The connection line of Dayun Mountain Scenic Area is located in Yunshan Village, Maba Town, Xuyi County, Jiangsu Province, in the northeast outside the site of Dongyang City, and is connected from the northernmost end of the Jinma Expressway Bridge on the west side of the Dongyang Interchange to the South Mausoleum Wall of the HanWang Mausoleum Ruins Area of Dayun Mountain, with a length of more than 600 meters and a width of 100 meters. From July 2017 to January 2018, a joint archaeological team formed by the Huai'an Museum and the Cultural Relics Protection and Management Institute of the Han King's Mausoleum in Xuyi County, conducted a comprehensive exploration of the land of the connecting line and found nearly 100 tombs. According to the distribution range of tombs, the connecting line tombs were divided into two areas, the north and south areas were excavated, and a total of 2 Warring States tombs, 43 Han Dynasty tombs, and 1 funerary pit were cleaned (Figure 1). The Warring States to The Two Han Tombs excavated this time are part of the Dongyang Han Tomb Group, so according to the 2011-2013 Nanjing Museum excavated on the Jinma Expressway, the Dongyang Han Tomb Group and the Dongyang Junzhuang Han Tomb Group are uniformly numbered, that is, starting from M226. The excavations are briefed below.
1. Warring States Tombs
There are 2 seats in total. The M227 is described below.
M227 Rectangular vertical pit tomb, direction 100°. The tomb mouth is 0.15 meters from the surface, and the bottom of the tomb is 1.3 meters from the surface. The tomb is 2.73 meters long and 1.69 to 1.76 meters wide, and the bottom of the tomb is 2.68 to 2.37 meters long and 1.31 to 1.67 meters wide. Filled with rammed earth. The south and east walls are soil walls, and the trimming is smoother; the west wall and the north wall are rock walls, which are adducted from the mouth to the bottom, and the wall surface is rough. A single coffin, placed in the middle of the burial chamber, the coffin has decayed into ash marks, ash marks are 2.1 long and 0.5 meters wide. The coffin was originally red lacquered, and now there are local remnants of red patent leather. There are no bones, and the burial style and orientation are unknown. On the north side of the coffin, 27 pieces of burial items are placed, including 23 pieces of clay gray pottery, which are 2 pieces of pottery, 4 ding, 3 pots, 2 boxes, 2 beans, 2 daggers, 2 spoons, 2 cups, 2 plates, and 2 lids; 4 pieces of lacquer ear cups, which have decayed into patent leather and cannot be extracted.
Fig. 1 M227 looking down
2. Tombs of the Han Dynasty
(1) Tomb shape system
43 seats. All are earthen pit tombs, opened under the topsoil layer. There are three types of single coffin tombs, one coffin tomb and one double coffin tomb. There are 38 single coffin tombs, of which 14 tombs have a two-tier platform at the bottom, most of which are raw earth platforms, and the second-story platform is either on both sides or at both ends on one side, and the middle is left empty to place burial items. There are 4 coffins and 4 coffins, and the wooden coffins are placed on one side of the rafter chamber, and the other side forms a side box where the utensils are placed. One double coffin tomb. There are 22 east-west tombs, concentrated in the north-central region, and 21 north-south tombs, mostly distributed in the south.
1. Single coffin tomb
M228 Curved ruler-shaped vertical pit pit tomb, direction 290°. The tomb mouth is 0.15 meters from the surface, and the bottom of the tomb is 0.55 to 0.67 meters from the surface. The length of the tomb is 2.4 to 2.45 meters and the width is 1.58 to 1.7 meters, and the length of the tomb is 2.25 to 2.31 and the width is 1.46 to 1.69 meters. Fill in the five-flowered soil. Single coffin, located in the middle of the burial chamber, the coffin has decayed into ash marks, ash marks are 1.98 long and 0.5 to 0.6 meters wide. There are no bones, and the burial style and orientation are unknown. On the south side of the coffin, 14 pieces of burial items are placed, including glazed pottery 2, pot 2, urn 2, box 2, bean 2, clay pot 2 pieces; 1 piece of copper mirror, decayed into slag; 1 piece of lacquerware, serious decay, only patent leather, the shape is unrecognizable and can not be extracted.
M239 Rectangular vertical pit tomb, direction 105°. The tomb mouth is 0.15 meters from the surface, and the bottom of the tomb is 2.45 meters from the surface. The length of the tomb is 2.77 to 2.9 meters and the width is 1.71 meters; the length of the tomb is 2.87 to 2.93, and the width is 1.52 meters. Filled with rammed earth. The north, southeast and southwest corners are two-story platforms of raw soil, with a height of 0.64 meters. The north two-story platform is 2.88 meters long and 0.25-0.27 meters wide, the second-story platform in the southeast corner is 0.91 meters long and 0.43-0.49 meters wide, and the second-story platform in the southwest corner is 0.91 meters long and 0.33-0.44 meters wide. Single coffin, placed in the middle of the burial chamber, the coffin has decayed into ash marks, ash marks are 2.04 long and 0.6 to 0.64 meters wide. The human bones have decayed, and only some of the bones and teeth of the lower limbs can be recognized. With 6 pieces of burial items, 3 clay pots, 1 iron kettle, 1 lacquer box are placed on the south side of the coffin, and a group of residual jade pieces are placed on the head of the coffin.
2. A coffin and a tomb
M234 Rectangular vertical pit tomb, direction 106°. The tomb mouth is 0.15 meters from the surface, and the bottom of the tomb is 1.54 meters from the surface. The length of the tomb is 2.67 meters and the width is 1.54 to 1.71 meters, and the length of the tomb is 2.52 to 2.54 and the width is 1.44 to 1.55 meters. Fill in the five-flowered soil. One coffin after another, the coffin is placed on the north side of the rafter room, all decayed into gray marks, the traces are 2.22 meters long and 1.23 meters wide, and the coffin marks are 1.9 long and 0.6 meters wide. There are no bones, and the burial style and orientation are unknown. With 21 pieces of burial items, the south side of the coffin is placed Tao Ding 2, box 2, pot 2, pot 2, cup 2, plate 2, figurine head 4, spoon 1, dagger 1, lacquerware 1 piece, lacquerware decay, only patent leather, the shape is unrecognizable. The coffin has 1 copper mirror and 1 lacquer box.
M248 Rectangular vertical pit tomb, direction 286°. The tomb mouth is 0.15 meters from the surface, and the bottom of the tomb is 2.6 meters from the surface. The tomb is 2.66 to 2.54 meters long and 1.61 to 1.66 meters wide, and the bottom of the tomb is 2.2 to 2.39 meters long and 1.41 meters wide. Filled with rammed earth. One coffin after another, placed on the north side of the rafters, all decayed into gray marks. The scar is 2.05 meters long and 1.25 meters wide, and the coffin is 1.94 meters long and 0.6 meters wide. The human bones have been mutilated into a powder form, and only some of the lower limb bones and skulls can be recognized. With 15 pieces of burial items, the south side of the coffin is placed glazed pottery 2, box 2, pot 2, urn 2, clay pot 2, copper mirror 1, spinning wheel 1, lacquer box 1 piece, the paint box has been decayed, only the patent skin is left, can not be extracted. The coffin contains 1 copper coin and 1 copper belt hook.
3. A double coffin tomb
M266 Rectangular vertical pit tomb, direction 190°. The tomb mouth is 0.15 meters from the surface, and the bottom of the tomb is 1.44 meters from the surface. The mouth of the tomb is 2.74 meters long and 1.58 meters wide, and the bottom of the tomb is 2.61 meters long and 1.56 meters wide. Fill in the five-flowered soil. Both coffins were decayed into ashes. The length of the coffin is 2.14 meters long and 1.19 meters wide; the east coffin is 1.9 meters long and 0.47 meters wide; and the west coffin is 1.91 long and 0.4 meters wide. There are no bones, and the burial style and orientation are unknown. With 10 pieces of burial items, 1 piece of pottery, 1 pot, and 3 pieces of lacquer ear cups were placed on the north side of the coffin, and the ear cups were all decayed, leaving only patent leather and could not be extracted. The east coffin has 1 built-in copper mirror, 1 iron sword, 1 kouhan, and 1 built-in copper mirror and 1 trick plug (group) in the west coffin.
(2) Excavated items
More than 300 pieces (groups) of excavated artifacts were excavated, of which more than 200 artifacts can be repaired. Pottery and glazed pottery are the mainstays, as well as a small number of bronze and jade.
1. Pottery
Gray pottery is the mainstay, a small amount of red pottery. The surface of the vessel is mainly plain, and a small number of ornaments are ornamented. Utensils include dings, boxes, pots, cans, beans, cups, plates, daggers, spoons, smokers, pots, bowls, spinning wheels, and figurines (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2 Terracotta figurine head (M234:5)
2. Glazed pottery
The original blue-yellow glaze of the instrument is applied, and it falls off partially. Reddish-brown tires. Utensils include dings, boxes, pots, urns, and beans.
3. Bronze
Instruments include hooks, hooks, copper rings, chimes, bronze mirrors, copper basins and so on.
4. Jade
The number is small, and all are fragments or fragments of jade.
5. Feeder
4 pieces. The utensils are beads, plugs, and mouthpieces.
3. Funeral pits
1 seat.
K1 Rectangular vertical pit, direction 105°. The mouth of the pit has been destroyed, leaving only the bottom of the pit. It is 2.1 meters long, 1.1 wide and 0.2 meters deep. The middle of the pit bottom is a blue-gray soft fill, and the east and west ends are slightly hard brown filled soil, with crushed stones and gray-white soil blocks inside. Buried with three groups of pottery feet and three pottery shields.
Pottery feet 6 pieces. The feet are shoe-shaped, flat-bottomed, with a perforation in the middle of the heel. Clay pottery. K1:1, the foot surface has a rope braid belt, the sole length is 11.4, width 5, height 14.1, aperture 0.6 ~ 0.8 cm; K1: 6, the foot surface has a rope braid belt, the sole length of the foot 10.8, width 5.2, height 14.1, aperture of 0.6 ~ 0.8 cm; K1: 7, the foot surface is unadorned, the sole length of the foot is 10, width 4.4, height 13.9, aperture of 0.6 ~ 0.8 cm.
Pottery shield 3 pieces. K1:9, flat top convex, curved shoulders, curved stepped edges on both sides, rectangular underneath. The front is curved in the middle of the ridge and the middle of the back is concave. Clay pottery. The original red and black color painting on the front has now been basically completely peeled off. There is a perforation on the upper right and lower left of the front, and a vertical row of 5 unperformed holes in the middle of the back. Length 16, width 10.7, thickness 0.8 cm.
IV. Conclusion
The Zhan Han tombs in the northern area of the connecting line of the Dayun Mountain Scenic Area excavated this time are located on the southern slope of Dayun Mountain, and they are all small tombs. M227 is buried with groups of pottery ding, gong, box, pot, pot, bean, spoon, dagger, cup, similar to the Shanghai Fuquan Mountain Warring States Tomb, Yangzhou West Lake Town Orchard Warring States Tomb artifacts, the same era, for the late Warring States period.
The tombs of the Han Dynasty were not stolen and disturbed, which provided important materials for studying the evolution of the tomb shape system and the composition of utensils in the entire cemetery. All are earth pit vertical caves, popular on both sides of the raw soil two-story platform or one side of the two-story platform left empty with burial items; the burial has a single coffin, a coffin, a double coffin, a coffin tomb are placed on one side of the rafter chamber, and the other side naturally forms a "side box" where utensils are placed. The overall tomb system is basically consistent with other Han Dynasty tombs that have been excavated in the Huai'an area. The era extends from the early Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty. Most of them only buried one or two or three pieces of gray clay pots and gray clay pots, and only a small number of tombs buried more groups of pottery, showing the difference in status and economic strength between the tomb owners. The basic pottery combination is pot, pot or ding, box, pot, pot, pot, the most buried tomb is M234, the combination of utensils is Ding, box, pot, cup, plate 2 pieces each, spoon, dagger 1 piece, pottery figurine head 4 pieces, pottery figurine head in Huai'an area is the first time to find. There are fewer tombs with burial glazed pottery, and the basic glazed pottery is combined into ding, box, pot, urn and gray clay pot, which is the early and middle western Han Dynasty.
K1 unearthed only three sets of pottery feet and three pottery shields, and there were no obvious burial tools and human bones, which was judged to be a funerary pit. The excavated pottery shield K1:9 is very similar to the Changsha Chu Tomb Paint Shield and the Baoshan Chu Tomb Paint Shield, with square upper end, round shoulders, and the lower end is flush, and the two sides are stepped along the edges, and the era of K1 is comprehensively judged to be the Warring States. However, since the area of this excavation is limited to the land area of the connecting line project, and the remaining plots have not been explored and excavated, it is not clear whether K1 is a funerary pit for M227.
Years of archaeological work in the area have shown that there are a large number of tombs from the Warring States to the Two Han Dynasties outside Dongyang City, and the excavated tombs such as Xiaoyunshan No. 1 and No. 67 tombs in the north, the Tombs of The King of Dayunshan Jiangdu in the northeast, the Temple Pond in the south, and the Beigang tombs in Tianchang, Anhui, in the southeast, have been rich in artifacts. Most of the tombs excavated in the north area of the connection line of the Dayun Mountain Scenic Area are buried with clay pottery, glazed pottery and bronze ware are few, and a small number of copper mirrors and copper basins buried with them are also thin and fragile, with serious rust, and the lacquerware is also decayed only patent leather. In general, this place belongs to the general civilian burial area of the Han Dynasty, which adds new information to the study of the era survival of the Dongyang Han Tomb Group and the funeral customs of the han Dynasty Dongyang City civilians.
(Written by: Xue Lingling, Zhao Libo, Jin Shan, Wang Dong)
Reprinted from: Southeast Culture