The Western Han Dynasty was the first long-term unified Central Plains Dynasty in Chinese history, and it was also the first dynasty to carry out foreign affairs with neighboring countries as a strong and stable country, from the initial Liu Bang being trapped in Baideng and forced to make peace, to Lü Hou receiving the Xiongnu Mao Dun Shan Yu's "flirting" letter and swallowing his voice, even South Vietnam could invade Changsha out of anger, and then to the Han Dynasty's fame overseas, "all nations come to the dynasty" is only more than a hundred years.
Today we will briefly talk about the strong diplomacy of the Western Han Dynasty and feel the prosperous style of that year.
First, "forced" and pro?
When it comes to the diplomacy of the Western Han Dynasty, the first thing that cannot be avoided is "peace and affinity".
Because Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, took the initiative to attack and was trapped in Baideng, although he was relieved, he still inevitably added a little fear of the Xiongnu. Later, at the suggestion of Lou Jing, the Great Han Dynasty began to make peace with the Xiongnu. It can be said that the initial peace and relatives did have a bit of a humiliating nature, which also made countless posterity criticize, why should a powerful country rely on little women to rescue?
Even the Xiongnu were quite small-minded, and Mao Dun shan Yu even took the initiative to write a letter to Lü Hou:
"The lonely prince, born in the midst of depression, grew up in the city of flat bison and horses, and is willing to travel to China." His Majesty is independent and lives alone. The two lords are not happy, they have nothing to fear, and they are willing to give everything and change what they have. ——" Book of Han. Biography of the Xiongnu
The flirtation was overflowing with words, but Lü Hou could only endure this strange shame and humiliation, and could only be close to him.
However, through the majesty of han wu, Zhaoxuan Zhongxing, the decline of the Xiongnu, and the relatives became a means for the surrounding foreign races to show their goodwill to the Han Dynasty.
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (110 BC – 105 BC), in order to be able to obtain the protection of the Great Han Dynasty, Kun Mo (guojun) of Wusun, a powerful country in the western region, sent emissaries to request peace. Emperor Wu of Han married Princess Xiaojun, the granddaughter of King Yi of Jiangdu, to him as a sign of grace.
In the first year of the Han Dynasty (33 BC), the Xiongnu Hu Han Evil Dan came to the Han Dynasty for the third time to meet the Emperor, and took the initiative to apply for peace and kiss, hoping to be the son-in-law of the Great Han Dynasty. Emperor Yuan of Han married Princess Huan of Han to Princess Huan (昭君) as his princess Dowager Hu Shan Yu (宁胡阏氏). There was no war between Han and Hungary for more than 40 years.
It can be seen that "peace and affinity" itself is not a watershed of glory and shame, but the strength and weakness of national strength. There were more than ten times before and after the Western Han Dynasty's "peace and affinity", from the initial passive to the later initiative, highlighting the growth of a great power, which represented not only the style of the Western Han monarchs, but also the increasing deterrent power of the Han envoys.
Second, killing han envoys = destroying the country?
In 100 BC, Su Wu was ordered to send an envoy to the Xiongnu, but was detained and could not return. Wei Lu, a Han courtier who surrendered to the Xiongnu, was repeatedly persuaded to surrender Su Wu by orders from Shan Yu [dī], but was rejected. Wei Lu was forced to die, and Su Wu vowed not to surrender, and said the following passage.
South Vietnam killed Han envoys, Slaughter for nine counties; King Wan killed Han envoys, tou County North Que; North Korea killed Han envoys, and immediately destroyed. The Huns did not have ears. If I know that I will not surrender, and if I want to make the two countries attack each other, the scourge of the Huns will begin with me. - Book of Han
As Su Wu said, killing Han emissaries will lead to the disaster of destroying the country?
1. South Vietnam
The State of Nanyue was originally a southern division regime established by Zhao Tuo, a general who had attacked Baiyue from the Qin Dynasty to the south, in 204 BC, and was passed to his grandson Zhao Xing in 113 BC. Zhao Xing and his mother Jiū (樛[ jiū] clan were interested in being annexed, and the young diplomat Zhongjun expressed to Emperor Wu of Han that he would "be willing to be subjected to the long wisp and will be bound to the king of Nanyue", and the heavy task of sending an envoy to the Zhao state fell to the 20-year-old Final Army.
However, in South Vietnam, there were still different voices, and lü Jia, the minister of state with great appeal, was dissatisfied with the "traitorous" act of Zhao Xing, the king of South Vietnam, and led people to kill all of Zhao Xing, the Fan clan, and the Han envoy's final army, and sealed the Han envoy's runes with a letter and placed them on the border plug.
Upon hearing the news, Emperor Wu of Han was furious and immediately sent an army of 100,000 to attack the South Vietnamese state in five ways. In 111 BC, Lü Jia was captured, and the state of Nanyue was pacified and divided into Han County.
2. Dawan
Zhang Qian sent an envoy to the Western Regions to bring back the news that Dawan had sweat and blood, and Emperor Wu of Han immediately ordered his emissaries to take thousands of gold and golden horses to the Kingdom of Dawan to change horses. As a result, king Dawan was reluctant to use the BMW, and believed that it was thousands of miles away from the Han Dynasty, and "the soldiers could not arrive", so he refused the request of the Han envoys. The Han envoy was furious and made false remarks. King Dawan then ordered his men to "attack and kill the Han envoys and take their property."
However, although Dawan was thousands of miles away, Emperor Wudi of Han still sent the general Li Guangli (李廣利) with his guide and a large army to attack Dawan. In the end, Li Guang used four years, twice before and after, to lead more than 100,000 troops to attack Dawan, establish a new monarch for it, and bring back dozens of good horses and 3,000 medium horses.
3. North Korea
In 195 BC, King Lu of Yan led more than a thousand people under Wei Man to flee to Korea, and then took the opportunity to annex Korea and establish Wei Joseon. Due to its good relations with the Han Dynasty, Korea has been safe and sound, but when it reached Wei Man's grandson Wei Youqu, he constantly recruited fugitives from the Han Dynasty on the one hand, and prevented the monarchs of other neighboring countries from meeting the Han Dynasty Tianzi on the other hand. In order to prevent his unjust deeds, in 109 BC, Emperor Wu of Han ordered Wa he to go to persuade him, but was rejected by Wei Youqu. An enraged Ha-ho kills the Korean governor who escorted him at the Korean border. After returning to China, He was appointed by Emperor Wu of Han as the governor of eastern Liaodong. When Wei Youqu learned of this, he directly sent troops to raid Liaodong and kill Him.
Emperor Wu of Han was furious and sent a large army to attack Korea by land and water. In the summer of 108 BC, the Joseon Dynasty was destroyed and divided into counties by Emperor Wu of Han.
4. The Huns
In 45 BC, the Han envoy Gu Ji was ordered by Emperor Yuan of Han to send an envoy to the Northern Xiongnu to return Zhi Zhidan to protons. Gong Yu and others advocated sending it to the border plug. Gu Ji wrote a letter to the Shan Yu royal court to show the faith and righteousness of the Han Dynasty. As a result, Zhi Zhidan betrayed his faith and killed Gu Ji. After that, Zhi Zhidan, who was worried about the revenge of the Han Dynasty, moved west all the way to the vicinity of Kangjuguo and built a Zhizhi City, which became the most powerful force in the Western Regions.
Due to the long distance, the Han Dynasty was reluctant to restart the sword army, and sent three groups of emissaries to Kangju to demand the bodies of Gu Ji and others, and Zhi Zhidan not only did not return, but also surrounded the Han envoys and humiliated them.
In 36 BC, Gan Yanshou and Chen Tang were ordered to send envoys to the Western Regions. Feeling the humiliation of Gu Ji's killing, Chen Tang corrected the edict and carried Gan Yanshou on his back to gather more than 40,000 Han Dynasty soldiers and soldiers of various subordinate states in the western region, forcing Gan Yanshou to send troops to attack ZhizhiCheng. Although the road is far, it cannot stop Chen Tang's footsteps, he not only attacked zhizhi city in one fell swoop, but also led an army to kill the Xiongnu Shan Yu for the first time in history, and left behind the famous saying that "those who commit crimes against the strong Han will be punished from afar", which shocked ancient and modern times.
It can be seen that as Su Wu said, whether it is South Vietnam, Korea, or the Xiongnu or Dawan, the monarch of any country dares to kill the Han envoy, and its ultimate fate is similar. It is not difficult to understand why the Xiongnu people, although there are many records of detaining Han envoys, only Zhi Zhi is the only one who dares to kill Han envoys.
At the same time, precisely because of the strength of the Han Dynasty, it also created the strength of the Han envoys, and the behavior of falsely speaking of the king of Dawan and killing the king of Joseon is not just an isolated case.
Third, the Han makes it powerful
Perhaps the Han envoys we are most familiar with are Zhang Qian and Su Wu, whose stories are already familiar to everyone. Today, Shui Yibai came to talk about the two Han envoys after them, to feel how the Han envoys "crossed the poor desert, over the green mountains, and the rugged and boundless state" and also demonstrated the power of the great power and the power of the Han envoy.
1. Fu Jiezi Yang Wei Western Regions
The two countries of Guihucí and Loulan in the Western Regions have always been separated between the Han and the Xiongnu, and even killed Han envoys.
During the reign of Emperor Zhao of Han, Fu Jiezi was ordered to send an envoy to Dawan, and incidentally took an edict to condemn the monarchs of the two countries. Although the monarchs of both countries expressed their obedience at the time, when Fu Jiezi returned from Dawan, he heard that the Guizi Kingdom was entertaining Xiongnu emissaries. Fu Jiezi immediately changed his route to the kingdom of Guizi, killing the Xiongnu emissaries and shocking Guizi.
However, as soon as Fu Jiezi left, the two countries began to fall on both sides again. In 77 BC, Fu Jiezi was once again ordered to send an envoy to the Western Regions, and before leaving, he asked the general Huo Guang for instructions to kill king Guizi to establish a wei, and Huo Guang thought that Lou Lan was closer and could kill King Lou Lan for experiments. Fu Jiezi, who had received Huo Guang's approval, arrived in the Loulan Kingdom, and saw that the King of Loulan was still deliberately estranged, but he was reluctant to give the Han Dynasty's rewards. He invited King Loulan to drink together and beheaded King Loulan during the banquet.
Then, Fu Jiezi said to the Loulan people, your king has committed the sin of the Han Dynasty, "The Son of Heaven sent me to the king of Karma, and when the former crown prince was held hostage in the Han Dynasty." The Han soldiers are in the direction, do not dare to move, move, and destroy the country", the Loulan people listened, where else dare to move, they had to honestly listen to the orders. Therefore, Fu Jiezi changed the proton of Loulan, who had been in the Han Dynasty, to the new King of Loulan, and then returned to the Han Dynasty with the former head of the Loulan King.
2. Feng Fengshi broke the sha car
In 65 BC, Feng Fengshi escorted the guests of Dawan and other countries back to China on the orders of Emperor Xuan of Han, but on the way, he heard that the Shache people and their Linguo had jointly killed the Han Dynasty's appointed Shache King Wannian and killed the Han Dynasty emissary Xi Chongguo, plunging headlong into the arms of the Xiongnu.
Feng Fengshi did not want to sit back and watch the Shache kingdom become a disaster, so he immediately made a decision, changed the original route, took out the Han Dynasty runes, mobilized a total of 15,000 troops from the surrounding western regions, and joined forces to attack Shache, attacking the Shache city in one fell swoop, the new Shache king committed suicide, Shache was pacified, and Feng Fengshi's name was also widely circulated among the countries in the western region.
When Feng Fengshi arrived in Dawan as originally planned, the King of Dawan, in order to show respect, specially offered a good horse and elephant dragon to express his heart.
When Zhang Qian first sent an envoy to the Western Regions, there were more than a hundred people in his party, and only two of them could finally come back alive, but when the power of the Great Han shocked the Western Regions, the Han envoys were no longer ordinary Han envoys, and their Han Festival represented the country, which could "behead the famous king with a bicycle messenger and determine the country to be thousands of miles away", and could also recruit soldiers from the four countries and ping the rebellion of the western regions outside the country.
Strong diplomacy is never innate.
Water talk
The martial arts of the Western Han Dynasty began with the recuperation of the early Han Dynasty, the development of Han Wu, and the prosperity of Wei In Zhaoxuan.
In the sixty years of the early Han Dynasty, the recuperation of several generations of monarchs, although they were criticized and feared by the strength of the Xiongnu, forged an unprecedented great empire; Han Wu poured all the strength of the whole country into a struggle for forty years, destroyed Korea, and crossed the two countries, through the western region, and broke the Xiongnu, although they made unparalleled achievements, opened up unprecedented territories, but also inevitably caused the decline of national strength, the suffering of the people's livelihood, and the waste of the world had also reached the brink of collapse The people are getting richer and stronger, and the national strength is getting stronger and stronger, while the surrounding countries, even the most powerful Xiongnu, have been deeply divided, and their national strength has long since ceased to be what it was.
In the third year of Ganlu (51 BC), Emperor Xuan of Han held a great ceremony to sacrifice the heavens, "tens of thousands of barbarian kings and princes", and the Xiongnu were also among them, calling only vassals and not names, and the respect was needless to say.
Although, sometimes the Han envoys have done far beyond what an envoy should do, and even some behaviors have directly angered the monarchs of other countries, so that the swords between the two countries are everywhere, which is indeed contrary to the original intention of the Han envoys. However, their behavior also shows from another side that only when the country is strong can there be such a strong diplomacy, the prestige of the Western Han Dynasty can cast the power of the Han Festival, and the Han envoys have such heroism and indignation.