Reading figure in Han Dynasty portrait stone (brick)*
Lan Yucheng, Chen Aojie, Su Yanpu
Abstract: China has a long history of reading, and the culture of the Han Dynasty has developed by leaps and bounds, and the reading charts on the existing Han Dynasty portrait stones (bricks) can be glimpsed. The article collects and sorts out some of the reading pictures in the Han Dynasty portrait stones (bricks), explores the types of Han Dynasty portrait stones (bricks) reading pictures, and interprets 5 of them to explore their academic value.
Keywords: Han Dynasty Portrait Stone Portrait Brick Reading Diagram Reading
The history of the left picture and the right is the Tradition of Chinese Governance, but after the subdivision of modern science, most of the study of drawings is attributed to the art discipline, and other disciplines attach less importance to images, and the research direction is gradually remote. Take the study of the history of books and reading in the Han Dynasty as an example, during this period, paper was not yet used, and the paintings were mainly paintings, murals, stone paintings and brick paintings. Because the carrier of the painting is organic and perishable, there are only more than 20 paintings in existence, and only parts or fragments can be seen, so the pictures from the Warring States to the Han Dynasty are mainly murals and portrait stones (bricks) carried on hard carriers. Taking "portrait stone" and "portrait brick" as keywords, only 2 results were found in the search of CNKI Library and Information Science, which shows that the library and information discipline has less exploration of portrait stones (bricks). Looking at the "General History of Chinese Book Collection", "General History of Chinese Reading", "History of Chinese Libraries", etc., there is no systematic selection of the reading charts in the Han Dynasty portrait stones (bricks) and the use of their representative works. This paper attempts to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the reading charts in the Han Dynasty portrait stones (bricks), in order to grasp their total amount and masterpieces, explore their academic value, provide historical experience for the study of book history and reading history, and enlighten the reading fashion of modern society.
A reading chart is a picture in which a person and a book are in the same frame, and a person makes a picture that will be read, is reading, or has just finished reading. Ancient Chinese reading charts refer to reading maps created from ancient times to the Qing Dynasty, which contain rich content and variety, carrying the chinese reading culture of thousands of years [1]. In order to dig deep into the value of Han Dynasty reading maps in the history of books and the history of reading culture, it is first necessary to clarify four issues: the current collection status of Han Dynasty portrait stone (brick) reading maps; the types of Han Dynasty portrait stones (bricks) reading charts; which portrait stones (bricks) reading charts are representative; and the characteristics and values of representative reading charts. This article will explore these questions.
1 Han Dynasty portrait stone (brick) reading chart collection status
Portrait stones (bricks) in the Han Dynasty reached the first peak of the development process, leaving a wealth of works, most of which are related to tombs, mainly including a large number of portrait stones (bricks), portrait stone cliff tombs, portrait stone ancestral halls, portrait stone que, portrait sarcophagus rafters used for masonry burial chambers. Han Dynasty portrait stone (brick) unique shape, magnificent, is the collection of Han Dynasty art, the current discovery of Han Dynasty portrait stone (brick) concentrated in northern Jiangsu, northern Anhui, Shandong, southern Henan, northern Hubei, northern Shaanxi, northwestern Shanxi, Sichuan, northeastern Yunnan and other regions. The portrait stones unearthed in different regions have distinct regional characteristics in terms of content, subject matter, carving techniques, and forms of expression [2]. The books that include the complete han dynasty portrait stones include "Complete Collection of Chinese Art Classification and Chinese Portrait Stones" (a total of 8 volumes) jointly published by Shandong Fine Arts Publishing House and Henan Fine Arts Publishing House, "Han Dynasty Portrait Sarcophagus" published by Bashu Book Society, "Chinese Han Painting Plastic Art Atlas: Characters" and "Chinese Han Painting Plastic Art Atlas: Immortals" published by Elephant Publishing House, "Portrait Bricks of Central Plains Cultural Classics And Cultural Relics Classics" and "Portrait Stones of Central Plains Cultural Relics Dictionary" published by Zhongyuan Publishing and Media Group. Through the collection of Han Dynasty portrait stone (brick) materials from the Henan Provincial Library, the Library of Zhengzhou University, the Library of the College of Literature, and the Reference Room of the College of History, the author found a total of 14 portrait pictures related to Confucius seeing Laozi and lecturing on Laozi and lecturing from the Complete Collection of Chinese Portrait Stones and lecturing on the scriptures; 5 related Han portrait stones (bricks) reading pictures from the Complete Collection of Chinese Portrait Bricks and Sichuan Han Portrait Bricks; from the "Han Dynasty Portrait Sarcophagus", "Chinese Han Painting Plastic Art Atlas: Characters". 8 painting stone (brick) reading pictures were found in the Chinese Chinese Painting Plastic Arts Dictionary: Immortals, and 5 reading pictures were found from the Central Plains Cultural Dictionary: Cultural Relics Dictionary: Portrait Stone. Through the collation of the collected portrait stones (bricks), 22 reading pictures with clear characters and obvious reading behaviors have been selected, and the details are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 22 Portrait Stone (Brick) Reading Chart Information Sheet
2 Han Dynasty portrait stone (brick) reading chart type
Through the inductive analysis of the collected portrait stone (brick) reading charts, it is preliminarily determined that there are three main types of Han Dynasty portrait stone (brick) reading charts.
(1) Anagram chart. Most of these pictures depict the scene of the masters of scripture wearing crowned robes, sitting on several ends, and the students wearing the crown of the sage and wearing Confucian clothes, and the teachers and students are dressed more formally and rigorously, reflecting the importance attached to reading and learning. The students who appear in the portrait are either actively discussing or listening to the teachings, and the learning atmosphere is strong, which also reflects the prevalence of the han dynasty reading and studying. Most of these portraits are from the Eastern Han Dynasty, when the controversy over ancient texts and classics was prevalent, and in order to expand their influence and achieve higher status and prestige, scribes of various schools opened classes and taught apprentices, so that "protégés and former officials were all over the world" ("Later Han Shu Yuan Shao Biography"), so that reading and lecturing became a popular painting subject in the Eastern Han Dynasty [3].
(2) Confucius and his Reading Heavenly Troupe. The main theme of this type of reading chart is to actively promote the Confucian social ideology of modesty and studiousness, respect for the elderly and the virtues of respect for the elderly, and the concept of respect for the inferiority of Confucianism, which also reflects the exchange and development of the two ideological cultures of Confucianism and Taoism in different historical stages.
(3) Reading diagram after class. This type of picture mainly depicts the scene of many people holding books to read and discuss, and the picture of individuals holding books while reading, most of the characters in the pictures are sitting with jane and reading intently. From such reading charts, posterity can deeply feel the far-reaching influence of Confucianism in the Han Dynasty, the importance of cultural knowledge in society, and the prevalence of the atmosphere of reading and learning.
3 Han Dynasty portrait stone (brick) reading figure in the masterpiece
Through the collation and analysis of the Han Dynasty portrait stone (brick) reading charts, the author selects 5 reading pictures with clear pictures, rich character images, profound meaning and representative reading charts for interpretation.
3.1 Confucius sees Lao Tzu portrait stone
Figure 1 Confucius saw Lao Tzu and other figures in portrait stones
(1) Screen introduction. This portrait stone is on the side of the sarcophagus No. 4 of the Baozi Mountain Cliff Tomb in Xinjin County. A total of 7 people appear in the painting, divided into three groups. A group of 2 people on the right, and the stone inscription on the right one is "East Sea (?) Tai Shou", the stone inscription of the left person is "Ji Mo (?) Shao jun", the content is unknown. A group of 3 people in the middle, from right to left, the stone inscriptions are "Zi", "Confucius" and "LaoZi", this painting reflects the story of Confucius asking Laozi, and the person who holds Jane behind Confucius should be a disciple of Confucius. In the left group, the stone inscription of the right person is "Shennong", and the stone inscription of the left person is "Cangjie", in which Shennong holds a staff in one hand and holds a mouth with a thing in the other hand, symbolizing the shape of tasting hundreds of grasses. In the many portraits of the Han Dynasty, Shennong and Cangjie often appear together[4].
(2) Meaning analysis. In this portrait stone of "Confucius Meets Lao Tzu", Cangjie and Shennong can be clearly seen on the left. Cangjie, revered by Taoism as the god of words, according to historical records, Cangjie was born with wisdom, by observing the movement trajectory of the stars, the footprints of animals, and then according to their similar images, he pioneered the writing and made a book record, thus changing the habit of knotting ropes and writing records, and creating the foundation of civilization [5]. Emperor Yan was revered by Taoism as Shennong The Great. According to historical records, he was a cattle head, tasting hundreds of herbs to cure diseases; inventing slash-and-burn farming and fire, and creating two kinds of ploughing tools to teach the people to reclaim the land to grow food crops; and he also led the tribesmen to make pottery and cooking utensils for food and drink. Cangjie and Shennong were far-sighted, attached great importance to both cultivation and reading, spiritual civilization and material civilization, the combination of fitness and health, and discovered the special curative effect of text reading in curing the heart and curing diseases, which can be regarded as the first embryo of reading therapy.
(3) Read the background. Confucius and Lao Tzu were the founders of Confucianism and Taoism, respectively. In the long river of historical and cultural development, they are extremely pioneering figures. Through the collection and study of relevant materials, the author found that in many documents and archaeological materials, the scene of Confucius greeting Laozi for study was recorded and described. At present, among the Han portrait stones that have been collected, the portrait of Confucius seeing Lao Tzu is also very common. Although there are certain differences in visual image, depiction scene, carving technique, artistic expression style, etc., the theme of Confucius asking Lao Tzu and promoting Confucianism is consistent. And in each picture, the picture of Confucius's disciples holding Jane appears, which also shows that from ancient times to the present, books have always occupied a pivotal position in learning and teaching. The story of "Confucius greeting Lao Tzu" is not only a "historical meeting" between two epoch-making scholars in ancient mainland China, but also an exchange and integration of Confucian and Taoist ideas, which has a far-reaching impact on the development of mainland thought and culture [7].
3.2 Confucius and his disciples paid homage to Xiang Qiao and Lao Tzu portrait stones
(1) Screen introduction. The most depicted theme in the portrait stone of "Confucius Sees Lao Tzu" is that Confucius led his disciples to worship Laozi, which can be roughly divided into two forms of expression: one is that Confucius led his disciples to worship Laozi; the other is that when Confucius led his disciples to worship Laozi, the juvenile Xiangqi appeared between Confucius and Laozi, and the latter of these two forms of expression was the majority [7]. Xiang Qiao's height is depicted as shorter than Confucius and Laozi, usually holding a plaything in one hand and questioning Confucius with the other finger, or facing Confucius, omitting playthings. According to numerous records, the height and playthings are to show the young age of Xiang Qi. From the first picture in Figure 2, it is clear that Xiang Xi is holding a toy similar to a windmill.
Figure 2 Confucius and his disciples paid homage to Xiang Qi and Lao Tzu
(2) Connotation analysis. Confucius set up an altar in the country of Lu to give a lecture, and tasted that there was a barrier city on the southeast coast of the country of Ju, and the surrounding people were pure and knowledgeable. One day, Confucius and his disciples planned to travel east, sympathize with the people's feelings, and realize their wisdom. A few people arrived at the beikuo land by horse and dust, but they saw the beautiful mountains and rivers and the fragrance of rice. Confucius was talking with his disciples about the scriptures and discussing the Tao, and when he was riding his horse to the east, he saw several children playing on the avenue in front of him hiding on the side of the road, and only one child stood still in the middle of the road. This child is Xiang Qiao. Zi Lu saw the situation, stopped and reprimanded, Confucius leaned over the car to look, found that this child was intelligent and agile, intelligent, rare in the world, so he agreed with him to have a problem, to deal with each other, the winner is the teacher, Confucius asked him the number of stars in the sky, the number of grains on the ground, Xiang Qiao with a day and a night of stars, a year a stubble of grain to deal with the flow, Confucius was amazed. Xiang Qi asked the master to know the number of the roots of the two eyebrows, Confucius paused for a moment, but could not answer, according to the covenant of the gentleman, Confucius set up a case to perform the ceremony, worshiped Xiang Qi as a teacher, returned to Qufu, and never traveled east again. This is the story of Xiang Qiao's difficulty with Confucius, and Confucius worshiping Xiang Qiao as a teacher.
(3) Read the background. Confucius visited XiangQi and Laozi, two portrait stones, reproducing the legend of "Xiangqi Sanjian Confucius" and "Xi Zhongni, Shi Xiangqi", and "The Covenant of the Gentleman, Tong Shu Is Not Deceived" is for this reason. Both pictures reflect the humble and studious spirit of Confucius and his disciples, who are endless in learning, and worship the 7-year-old Xiang Qiao as a teacher, which also corresponds to Confucius's famous saying: "The three-person line will have my teacher." In the portrait, each person holds a simple book, and when the teacher meets, he does not leave the book, which shows the pivotal position of the book in the process of preaching, teaching, and solving puzzles at that time. These two Han portrait stones show a Confucian social atmosphere of modesty and studiousness, respect for the elderly and respect for the sages, and also show that from ancient times to the present, whether it is the first saint or the later generation, books have always been the best carrier of knowledge, reading is the eternal way of self-cultivation and cultivation, and the eternal way of cultivating people with virtue is also in line with the ancient saying: "Learning the sea is endless, and books are boats." ”
3.3 Hu Monk Sutra Portrait Stone
Figure 3 Hu Monk's Sutra Reading Chart
(1) Screen introduction. The sermon diagram includes two types of scenes: one is the scene of Confucius preaching the scriptures to his disciples, and the other is the scene of the Hu monks preaching the scriptures to Middle-earth. In this Han portrait stone, on the left side depicts a preaching teacher, wearing a crown and robe, who seems to be preaching and teaching karma to solve puzzles, and there is a waiter next to him who is fanning the teacher. From the teacher's physical features, it can be inferred that this is the scene of the Hu monk preaching the sutra to Middle-earth. On the right side of the painting, 7 students are carved, kneeling on the ground in turn, humbly and respectfully listening to the teacher's lectures, and the picture vividly reflects the scene of the master of scripture "teaching at the lower curtain, and the disciples teach each other for a long time" ("The Book of Han, Dong Zhongshu Biography").
(2) Connotation analysis. The picture is clear, the simple book is visible in three dimensions, and the character image is vivid. Two points are worth noting: one is that the teacher in the painting sits cross-legged on the ground, and the students sit on their knees in turn; the other is the waiter next to the teacher, concentrating on serving the teacher. Through these two points, it can be seen that the teachers at that time were highly respected and respected, and their social status was very high. Teachers read the scriptures, and Confucians sat on their knees, which shows that books played a crucial role in the dissemination and inheritance of knowledge at that time. Books, like teachers, are the masters of knowledge, and the content of books is all-encompassing, which can meet the needs of knowledge in many aspects and can also achieve extensive knowledge transmission. The Han Dynasty was able to rank alongside the Roman Empire in Europe at the same time as the most advanced cultural power in the world at that time, which was closely related to the vigorous development of education at that time and the wide spread of books and reading.
(3) Read the background. Since the Han Dynasty, Buddhism has spread to the east. In the early Buddhist propagation activities, Hu monks from the Western Regions and other places who came to China devoted themselves to the dissemination and translation of Buddhist scriptures in the Han and Tang dynasties, widely recruited disciples, and taught schools, which greatly enriched the theoretical content of Chinese Buddhism in the Han Dynasty and after the Han Dynasty. Buddhism came from the west and spread to China, which had a certain impact and far-reaching influence on China's traditional culture, ideology and politics, academic development, folk customs, as well as poetry and literature, artistic content, form, language and other aspects[8]. In this sermon, the Monk Preaches the Sutra to the Middle-earth students, stands next to the attendants, and the students kneel down to be taught with an open heart, which fully reflects the respect for Buddhist culture at that time. The Buddhist scriptures are engraved on the simple books, and the teachers and students hold them in their hands, which shows that the books have been the core carriers of the dissemination of knowledge and culture from ancient times to the present.
3.4 Nanshan Sihao portrait brick
Figure 4 Nanshan Sihao portrait brick
(1) Screen introduction. The "Nanshan Sihao" portrait bricks collected by the Henan Museum depict 4 people, the first person from the left is playing in the water, the second person is reading in the exhibition volume; the two people on the right, one playing the piano, one blowing the sheng, all with hanging hair shawls, wide robes and long sleeves, quite fairy wind Dao bones. Behind the four people are rolling mountains and dense woods, there seems to be a monkey on the tip of the mountain in the upper right corner, and there are several phoenixes flying in the sky, creating a vibrant reading scene.
(2) Connotation analysis. The "Nanshan Sihao" was originally a Qin Dynasty official, known as Dr. Qin in ancient times, namely Dongyuan Gong - Tang Bing, Xia Huanggong - Cui Guang, Qi Liji - Wu Shi and Mr. Lu Li - Zhou Shu, the last 4 people came to Shangshan for escaping qin shi huang's book burning pit ru and lived here for a long time, and then they once advised Liu Bang of Han Gao that the crown prince Liu Ying (later Emperor Hui of Han) should not be deposed.[9] Xun Yue's "Records of the Former Han Dynasty" records that Emperor Hui of Han and Lü Hou humbly gave generous gifts, rode horses and horses, and invited Si Hao out of the mountain: "The four people came to the fruit, all eighty years old, and their eyebrows were white, so they were called four Hao." Because Shangshan is also known as Nanshan, later generations used "Nanshan Sihao" to refer to famous hermits.
(3) Read the background. Most of the ancient reading pictures highlight the pleasant and fluttering mood. In the beautiful environment, listening to songs, water sounds and birdsong, while swimming in the sea of books, is really a kind of Yaxing. It is not difficult to see that the ancients read not only for fame and fortune, but for the sublimation of the spiritual level, and to cultivate sentiment and happy mood through reading. Through this picture, it can also be found that the ancients did not slack off reading because of old age, books are more like friends in life, and the ancient saying "live to be old, learn to be old" is reflected in this painting.
3.5 Confucian Reading Portrait Stone
Figure 5 Confucian reading diagram
(1) Screen introduction. This figure is from the Eastern Han Dynasty, 51 cm in length and 167.5 cm in width, excavated in 1972 in Baizhuang, Linyi City, Shandong Province, with a broken left side, a border on the top and bottom, and a yin line water ripple and a checkered pattern on the right. The whole picture is divided into two layers: the upper level of Confucianism holds a simple reading, and the right side hangs a simple book. On the lower right, the pavilion chief greeted him with a shield, and his former guide and three wagons galloped forward.
(2) Connotation analysis. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he deposed the Hundred Schools of Confucianism and deepened the Confucian ideas of "benevolence, righteousness, etiquette, wisdom, and faith" into the construction of the imperial court system and the code of conduct of the people. Under the guidance of Confucianism, the Han Dynasty implemented a system of inspection to select talents and recruit officials. The imperial court gave conditions such as filial piety, benevolence, fangzheng, and virtuousness, and the central and local governments recommended talents to the imperial court according to this selection criterion, and the recommended talents were assigned to official positions after passing the examination of the imperial court, so Confucianism was the mainstream guiding ideology for social study and practice at that time. In the picture on the right side of Figure 5, the Confucian students either sit or stand and hold jane and read, do not release the scroll, study hard, and the book is engraved not only knowledge, but also the great wisdom of Confucianism that was considered to be the way to live in the world and govern the country and the country at that time. In the left picture, the two Confucian students hold Jane and ask For Advice, bending down and bending down, which shows the modesty of the attitude, which reflects the Confucian school's sensitive and studious, not ashamed to ask questions.
(3) Read the background. During the great unification period of the Han Dynasty, the emperor proceeded from the idea of consolidating the "family world", took Confucianism as the ideological guiding basis for the basic concepts and policy formulation of society, and required his subjects to be loyal, faithful, benevolent, and filial. At the same time, Confucian talents with both talents and talents provided ideological and moral strength support for maintaining political stability and national prosperity[11], and the status of Confucianism was unprecedentedly high, becoming the mainstream school of the time, and the folk set up Taixue and Confucianism everywhere. Confucianism, such as "meritorious and ambitious, extensive and diligent", "erudition, interrogation, prudence, discernment, and dedication" urged Confucian students to be diligent and studious. As the main form of books in the Han Dynasty, Jianshu was an indispensable thing for Confucian students to read and study. It is not difficult to see from the picture that the objects held by the characters are simple books. According to historical records, the scribe industry arose in the Han Dynasty. The "domestic book" industry appeared in the late Western Han Dynasty, when the homes of the powerful, the book portal and the booksellers encountered good books, they would hire a group of bookmen to copy them, and many middle- and lower-level intellectuals would copy books for others, and the writing carriers were simple strategies. In the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Ping of the Western Han Dynasty (4 AD), the Han government expanded Taixue, and soon after, a "bookstore" was formed near Taixue. Hundreds of readers gather here on the first and fifteenth day of the first day of the first year to exchange or buy each other's simple books, which shows that the simple books are widely circulated in the court and the folk.
4 The academic value of portrait stone (brick) reading charts
4.1 Contribute to an in-depth understanding of the Han Dynasty book system
In the change and development of historical dynasties, the ancient book system of the mainland has shown a rich and unique style and style, bounded by the Han and Tang dynasties, and the development of the mainland book system can be roughly divided into three historical stages, namely the parallel period of bamboo, the period of writing books and the period of printing books.[12] Jianshu, also known as Jian ce, is also the earliest official form of book we know. The Han Dynasty mainly pursued a simplified policy system. Jian Ce was applied to written records, through the Warring States, Qin to Han Fang reached its peak, the Han Dynasty as the largest collection of Simple Strategies unearthed in the past, books in the form of Simple Strategies in the court, folk circulation is very wide. In Xu Shen's Shuowen Jiezi, Jian Ce is defined as: "Jian, Mu Ye, from bamboo, intersound", translated as writing wood chips, bamboo chips, and Zha; "Ce, Ma Zhuo ye, from bamboo", translated as bamboo weaving for chasing horses. It can be seen from this that the simple strategy is to use the braiding rope to weave a single bamboo into a strategy. Materials such as wood and bamboo are easy to obtain and easy to engrave, which also makes Jian Ce the main form of books in the Shang Dynasty and even the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Through the tasting and analysis of the 22 reading pictures collected, it can be found that whether it is preaching the scriptures, listening to teachings, praying for advice, or holding books and reading, the people in the figures are holding simple books. In "Confucius and His Disciples Pay Homage to Lao Tzu", eighteen disciples of Confucius all wear the crown of merit and stand with simplicity. Why do you want to meet Jane? It can be roughly divided into two situations: First, it is convenient to record the words and deeds of Confucius Laozi when he met and the classic sentences in the conversation, and then record them for the disciples and the people of Confucius to study. As everyone knows, the Analects are a collection of quotations compiled by Confucius disciples and re-disciples to record the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples; second, it is convenient for the consultation and guidance of academic knowledge. The content of the book often integrates the essence of thought and knowledge, the strange text is appreciated together, the doubts and meanings are analyzed, and the exchange and sharing of books are inevitable when talking about the scriptures. In the "Confucian Reading Chart", the 4 characters read intently, and each Confucian holding a flat, long strip of simple books in his hand. A closer look can be found that there is also a simple book hanging in the upper right of the figure, which was originally thought to be compiled and simplified is usually two parallel ropes, and the simple book hanging in this figure indicates that it can also be a rope, and it can be easily hung after turning back to tie the knot. The way of compilation and reduction is different, and the way of placement has also become diverse, which shows that during the Han Dynasty, the simple strategy can not only be placed flat, but also hung on the top, which is easy to take and read. This shows the wisdom of the ancients to read and collect books.
4.2 Helps to understand the identity of ancient readers
From the collection of many portrait stones, it can be seen that most of the people who read books are men, wearing robes, wearing high crowns, and reading elegantly, from Figure 3 "Hu Monk Xuanjing Diagram" and Figure 5 "Confucian Reading Diagram" can also be found, its teaching and reading places are private schools, ordinary people in the Han Dynasty generally do not have the opportunity to enter private schools to study, rich children or scholars will send their children to private schools to study, which also reflects the more honorable status and social status of Han Dynasty readers. The portrait stone "Noble Lady Reading Picture" depicts a woman dressed in Chinese clothes and a graceful and rich woman reading a book with a simple book in her hand. According to historical records, from the Warring States period to the end of the Qing Dynasty, due to the constraints of feudal ideology and economic conditions, it was more difficult for women to get the opportunity to read than men in ancient times, and only a few books or well-off households would let women study. In the ancient reading charts collected from the Warring States to the end of the Qing Dynasty, the author has not found a reading map of women that predates the portrait stone "Noble Lady Reading Chart", so this is likely to be the first ancient woman's reading map in the history of the mainland.
4.3 It can be used to develop related cultural and creative products
From the portrait stones collected so far, the author found that most of the portraits in the portrait stone (brick) reading diagram are well preserved, the characters are vividly portrayed, and the reading scenes are clear and clear, reflecting the high artistic value. If such reading pictures are used as relevant cultural and creative products for libraries or reading promotion, they can stimulate readers' enthusiasm for reading, enhance readers' interest in reading, and promote the promotion and development of reading.
(1) "Confucian Holding Simple Reading Chart" can be developed cultural and creative products. The characters in the picture are beautifully read, the portraits are rarely damaged, the veins are clear, and the details such as the characters' clothing, facial expressions and gestures are very vividly depicted and well preserved. The 4 characters sit with jane and read more attentively, this picture can be considered for development into cultural and creative products such as scarves and tablecloths. In addition, the ancient books in this picture are intact, and a closer look can be found that there is a jane hanging in the upper right. Jian Mu has a high status and a wide range of influence in the history of the development of han dynasty books. In ancient times, literati used simple policies or paper books as reading tools, although modern reading methods are multimedia and dynamic, paper books are still the first choice for most reading enthusiasts, which can not only make people truly enjoy the aroma of books, but also immerse people in them and soothe the impetuous heart. Therefore, the Jian Mu in this portrait stone can also be developed into cultural and creative products such as keychains and theme badges, so as to arouse readers' attention to paper books.
(2) "Nanshan Sihao Reading Map" can be developed cultural and creative products. In this picture, the two old people on the left have long sleeves hanging down their hair, reading in rolls, and looking quiet, reflecting the social atmosphere of the Han Dynasty that was old and studious and lifelong learning. The ancients believed that "everything is inferior, only reading is high", and people from the four classes of scholars, farmers, workers and merchants are especially respected by society for embarking on the career path through reading. Whether ancient or modern, people are still keen on reading and learning after they are old or have obtained meritorious names, as Yao Shunmu of the Ming Dynasty said in the "Medicine Words": "The most important thing in the world is to read books, but reading occupies the position of character, not in the position of power." "Reading is not only for fame and fortune, but also for the sake of understanding. Therefore, the image of the old man on the left of this figure can be developed into cultural and creative products such as bookmarks and teacups, so as to convey to people the concept of "living to be old and learning to be old" at all times.
(3) "Confucius and his disciples lied to Xiangqiao and Laozi" can be developed cultural and creative products. From ancient times to the present, Confucianism has always been a treasure of the traditional culture of the Chinese nation. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism alone, regarded Confucianism as orthodoxy, governed the country and educated the people, and made Confucianism develop to its peak in the Han Dynasty, so most of the content themes in the Han Dynasty Portrait Stone Reading Chart were related to Confucius, Laozi and Confucianism. The rise and fall of Confucian education through several dynasties has been passed down to the present day, not only as the mainstream consciousness of ancient China, but also as a far-reaching influence on contemporary mainstream thought. Confucians attach great importance to learning and reading, so they can develop the image of Confucius in this picture, as well as the Confucian disciples who stand behind them, into cultural and creative products such as propaganda posters and notebooks, and match them with "learning and learning from time to time, don't you say it?"" To learn without thinking is to be reckless, and to think without learning is to perish" "Threesomes, there will be my teacher." Choose what is good and follow it, and change it from the bad. And other famous sayings of the Analects subtly advocate that people attach importance to reading and learning.
4.4 Useful for supplementing the reading history
The history of reading development in ancient China has been excavated and studied by scholars in terms of ideas, poetry, methods, palms, literature, speech, etc., and systematically sorted out and summarized, while in terms of ancient Chinese reading charts, especially the study of Han Dynasty portrait stone (brick) reading charts, a comprehensive and systematic analysis has not been made, and it lacks the historical value and practical significance contained in them. Through the analysis of the collected portrait stone (brick) reading charts, it is possible to excavate historical themes such as historical allusions, cultural environment, cultural customs, myths and legends contained in each map. Through the analysis of these reading charts, it can also be found that the history and reading history currently studied by the industry and academic circles do not attach enough importance to the classic themes in the history of painting, such as the analysis and evaluation of Cangjie, the interpretation of Confucius and Laozi, and the influence of Confucianism in the Han Dynasty.
The ancients have always paid attention to the "left map and right history", and the study of Tuzo and Tuzo is a fine tradition of the mainland for thousands of years, such as the classic ancient books "Shan Hai Jing" and "Compendium of Materia Medica" can be called a model for making good use of Tu Zuowen. The rich content contained in the image can not only help understand the meaning of the text, but also depict the deep meaning that the text cannot express. The study and summary of reading charts can fill the gaps in past research, and can also open up new tributaries and fields for more comprehensive, broader and deeper exploration of history and reading history in the future. Reading history has a long history, only combined with three-dimensional and image reading charts for analysis, in order to have a clear and comprehensive understanding of the ancients' reading behavior, reading scenes, reading complexes, reading interests, etc., so that the study of reading history can play its due academic value and social role [1].
exegesis
LUO Erhu. Han Dynasty portrait sarcophagus[M].Chengdu:Bashu Book Society,2002:43.]
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Originated from henan museum.
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*This paper is the research result of the General Project of the National Social Science Foundation of China "Research on Ancient Chinese Reading Charts" (project number: 17BTQ002).
Originally published in Library Forum, No. 12, 2020