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During the Shang and Western Zhou dynasties, shengxing was martyred, and a large number of living slaves and living soldiers were used for burial. The system of human martyrdom ended with the collapse of slavery in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the "figurines" as funerary objects also roughly originated in this period. During this period, there was a burial method that replaced the real person with a human form such as thatch, which was the prototype of the later "figurine", also known as the "blade spirit". This kind of funerary figurine that simulated humanoids became commonly used later, and began to use mud, pottery, and wood to make simulated humanoids.
Late Western Zhou Dynasty Wooden Figurines Tomb No. 502 of Liangdai Village were excavated and are now in the Ruiguo Ruins Museum of Liangdai Village
In the autumn of 1965, members of the Yangjiawan Brigade of the Hongqi Commune of Xianyang City found a large number of painted clay figurines while leveling the land. Later, after the relevant departments cleaned up, in the eleven burial pits of the tomb area, 583 han Dynasty cavalry figurines, 1965 human figurines, 410 shield models, more than 1110 gilded carriage and horse ornaments and other funerary items were unearthed.
Xianyang Yangjiawan Han Chang Mausoleum Funerary Tomb The Han Terracotta Warriors and Horses are now in the Xianyang Museum
The funerary items were unearthed from two Han tombs located between the Mausoleum of Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gaozu, and the Mausoleum of Liu Qiyang, the Emperor of Han Jing, because of the proximity to Changling, archaeologists believe that these two Han tombs should be the funerary tombs of Changling. There are seventy-three tombs in this funerary burial area, and the two Han tombs that have unearthed a large number of Han figurines are in the southwest of the burial area, numbered Tombs No. 4 and No. 5.
Yangjiawan Han Terracotta Warriors and Horses Collection of Xianyang Museum
The pottery figurines excavated from the Han Dynasty Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit found in the Yangjiawan Han Tomb in the eastern suburbs were the largest number of Han tombs seen at that time. The excavation of so many Han figurines caused a sensation in the academic community at that time. Because the famous Terracotta Warriors of Qin Shi Huang were discovered in March 1974, the discovery of the Yangjiawan Han Figurines was nearly 9 years earlier than the Qin Shi Huang Figurines.
In the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Gray Pottery Tall 54cm Low 25cm were discovered in Shizishan Village, Lion Mountain Township, on the outskirts of Xuzhou, in the winter of 1984
In the Tomb of Yangjiawan Han, a large number of figurines of military nature have been unearthed, which is what we often call terracotta warriors. Although a large number of living pottery and other types of figurines have also been excavated from its No. 1 and No. 2 pits, in general, the terracotta warriors in the Yangjiawan Han Tomb are very eye-catching in both quantity and quality. Yang Wuzhan said: "What type of figurines are produced has a lot to do with the identity of the owner of the tomb. For example, the figurines unearthed in the tomb of Zhou Ying in Hanyang Mausoleum are basically not of a military nature, but there are more male and female figurines of attendants and musicians. ”
Western Han Dynasty Painted Sitting Female Figurines Excavated from the Hanyang Mausoleum Funerary Cemetery in Shaanxi Province Collection of the Shaanxi Archaeological Research Institute
The Yangjiawan Han Tomb is the funerary tomb of Changling, which is undeniable. But the mystery of the identity of the owner of the tomb has never been solved.
If you look at the burial objects excavated from it, such as pottery, lacquerware and carriage and horse ware, they all have the characteristics of the early Western Han Dynasty. Four-and-a-half-baht coins from the Lü Yan and Emperor Wen periods were also found in the filling. Therefore, archaeologists have preliminarily deduced that these two Han tombs should be funerary tombs of the Wenjing period. Judging from the large number of Han terracotta warriors excavated from these two Han tombs, some archaeologists once believed that these two Han tombs were likely to be the tombs of Zhou Bo and Zhou Yafu's father and son.
Western Han Dynasty Dress-shaped Painted Male Attendants Now in the Hanyang Mausoleum Museum Photo: Arterial Shadow Image source: Internet
Yang Wuzhan said: "The Yangjiawan Han Tomb is a funerary tomb of Changling, and its burial position is relatively west. The imperial tomb system in the early Western Han Dynasty was generally that the emperor's mausoleum was in the west and the funeral tomb was in the east, and according to the closeness of the relationship with the emperor, the imperial tombs were arranged from near and far in turn. The Yangjiawan Han Tomb not only unearthed a large number of Han terracotta warriors, but also unearthed more than 200 pieces of jade on the jade coat, which inferred that the two Han tombs may have been buried with golden jade or silver jade. Han Dynasty literature records that the identity that can be buried with golden jade clothes is basically a prince or a columnist, and it is given by the emperor. The Yangjiawan Han Tomb has been stolen before, so the identity of the owner of the tomb cannot be fully determined. At the earliest, some people thought that the Yangjiawan Han Tomb was the tomb of Zhou Bo and Zhou Yafu's father and son, and if we currently examine it from the mausoleum system, these two Han tombs may also be the tombs of Zhou Bo and his wife. ”
Painted pottery archery figurines from the early Western Han Dynasty Grey pottery painted 51cm tall was excavated in 1950 in Hanjiawan, Xianyang, Shaanxi
Original source: "Art Book" November 2018 issue "Qin and Han Pottery Figurines - Art Creation Based on Reality"
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