the Western Han Dynasty.
Ii. The Causes of the Hundred Years' War between Han and Hungary
If you look at the direct causes, the "Siege of Bai Deng" is the fuse of this war. According to historical records, Liu Bang was besieged by the Xiongnu at Baishan Mountain due to his excessive enemy advance. In fact, Han Wangxin had already surrendered to the Xiongnu regime after the rebellion, and at this time, the strength of the Huns was greatly increased, and after the Han army launched the attack, the Huns were at a disadvantage at the beginning of the war because the Huns could not resist.
The Han army began to become corrupt and aggressive under this situation, but it was not expected that the early retreat of the Xiongnu was premeditated, which trapped Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, in Baideng Mountain and wanted to get rid of it quickly, so that the Xiongnu could directly attack the Yellow Dragon and control the Western Han regime.
In fact, there are also historical books about the Siege of Bai Deng's Siege, such as the "History of History" and the "Book of Han", and It is indeed recorded that Mo Dundan Yu's wife Fu Shi did persuade Mo Dun,
"The two Lords are not trapped. Now we have The Land of Han, and in the end we cannot live in it. And the Lord of Han also has a deity, and he is only aware of it."
However, the reason why Mo Dundan made up his mind to rescue Liu Bang was not limited to this, during the siege of Bai Deng, Mo Dun agreed to meet with Han Wangxin and Zhao Wang, but the army of these two forces did not arrive as promised. thereupon
Mao Dun suspected that the two were in tandem with the Han army, so he ordered that the encirclement circle be opened to allow Liu Bang to break through and escape.
In fact, in the early years of the Han Dynasty, the "Siege of Baideng" was inevitable in addition to accidentality. Han Gaozu's ancestor Liu Bang was besieged in Baideng for seven days and seven nights, and the Han army actually appeared
"Inside and outside can not be saved"
situation. This reflects from another side the mistakes made by the Han Dynasty army in military operations at that time.
Although the rescue plan of the siege of Bai Deng in the end was not glorious, it allowed Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, to escape from danger. After this, although the Han-Hungarian war continued, the main diplomatic means was "peace and affinity", through which the Western Han Dynasty could get temporary tranquility and continuously develop its national strength during this peaceful day. In fact, this also laid a solid foundation for the later conquest of the Xiongnu by the Han Wudi Emperor Liu Che.
III. The Impact of the Hundred Years' War between Han and Hungary
After the siege of Bai Deng, Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gaozu, profoundly realized that in the exchanges between the minority regimes, we cannot rely only on our war and at the same time use some relatively moderate policies. The policy of "peace and affinity" proposed by the Han chancellor Liu Jing was adopted by Liu Bang, so the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu opened a new chapter of "peace and affinity".
The so-called "peace and affinity" policy is not just as simple as the Xiongnu marrying a Han Dynasty princess, which also includes the Xiongnu paying tribute to the Western Han Dynasty every year, wine and food and other materials.
After this, although there were still some small-scale wars between the Xiongnu and the Han Dynasty, from the overall point of view, the policy of "peace and affinity" was very favorable to the political, economic, and military development of the Han Dynasty. At the same time, it also provided a very necessary historical time for the Han Dynasty to attack the Xiongnu.
The Han Dynasty also applied the policy of "peace and affinity" to other minority regimes other than the Xiongnu. It provides a very good reference for the Han Dynasty in handling relations with ethnic minority regimes. However, the power of the Xiongnu has always made the Han Dynasty particularly jealous, so under the influence of the policy of "peace and affinity", the Han Dynasty continued to develop until the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, before taking the initiative to go to war with the Xiongnu and finally defeating the Huns.
IV. Conclusion
Judging from the policy of foreign relations with the Huns in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, from the initial armed attack to the policy of "peace and affinity" after the end of the war, this change in the policy of exchanges between the two countries was actually completely in line with the historical background at that time. Since the Han Dynasty had just experienced the chaos at the end of the Qin Dynasty in the early years, the newly established Han Dynasty was actually not strong in national strength.
Under this premise, the Han Dynasty maximized the development interests of the Han Dynasty by constantly adjusting its communication policy when dealing with the Xiongnu, which not only had a very positive effect on the development of the Western Han Dynasty at that time, but also provided the necessary conditions for the han wudi to attack the Xiongnu during the Han Wudi period. Beginning with the Siege of Baideng, the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu experienced nearly 300 years of war, and although the final victory of the Han Dynasty and the realization of territorial expansion were the result, from an objective point of view, it was actually an opportunity for great national integration.
bibliography
1. Li Kaiyuan's "The Siege of Bai Deng"
2. Sima Buniu, "The Siege of Baideng, The Prologue to the Hundred Years' War between Han and Hungary"
3. Wang Jinxian, "The Siege of Baideng and the Transformation of Han-Hungarian Policy from Historical Records"
4. Yang Yan's "The Siege of Bai Deng" and the Sino-Hungarian Treaty