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What kind of charm did Chengdu have in the Tang Dynasty?
Chengdu is an ancient city with a unique charm, which has been expressed more than once in the long history of China, and in the Tang Dynasty, this expression was more fully and vividly revealed. It not only dramatically became the political, cultural and economic center of the Tang Dynasty, but also made people deeply aware of the position of Shu culture in the history of Chinese culture and its eternal value.
The charm of Chengdu is a kind of geographical landscape charm; at the same time, it is also a charm of a profound culture.
Everyone in the world is in Shu
The Tang Dynasty was an era of poetry, with thousands of poets coming and going in the vast land of China. They did not carry any government affairs and business feelings, but only a pair of sharp eyes, a poetic feeling, obsessively swirling and wandering around in this great river and mountain of the motherland, writing rows of poems that have been recited through the ages.
These poets who indulged in landscapes and rivers, while praising "the water of the Yellow River comes up from heaven" and "the west out of Yangguan without cause", all of them without exception developed great interest in the landscapes of Shuzhong. In today's terms, they simply have an inseparable "complex" for their elders. Was it the difficulties of the Shu Dao that inspired them to explore? Or does the landscape and culture in Shu really have some irresistible charm? So that many first-class great poets came from far and wide to get close to it and understand it?
First, let's look at the poem Saint Du Fu.
DuFu
Du Fu was a great realist poet who not only read thousands of books, but also traveled thousands of miles. Born in Gongyi, Henan, this shisheng has been traveling to the great rivers and mountains of the motherland since he was 20 years old. His footprints have successively spread throughout Wu Yue and Qi Zhao. The anxiety for the motherland made his life extremely hurried, and his state of mind was also in extreme resentment and anxiety. However, when he went to Chengdu, the poet who had wandered for most of his life could not help but have the idea of staying at home. He built a grass hall apartment in Huanhua, a western suburb of Chengdu, and lived there for eight or nine years. Although his poetry during this period was still full of deep sorrow for the motherland and the people, his tired body and mind found a place to settle after all. It was as if a wandering monk suddenly saw a quiet and pleasant monastery, so he brushed away the wind and dust on his body and settled down with peace of mind.
What attracted the wandering poet to settle down in Chengdu?
At that time, the traitors Li Linfu and Yang Guozhong claimed power and power, and Du Fu not only failed to achieve political revenge of "sending tribute to Jun Yao Shun and then making the customs pure", but also began to live a humiliating life of "seizing the rich door of the dynasty and following the fat horse dust in the twilight". After the fall of Chang'an, the poet defected to Fengxiang, "hemp shoes see the son of heaven, sleeves exposed two elbows." He was appointed left picker. This was a minor official from The Eight Pins, specializing in chen advice for the emperor. In the first month of his term of office, the poet wrote to rescue Fang Zhen's dismissal because he was "in danger when he saw the time", angering Suzong and being tortured several times. Since then, this open-minded poet has been repeatedly reviled and cannot be tolerated by the powerful people of the dynasty.
If we only say that the reason for Du Fu's establishment in Chengdu is the disillusionment of his career and political revenge, it is obviously insufficient and true. When the poet was in Chengdu, he was recommended by Zheng Guogong, a waiter at the Yellow Gate, as a staff officer of Jiedu and a member of the Inspection Department, but he did not serve for a long time. This kind of shogunate-like life is difficult for a poet to be the main reason for his long-term detention. The best way to understand the poet's state of mind at that time was through his poetry of this period.
The poet described his life in Chengdu in this way: "planting bamboo trees, indulging in wine and shouting", or traveling with Tian Junye. Although it was only a few words, it made us truly feel the peaceful atmosphere of Chengdu during the Tang Dynasty, and experienced the temporary stability of the poet's soul. It can be said that the poet's wounded heart was rested and recovered in Chengdu, a city that has always been comfortable. It seems to be a quiet harbor in the hurricane, the poet can relatively calmly listen to the movements outside, when he learned that the official army recovered Henan Hebei, he could not help but cry, and wrote a magnificent poem of "Wen Guanjun Collecting Henan Hebei".
Portrait of Du Fu, found in the "Biography of bamboo pod paintings in The Hall of Laughter"
At the same time, Chengdu also has history and characters that poets can remember, that is, the Story of the Three Kingdoms and the Shu Xiang Kong Ming. The poet's reverence for Zhuge Liang and the resonance of Zhuge Liang's situation with the poet at that time were reflected in his poems: "Where to find the ancestral hall of the Prime Minister, outside the Jinguan City, Persensen." The green grass of the ying order is self-colored, and the yellow orioles in the next leaf are empty and good. Three Gu frequent world plans, two dynasties to open the heart of the old subjects. He died before he could get out of the division, and the hero was in tears. This "Shu Xiang" makes a very profound and vivid depiction of the environment and the mentality of the poet in Chengdu, on the one hand, there is the tranquility constructed by Sensen Gubai and Yingjie Bicao; on the other hand, there is the sadness and indignation brought about by the death before the master dies. Therefore, in the eyes of the poet, the yellow oriole in the leaf across the ancestral hall can only chirp out a false tranquility, and this superficial tranquility cannot hide the poet's excited heart.
Look at the poetry immortal Li Bai again.
Although Li Bai lived and lived in Chengdu (Jiangyou) at an early age, due to his extravagant temperament and special love for landscapes, his peace and tranquility in Chengdu did not have the deep understanding and understanding of Du Fu, and he paid more attention to the pure natural depiction of the landscapes in Shuzhong.
Li Bai
For example, "Dengjin city scattered flower building": "The sun shines on the head of Jincheng, and the scattered flower building is scattered towards the light." Gold window clip embroidery household, vermilion foil hanging silver hook. In the green clouds of the flying ladder, I am worried. The twilight rain flows toward the Three Gorges, and the Spring River flows around the double stream. Today, when you go upstairs, you will travel for nine days." Li Bai just climbed up the Scattered Flower Building and casually looked at it, and he had the feeling of "nine days of travel as above", which can be imagined to what extent the Chengdu landscape of the Tang Dynasty was fascinating. "Gold window embroidery household, Vermilion foil hanging silver hook" is completely court weather, no wonder later Xuanzong and Emperor Xuanzong wanted to move the capital to Chengdu.
Li Bai is a famous poetry immortal and wine immortal, and his evaluation of the landscape in Shuzhong also uses a "xian" character: "Shu kingdom has many immortal mountains, Emei Mi is difficult to match". This is not an accidental coincidence, the fairyland of Shuzhong landscape is indeed an important reason for attracting talents from all over the world to Shu.
Lux takes off his boots, Guifei Yanmo, made in the 17th century of the Qing Dynasty
If you want to make a metaphor for the humanities and landscapes of Chengdu in the Tang Dynasty, then the most appropriate image is Xue Tao. This talented female poet represents the feminine and quiet side of Shu culture, and her beauty and elegance and literary excellence have become a small shadow of Chengdu in the Tang Dynasty. Through her, poets from all over the world have talked to Shuzhong one after another, they are Wang Jian, Yuan Shu, Bai Juyi, Liu Yuxi, Du Mu, etc., all of whom are well-known first-class poets. Yuan Shu's "Sending Xue Tao" Yun: "Jinjiang slippery Emei Show, illusion Wenjun and Xue Tao", really said the femininity of Chengdu. In the Qing Dynasty, Wu Shenghui also juxtaposed Xue Tao's "School Book Gate Alley" with Du Fu's "Gongbu Caotang". The yearning and longing of countless poets for Chengdu is actually their pursuit and discovery of the peaceful and tranquil side of life.
Emperor Xuanzong and Emperor Xuanzong
The Tang Dynasty's Chengdu was a paradise for poets, and at the same time, it was also a blessed place for emperors to take refuge.
Tang Li Sixun (a saying of Li Zhaodao) "Ming Emperor Xing Shu Tu"
In the fifteenth year of Tianbao, Fan Yang Jiedu made An Lushan lead more than 100,000 soldiers of The Han Dynasty to rebel in the name of Yang Guozhong. Officers and men could not hold the tong, and then Hedong, Huayang, Shangluo and other counties "went to the city." Emperor Xuanzong felt that it would be difficult for him to continue to settle down in Chang'an, so he hurriedly summoned his ministers to discuss the evacuation plan. According to the Shu Jian, the first person to advocate the strategy of fortunate Shu was Yang Guozhong, who said that He wanted to "curse" at The Mouth of An Lushan. An Lushan's momentum made it easy for the cowardly traitor to think of his refuge in Chengdu. Of course, Chengdu's geographical location itself was an ideal place of refuge, and Qinling alone could serve as a solid defensive position; and from Yang Guozhong's own consideration, entering Shu would also allow him to get rid of the threat of An Lushan to the greatest extent.
Emperor Xuanzong agreed to Yang Guozhong's suggestion. In Xuanzong's eyes, Chengdu did have a bit of a court atmosphere. Because during the reign of Emperor Wen of Sui, Emperor Wen's fourth son, Yang Xiu, led the head streets of Yizhou Assassin Shi, the governor, and the head street of Shangshu Ling of the Southwest Province out of chengdu. During Yang Xiu's stay in Chengdu, he "ruled the palace of Chengdu more", and "the carriages and horses were served and promoted to the Son of Heaven". Emperor Wen believed that he was suspected of establishing a small imperial court, so he deposed him as a commoner and imprisoned him in the palace. It can be seen that Chengdu at that time did have the objective conditions for establishing a government.
Another point, due to the implementation of the policy of "recuperation and recuperation" in the early Tang Dynasty, Chengdu has seen an unprecedented flourishing scene in agriculture, handicrafts, commerce and other aspects. With the prosperity of the city, Chengdu's economic strength has ranked second in the country, only after Yangzhou. Emperor Xuanzong used Chengdu as the site of the relocation of the capital, and also had a very sufficient material guarantee. So Bai Juyi wrote: "Yuyang Nai came agitatedly and broke the song of the neon dress feathers." The Nine-Fold City is full of smoke and dust, and thousands of people ride southwest. ”
Tomb of Yang Guifei in Masong Town, Xingping City
In the fifteenth year of Tianbao, Xuanzong arrived in Chengdu, Shu County. "There are 1,300 officers and soldiers, and only 24 palace women." Yang Guozhong failed to realize his dream of escaping nanke, and he was "cursed" by the longwu general Chen Xuanli when he was in Ma Song. After Emperor Xuanzong was stationed in Chengdu, in order to improve the reputation and status of Chengdu, he was busy changing Shu County to Chengdu Prefecture, also known as Nanjing. Chengdu thus became the second capital of the Tang Dynasty. Li Bai's image depicts the court atmosphere of Chengdu in the "Song of the Emperor's Western Tour of Nanjing": "In nine days, a chengdu is opened, and thousands of households are drawn." The grass trees and clouds and mountains are like splendid embroidery, and Qin Chuan has nothing to do here"; "Whoever daos the king has difficulty walking, the six dragons and the west are happy." The earth turns the Jinjiang River into Weishui, and the heavens return to the jade base as Chang'an."
Emperor Xuanzong stayed in Chengdu for more than a year, and Guo Ziyi recaptured Chang'an, and Emperor Suzong sent his envoy Emperor Xiaotingyao into Shu to welcome Emperor Xuanzong back to the dynasty.
Coincidentally, xuanzong xingshu was followed by emperor Xuanzong xingshu. This time it was not An Lushan who rebelled, but the peasant rebel army led by Huang Chao. Curiously, Emperor Xianzong seemed to have been prepared for his good fortune. In June 876, Jiannan Xichuan Jiedushi made Gao Biao appear to Emperor Xianzong and ask for the expansion of Chengdu's urban size. Emperor Xuanzong was very happy and immediately agreed, so the "LuoCheng" in Chengdu was quickly built. Emperor Xuanzong attached great importance to this, and he once ordered Wang Hui of Hanlin to write a special article "The Record of The Creation of Luocheng". The scale of Luocheng at that time was "fifteen miles on Tuesday, two feet and six feet in height and width" and "covered with tiles and smoke, bricks and moss". Therefore, once the Huangchao rebels broke through Tongguan, Emperor Xuanzong followed the footsteps of his ancestors to Chengdu. Emperor Xuanzong stayed in Chengdu longer than Xuanzong, staying for a total of three years.
Tang Xuanzong also made a map
The charm of Chengdu is so wonderful. It can not only give those literati and inkers endless reverie and longing; but also bring new opportunities for a dynasty and an era. Its grandeur is peaceful and generous, it can accept and at the same time give.
History from the Tang Dynasty to the 1930s and 1940s, the above scene has been repeated again: with the iron hooves of the Japanese Kou trampling and trampling on China, countless literati and the government, universities, libraries of the Republic of China have moved into Shuzhong. What a place to be! Your silent dedication and endless nourishment are like the Yangtze River and the sea, always reflecting your generosity and love in danger.
You are not the cradle of the Chinese nation, but you have a warmer atmosphere than the cradle, and a broader and more selfless mind than the cradle.
Source: Sichuan Provincial Local History Work Office
Contributed by: Office of Chengdu Local History Compilation Committee
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