In 2016, the two brothers of the King of Changsha and the King of Zhongshan, who were also princes of the Han Dynasty, staged a reunion that spanned more than 2,000 years at the Changsha Museum. Five years later, in the territory of the King of Changsha, still in the Changsha Museum, welcomed the princes of the Han Dynasty from Shandong. This time, the "King of Changsha" did not appear, and the "Houfu of Changsha" welcomed the guests who came from afar as a representative.
As the opening blockbuster exhibition of Changsha Museum, the "Special Exhibition of Han Dynasty Cultural Relics in the East - Shandong Region" is on display. As Wang Lihua, director of Changsha Museum, said, this exhibition is another masterpiece of Changsha Museum's series of special exhibitions on Chinese civilization.
The holidays ushered in waves of small audiences brought over by their parents.
"Changsha Houfu" sealed mud
Why Shandong?
The title of "Dominating the East" is first because of the geographical location of Shandong, and second, because of the special status of Qilu culture in the Han Dynasty.
The Two Han Dynasties were a legendary and glorious era in China's history, and their politics, military, science and technology, and culture have profoundly affected people's lives to this day. The Shandong region is one of the most prominent and representative areas of Han culture.
In Shandong in the Han Dynasty, there were many princely kingdoms, not only the largest state of Qi in the Western Han Dynasty, but also the state of Lu, the state of Lü, and the state of Jinan. As one of the provinces with the largest number of excavated tombs of princes in the Han Dynasty, Shandong has excavated more than ten tombs of princes and kings, such as the tomb of King Wuqi of Linzi, the tomb of King Lu of Jiulongshan in Qufu, the tomb of King Lü of Zhangqiu Luozhuang, the tomb of King Shanyang of Juye Laterite Mountain, and the tomb of King Jibei of Shuangniu Mountain in Changqing, and a large number of precious relics have been unearthed.
As one of the most developed areas of the Han Empire, it has a profound cultural heritage, leaving Liu Bang to cross the Qufu to worship Confucius, Xu Fu crossed the sea to seek immortals, Tian Heng and the Five Hundred Righteous Soldiers, and so on, and even Sima Qian, who traveled all over the world, once exclaimed: "Yangyang Zhao, the wind of the solid country."
This exhibition selects the latest and most important archaeological discoveries in Shandong during the Two Han Dynasties. 163 groups of 235 cultural relics, take you through two thousand years, to see the land of Qilu at that time, there are jinge iron horses that opened up the territory, there are the evolution of the millennium of lile, and there are exclusive Confucianism and books passed down to the world.
Big Bang Wei Screen
The exhibition begins with seals and seals, and is carried out by the system of dividing the princes in the early Han Dynasty.
At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang divided the hearts and minds of the princes with different surnames, and there were Tian Heng, Han Xin, Zhang Yan, Lü Tai and other princes with different surnames in Shandong. After the establishment of Jiangshan, Liu Bang began to abolish the kings with different surnames and enfeoffed the princely states of the Liu clan. As a result, in the Han Dynasty, "counties and states were parallel", not only implementing the county system, but also dividing the princes. In the last year of Han Gaozu's reign, except for the Wu clan's Changsha Kingdom, the rest of the kings with different surnames were replaced by Liu's sons. The "Seal of Tian Yoko" is the best proof of that period of history.
"Seal of Tian Heng" sealed mud, Jinan City Museum collection
After Han Gaozu unified the world, as one of the leaders of the rebel army at the end of Qin, tian Heng, who was trapped on the isolated island with his subordinates, chose to surrender to Liu Bang at the outlying island and kill himself 30 miles away from Luoyang City to show that he was not humiliated. Han Gaozu was greatly shocked and buried with a royal ceremony. What was even more shocking was that the two subordinates accompanying him committed suicide in the tomb of Tian Heng during the funeral, and the people on the island died in the sea after learning of Tian Yoko's death. Sima Qian thus lamented the "High Festival of Tian Heng". In 1928, Xu Beihong spent two years under the circumstances to complete one of his later masterpieces, "Five Hundred Soldiers of Tian Heng".
"Riding General Seal" bronze seal, Qingdao Municipal Museum collection
As a barrier to the state, the importance of the economic and military power of the princely states was unquestionable.
The Shandong region is the birthplace of ancient Chinese iron smelting and sea salt, and has a good agricultural and handicraft foundation. The "Qi Tie Guanyin" seal on display this time comes from the Shandong Museum, which is the best physical evidence that the King of Qi set up his own iron officials to operate the iron smelting industry. Agriculture and industry have led to the prosperity of commerce and trade, and Linzi and Tobu have become important commercial cities in the country.
The five crossbow machines on display in this part sketch for us a vivid picture of the brave soldiers of the Han Dynasty relying on the "strong crossbow and long halberd" to fight heroically. The crossbow machine is known as the "long-range rifle of the cold weapon era". As the most important bronze component on the crossbow, it became an important weapon in the continental military during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. A total of twelve pieces of crossbow machines were excavated from the Shanxi Han Tomb of Juye Laterite, with the same shape and system, different sizes, all gilded, and the four gilded bronze crossbow machines on display are all from the Juye County Museum.
According to the crossbow machines excavated from Han tombs across the country, the bronze crossbow machine was the most mature in the Han Dynasty, and the level of mechanization was also the highest. Through the analysis of the composition of these crossbows, experts concluded that the bronze smelting technology at that time was very mature. In the wars of the Two Han Dynasties, bronze crossbow machines were used in large quantities.
Princely style
According to statistics, during the 400 years of the two Han Dynasties, the Shandong region set up 25 princely kingdoms and hundreds of princely states. In recent years, more than ten tombs of Han Dynasty princes have been excavated in Shandong, and groups of eating utensils, living utensils, musical instruments, carriages and horses have been excavated, recreating the daily life of the nobles of the Han Dynasty. These excavated cultural relics epitomize the living conditions of the princes of the Han Dynasty, and also reflect the aspects of social life at that time.
Ju ze is a group of high-rise buildings and servants
The stone rubbings of portraits of Han tombs in The Southern and Northern Han Dynasties of The Shandong Museum clearly present the regulation of the courtyards of the aristocratic courtyards of the Han Dynasty. There is an ancestral hall with double eaves in the picture, and a large number of sacrifices are displayed in the square in front of the ancestral hall, and the worshippers have got off the bus to worship. In front of the procession, there were also sacrificial devotees holding jianmu, holding comets, holding poles, and holding wats, waiting in front of the hall house to greet many guests who came to mourn and sacrifice.
The feast was filled with bells and high-ranking friends
In the same from the Shandong Museum, excavated in 1978 in The kitchen portrait stone rubbings unearthed in Songshan, Mantong Township, Jiaxiang County, the beams of the house are hung with rich ingredients such as ox legs, meat strips, pig heads, chickens and ducks, rabbits, and the people in the kitchen are busy cooking, cooking rice, killing fish, slaughtering dogs, the picture arrangement is orderly, you can imagine the lively scene of the host's family banquet, you can also imagine that this scene should be frequent, so their work is busy and not chaotic.
A series of copper dings, copper pots, copper pots, and copper spoons are on display
A complete set of woven chimes on display
Music was inseparable from the Han Dynasty banquets, and the now lost choreographers and sers were sought after by the nobility as gagaku at that time. Unlike the qin, which appeared at about the same time as the qin, the performance of the ser has been lost since the Tang Dynasty, but the legend about it has always been there. Before there was "The Yellow Emperor made Su Nu Drum Ser", and after there was Li Shangyin "Jin Ser Unprovoked Fifty Strings", which added a bit of mystery to the existence of Ser.
This set of gilded gemstone-encrusted bronze cerberries comes from the Linyi City Museum. It is used to adjust pitch and pitch. As accessories, they are all set with rubies and turquoise so beautiful that you can imagine how gorgeous this complete Cercai is.
Out of the BMW carved car, honor guard majesty
The ornate carriage served as an important tool for the princes and nobles to travel. A large number of colored gold and silver, intricate craftsmanship and ornately decorated carriage and horse ware have been found in the tombs of the princes of the Han Dynasty in Shandong. Although the wooden body no longer exists, these exquisite decorations and accessories on the carriage or gilded or pure gold are enough to show the elegance of the vehicle and the dignity of its owner's status.
Wen Dao Silk Road
The remnants of the "Xiping Stone Classic", which is recommended as a key recommendation in the trailer, are placed in the third section of the exhibition, "Wendao Silk Road". As the pinnacle of Han Li's maturity, the Xiping Stone Classics are a huge work in the history of Chinese scholarship and calligraphy, and the dignified and atmospheric font and the peaceful posture of Zhongzheng can still be seen on these vicissitudes of the remnants.
Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "deposed hundreds of families and respected Confucianism alone", Confucian classics have become official textbooks. Because of Qin Shi Huang's "book burning pit Confucianism", Confucian works were scattered, and hand-copied books led to many errors and omissions. Therefore, during the reign of Emperor Xiping of the Han Ling Dynasty, Cai Yong and others asked for the revision of Confucian classics, and carved a set of stone tablet models in the official orthographic characters of the time, which took eight years to complete, which is the earliest standard textbook in China - the "Xiping Stone Classic".
The Xiping Stone Classic was written in the form of the Lishu that was popular at that time, also known as the "One Character Stone Classic" and "One Stone Classic". The Stone Classics were originally engraved into the seven scriptures of "Zhou Yi", "Shang Shu", "Book of Poetry", "Ritual Rites", "Spring and Autumn", "Ram Biography", and "Analects", with a total of 46 stones and more than 200,000 words, and after carving, they were erected in Luoyang Taixue, Henan. According to the literature, "and the monument was erected, and its viewers and imitators took more than a thousand cars a day, filling the streets with strangers." ”
Unfortunately, the Stone Classics were repeatedly destroyed later, and by the time the Tang Dynasty Wei collected the Jushi Classics, there was no one in existence. Since the Tang and Song dynasties, there have been continuous excavations of stone fragments. After the Republic of China, many remnants of stones have been excavated one after another. According to statistics, more than 8,000 Xiping stone scriptures have been collected, and the remnants of the stones are collected in the Forest of Steles Museum in Xi'an, the Luoyang Museum, the Shanghai Museum and the Forbidden City in Taiwan.
On the left is the Bamboo Jane of the Art of War of Sun Tzu (a copy), and on the right is the Bamboo Jane of the Art of War of Sun Zhen (a copy)
The exhibition also exhibits the Bamboo Jane (replica) of the Art of War of Sun Tzu and the Bamboo Jane of the Art of War of Sun Zi (a replica). In April 1972, the Art of War of Sun Tzu and the Art of War of Sun Zhi, which were excavated at the same time at the Han Tomb of Yinqueshan Mountain, gave an accurate answer to the age-old controversy about Sun Zi and his books— that is, the two were two people at different times.
The Han Dynasty was a critical period for the collation and dissemination of Qiluzhi.d'ai. After Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang restored Confucius and Emperor Wu to confucianism, Confucian thought and political concepts were further combined. The Xiping Stone Sutra was established in Taixue, the Bingjia Han Jian was born in Yinque, and the Analects and Zhou Yi were transmitted to the Western Regions and Jingxiang, and the Qilu Zhizhi had a profound impact on later generations.
After doing many guided tours, Tang Yuanhui, a docent at the Changsha Museum, talked about his feelings: "Just like Liu Bang's big wind song, the cultural relics of the Han Dynasty are generally very solemn and the pattern is very large. This era left behind a large number of ideas and concepts as precious as gold, which became an important part of traditional Chinese culture and are still regarded as classics today. ”
Changsha, which is also a princely state of the Han Dynasty, has explored more than 2,000 Han Dynasty mausoleums, of which 26 are royal tombs, and a large number of Han Dynasty cultural relics have also been excavated. In Tang Yuanhui's view, Hunan and Shandong are both fiefdoms of the princely states, although thousands of miles apart, but they occupy an important position in the pluralistic and integrated Chinese civilization: "Judging from the tombs of the princes of the Han Dynasty found in the two regions, the connection and difference between the two places are also obvious, for example, a large number of musical instruments have been excavated in both regions. The biggest difference is that the king with a different surname in Shandong was quickly replaced by the surname Of Liu, and Wu Rui, the king of Changsha, not only survived well, but also continued for five generations until the end of the future, and Emperor Wen of Han sent his prince Liu Fa as the king of Changsha, and the state of Changsha thus entered the Liu period and has always been in line with the fate of the Western Han Dynasty. ”
Exchanges between the two places take place on two routes: offshore and inland. The original celadon pot on display this time is a piece of porcelain from the south, which was excavated in 1974 in the West Orchard Brigade of Laoshan Hongzhai Commune in Qingdao and is now stored in the Qingdao Municipal Museum.
Tang Yuanhui suggested that interested audiences can also understand China's "great unification" and other important historical processes more deeply through some associations and comparisons.
Dominating the East - a special exhibition of Han Dynasty cultural relics in Shandong
Exhibition venue: Changsha Museum Special Exhibition Hall 1
Exhibition time: January 28, 2022 - May 4, 2022
(The exhibition is free of charge)