Jomon grey pottery duct
Restore the sand table of the Iron Smelting Workshop of the Han Dynasty
The museum has the words "River One" written on it
The inner mold of the red clay plough is used to make the mold (residue) of the plough wrench.
Large iron blocks buried in front of the furnace
The ancient Xing Han Dynasty iron smelting site is the largest and most complete han dynasty iron smelting site found in China, telling the ancient superb iron smelting technology of the mainland
□ Dahe Bao Yu video reporter Liu RuiChaowentu
Here, the story of Ji Xin pretending to be the king of Han and sacrificing himself as a savior took place, which was once the main battlefield of the Chu and Han dynasties; here, once the water in Xingze was leisurely, the chasm was swinging, and the iron smelting smoke was billowing, witnessing the "highlight moment" of the first iron smelting workshop in Henan County, Western Han Dynasty.
Today, the ancient city of Xingyang, only the intermittent rammed earth wall remains, full of a city of desolation and loneliness, but because of the Yellow River, the ancient Xinghan Dynasty iron smelting site, which is currently found in China, the largest, most complete preservation, and longer duration of the Han Dynasty iron smelting site, tells the ancient superb iron smelting technology of the mainland.
In the future, the Ancient Chinese Iron Smelting Museum will be built here to systematically display the ancient Chinese iron smelting process and technology, provide display space for the history, ruins and achievements of iron smelting in previous dynasties, and fill the gap of the lack of ancient metallurgical history special museums on the mainland.
witness
Here, the story of Ji Xin's sacrifice of his savior, is the largest iron smelting center in Henan County, The Western Han Dynasty
In 204 BC, Xingyang at that time became the main battlefield for the Chu and Han dynasties. Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, was in danger many times in his life and was besieged several times, and in the summer of April, he was besieged in Xingyang, but he ran out of ammunition and food, and the "Han army went on hunger strike", and the situation was critical.
At this time, one of Liu Bang's generals stood up. He was Ji Xin, one of the several generals who had accompanied Liu Bang to the Hongmen Banquet, and he was also a person who had made great contributions.
One night in May, Chen Ping asked more than 2,000 women to go out from the east gate of Xingyang City, and the Chu army immediately attacked the group of women from all sides. Ji Xin rode out of the East Gate in the Han King's car.
The Chu army thought that they had captured the King of Han, so they all ran to the east of the city to watch. Liu Bang relied on this rather embarrassing sound to attack the west and the west, and escaped from the West Gate with dozens of horses and horses, letting the imperial master Zhou Jiao, Wei Bao, and Feng Gong firmly hold Xingyang.
More than 80 years later, the smoke of the Chu-Han struggle for hegemony has disappeared, and the escape of Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, has become an allusion, but outside the west gate of Xingyang City, fireworks have been lit again. This is not the fireworks of war, but the fireworks of smelting iron.
After The Han Wu Emperor Liu Che succeeded to the throne, when the han dynasty was strong and powerful, he began to "foreign affairs and four yi, internal prosperity and utilitarianism", following the example of Qin Shi Huang's national parade, but the expenditure of various items was too large to support financial resources. Although the domestic salt and iron merchants are rich in money, they "do not match the country's urgent needs" and choose to stand by and watch.
In order to solve the problem of fiscal revenue and curb the expansion and strengthening of the powerful and powerful merchants, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty decided to change the salt and iron business model. In the fourth year of the Yuan Dynasty (119 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appointed the Qidi salt merchants Dongguo Xianyang and nanyang daye iron merchant Kong as only big farmers to "lead salt and iron affairs", and let the two of them and Sang Hongyang, who was proficient in financial affairs, jointly plot to take the salt and iron industry from the hands of rich merchants and masters.
According to the statistics of the relevant statements in the "Book of Han and Geographical Records", the Western Han Dynasty successively set up 35 salt officials in 27 counties and 46 iron officials in 38 counties, all of which were commanded by the Great Agricultural Order at that time.
Among them, there are six iron smelting workshops in Henan County, which are located in Hongnong County, Hanoi County, Henan County, Yingchuan County, Runan County and Nam Duong County. There is a place outside the west gate of Xingyang City, and it is the number one iron smelting workshop in Henan County. Nowadays, walking in the Branch Of the Zhengzhou Museum's Ancient Xinghan Dynasty Iron Smelting Site, some of the displayed cultural relics are also engraved with the symbol of "Heyi".
Two thousand years later, this iron smelting relic, which flourished from the middle of the Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty, reappeared, and the archaeological excavations of ore processing plants, four-corner pillar wooden frame pits, wells, pools, ship-shaped pits, pottery kilns, blower pipes and other facilities showed people a complete smelting system centered on the furnace.
contribute
The remains of an important handicraft industry that flourished because of the Yellow River have preserved a complete set of ancient steel production technology systems
"This is an important handicraft relic that flourished because of the Yellow River." Yan Shuguang, director of the Zhengzhou Museum's Ancient Xing han Dynasty Iron Smelting Site Branch, said that according to expert analysis, the geographical location of the iron smelting workshop can be inferred that it was the leader in the field of national steel production at that time.
Speaking of the ancient Xinghan Dynasty iron smelting site, we cannot but say the ancient city of Xingyang. Driving along the Dahe Road to the west, when approaching the West Fourth Ring Road, the more west you go, the higher the terrain, and the old city of Xingyang was built on this high land higher than other areas.
The city is built on the river, xingyang ancient city is located in the northwest bank of ancient Xingze, the south side is the Suosu River, the former chasm has been buried deep underground, to the north can look at the Yellow River.
During the Warring States period, King Hui of Wei dug a chasm and drew water into the city. After The Republic of Korea destroyed the Kingdom of Zheng, it established the capital of Xinzheng, occupying the core area on both sides of the Yellow River. At this time, the chasm not only became a north-south passage for South Korea, but also an "international waterway" for the nations. Driven by the chasm, around the chasm and Xingze, a large number of industrial and commercial metropolises have emerged, such as Daliang, Tao, Shouchun, Pengcheng, etc. In the process of unifying the country by the Qin State, Xingyang has always been the hub of the East.
After the unification of the Qin Dynasty, the chasm water system was further developed. In the north of xingyang ancient city set up Ao cang, Guanzhong to Kanto formed a chasm - the Yellow River - Weishui caoyun transport line, Xingyang ancient city became the transit station of this caoyun line.
During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the iron smelting official camp was implemented, and iron officials were set up in Henan County, and the iron smelting site outside the ancient city of Xingyang was the largest iron smelting center in Henan County at that time. Yan Shuguang said that most of the iron ore used for iron smelting at that time was in the territory of present-day Shanxi, and they relied on the developed water transportation system to be transported to the ancient city of Xingyang for processing and smelting.
"The ancient Xing han dynasty iron smelting site is the largest, most completely preserved, long-lasting iron smelting site in the mainland, and the han dynasty iron smelting site with superb smelting technology in the same period." He said that the ancient Xing han dynasty iron smelting site provides vivid and rich materials for the study of ancient metallurgy, indicating that two thousand years ago, the smelting and processing of pig iron on the mainland has reached a very high level, roughly reaching the level of the seventeenth century in the West, creating a complete set of ancient steel production technology systems on the mainland, which is a major contribution in the history of world metallurgy.
value
Here are the ruins of the Han Dynasty iron smelting furnace with the highest yield ever found in the world
The ancient Xing Han Dynasty iron smelting site was discovered and excavated in 1965, and the archaeological excavation of the site was officially carried out in the spring of 1976, revealing an area of 1700 square meters and discovering the remains of two iron-making furnaces.
More than 300 pieces of pottery excavated from the site, most of which are relics of the middle and late Western Han Dynasty from the characteristics of the utensils, some belong to the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the twelve five-baht coins excavated at the same time also belong to the middle and late Western Han Dynasty.
Walking in the museum, although the above-ground part of the two iron-making furnaces has long disappeared, it is still possible to infer the large size and high technology of the time from the size of the underground part. Among them, the site of the No. 1 vertical furnace, the furnace cylinder is oval, the effective height is 6 meters, the volume is about 50 cubic meters, and the daily production of iron is about one ton. The furnace cylinder has turned a hard blue-gray after high temperature, which is the site of the Han Dynasty iron smelting furnace with the highest yield found in the world.
The reporter of Dahe Newspaper Yu Video noticed that the two furnace foundations were rammed with refractory soil and small pebbles, and the thickness was nearly 4 meters. Different refractories with different requirements are also selected for different parts of the furnace. According to reports, these are the experience of improving the performance of the vertical furnace in long-term smelting to achieve large-scale production.
Inside the site, briquettes have also been found. The discovery and application of coal is of great significance in the history of coal and metallurgy in the history of mainland coal. The cake-shaped fuel found in the kilns of the site was processed and manufactured, and ventilation conditions were created to fully burn, and this kind of burning cake is the briquette.
According to the understanding, the earliest record of coal being used in ironmaking can be found in the "Notes on water classics" of the Northern Wei Dynasty Daoyuan. Coal was called charcoal in ancient times, and according to speculation, the records of Li Daoyuan were recorded when in the Wei and Jin dynasties. Archaeological discoveries at the site of guxing iron smelting prove that the mainland had used coal as an industrial fuel for hundreds of years before that.
Site
At present, 23 Han Dynasty iron smelting sites have been found in Henan, which is the largest number in China
In the ancient Xing han dynasty iron smelting site museum, some cultural relics engraved with the "Heyi" mark are exhibited. In the Gongyi iron smelting site, the cultural relics are engraved with the words "Hesan". It can be seen that they are all in the national sequence after the Western Han Dynasty iron smelting official camp.
Dahe Bao Yu video reporter learned that according to the existing data collection and collation, in recent decades, there have been 50 Han Dynasty iron smelting sites that have been explored and excavated nationwide, with locations throughout Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Sichuan and other provinces and regions. Among them, more than 80% are concentrated in the Yellow River Basin, and the most iron smelting sites have been found in Henan, Shandong and Hebei provinces, showing the characteristics of dense distribution, large scale and high technology.
Henan Province has discovered and excavated 23 Han Dynasty iron smelting sites, including Zhengzhou Guxing, Gongyi Tieshenggou, Nanyang Wafangzhuang, Wenxian Zhaoxian Village, Dengfengyang City, Lushan Wangchenggang, Biyang Xiahewan, Xin'an County Shanggudeng, Hebi Deer Tower, Anyang Houtangpo, linruxiadian and so on.
The reason is that Henan is located in the Central Plains, which was one of the important areas for smelting bronze in the mainland from the Xia and Shang dynasties, and a large number of bronzes from the Shang and Zhou dynasties were excavated. With the rise of iron casting in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, coupled with the superior geographical location and rich mineral resources, the iron smelting sites of the Warring States and Han Dynasty were all over Henan.
At present, the han dynasty iron smelting sites in various parts of Henan Province are distributed as follows: 3 in Zhengzhou City, 5 in Nanyang City, 1 in Jiaozuo City, 1 in Xinyang City, 3 in Anyang City, 1 in Hebi City, 3 in Zhumadian City, 3 in Pingdingshan City, 1 in Sanmenxia City, 1 in Shangqiu City, and 1 in Luoyang City.
planning
The Ancient Chinese Iron Smelting Museum will be built to provide display space for the ruins of iron smelting in previous dynasties
In the museum, the dahe newspaper Yu video reporter noticed that the cultural relics excavated from the site were mostly agricultural production tools, or pottery molds for making agricultural production tools.
This Iron Smelting Site of the Han Dynasty also has a certain status in the world. On October 23, 1986, the "Second International Symposium on Early Production and Application of Metals" was held in Zhengzhou, and nearly 100 experts and scholars from the world came to visit the ancient Xing Iron Smelting Site, and together with experts and scholars from the mainland, inspected and studied the smelting technology and scale of the ancient Xing han Dynasty iron smelting site. Subsequently, experts and scholars conducted academic exchanges and made an evaluation that the iron smelting site of the ancient Xing and Han Dynasties is a treasure of world culture.
In the "14th Five-Year Plan for the Protection and Utilization of Large Ruins" announced by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, the ancient city of Xingyang (including the ancient Xingye Iron Smelting Site) was included in the Grand Canal project.
According to the introduction, the iron smelting site of the ancient Xing han dynasty is not only a subsidiary heritage of the Zhengzhou section of the Tongji Canal of the China Grand Canal, a world cultural heritage, but also an important handicraft relic of the mainland born from the Yellow River and prospered by the Yellow River, and is an important display node of the Cultural Area of the Ancient Xing Grand Canal. It has a positive role in promoting the display of the historical trajectory of cultural achievements and scientific and technological achievements in the development of Chinese culture, as well as the Yellow River culture and the Culture of the Grand Canal.
In the future, the Ancient Chinese Iron Smelting Museum will be built here. It is understood that the ancient Chinese iron smelting museum will rely on the ancient Xing Han Dynasty iron smelting site construction, the project covers an area of about 185 acres, of which 50 acres of exhibition hall, 135 acres of site display area, construction area of about 30,000 square meters.
The museum will systematically display the ancient Chinese iron smelting process and technology, filling the gap in the lack of ancient metallurgical history special museums on the mainland. According to public information, after the completion of the project, it will provide a display space for the history, ruins and achievements of iron smelting in the country, and the public can also experience the ancient iron smelting technology of the mainland through interaction.