In November of the fourth year of Jianxing (316 AD), the Western Jin Dynasty, which had been established for fifty-one years, came to an end. In March of the following year, in the middle of the south
Under the joint support of the original Shi clan and the southern Shi clan, Sima Rui, the evil king of Lang, re-established the Jin Dynasty regime in Jiankang, known as the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
In March of the first year of Daxing (318 CE), the news of Emperor Huan's murder reached Jiankang, and Sima Rui was officially proclaimed emperor. By this time, the northern region had been completely reduced to the territory of nomadic tribes and local warlords. The establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, as a political banner of the Han nationality, symbolized the so-called "Zhengshuo Xiangcheng", providing a relatively stable social environment for the economic and cultural development of the Jiangnan region.
However, after the establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the series of policies implemented did not play the so-called effect of recuperation and preparation for counter-offensive. In fact, the Eastern Jin Dynasty still carried out the rule of the Shi clan gate valve that led to the people's revolt in the last years of the Western Jin Dynasty. Proposed by Wang Dao and others
"Humble to receive soldiers, frugal to use enough, to be quiet as the government, to appease the old and the new"
The policy can only barely maintain the situation of partial security. Because of this, the Eastern Jin Dynasty has never seen a new atmosphere of rejuvenation. The intricate social contradictions,class contradictions and internal contradictions within the ruling class—became a complex and changeable political situation that shrouded the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
The Eastern Jin Dynasty was a period when the landlord class of the shi clan monopolized the regime, controlled the career, and implemented the dictatorship of the door valve, and the door valve system developed to its peak. During the Western Jin Dynasty, there was no situation in which a few warriors were in charge of the government alone, and a few figures from the cold door could also enter the ranks of high-ranking officials and eunuchs through various channels. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the territory was smaller, but the door valve politics was more extreme. History
"The high gate is the lord of the world, and the glory of the world; the surname of the cold person, the road to no inch."
The most crucial thing is that the Eastern Jin Dynasty still implemented the "Eight Discussions" system. The so-called "Eight Deliberations" refers to "discussing relatives", "deliberating on reasons", "deliberating on sages", "deliberating on competence", "deliberating on merit", "deliberating on nobles", "deliberating on honors", and "deliberating on guests". The above eight kinds of people enjoy the privilege of being commuted or exempted from sentences at their discretion, and if they commit capital crimes, they must be reported to the emperor for personal adjudication. Throughout the dynasties, the nobility has certainly had privileges, but there are few dynasties that directly stipulate that the nobility has privileges in law.
These are only a little microcosm of the door valve politics, in short, the overall policy of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was formulated around the warrior clan. Under such oppression, peasant uprisings are essentially inevitable. As Fanning said:
"Man is overwhelmed, and he is a thief, and he accumulates from mountains and lakes"
Wang Xizhi also pointed out,
"Between the mountains and the seas, the people fleeing are very different, and Yongjia is going to five hundred households, which is deep and worrisome
!
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In October of the third year of Long'an (399 AD), Sima Yuanxian issued a conscription order in the name of the Eastern Jin Court, and conscripted the Eastern Tujue Counties as soldiers who were originally tenants who had been released from slavery, and called them "Le genus". After the conscription order was issued, "the eastern land was noisy, the people were deadly, and the world was miserable." The incident immediately became the trigger for a large-scale peasant uprising.
Prior to this, the peasant masses of the Eastern Jin Dynasty had long been deeply dissatisfied with the reactionary rule of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and a series of small-scale peasant uprisings had broken out. When Sima Yuanxian's order to forcibly enlist was issued, the tenants, peasants, and slaves who had been cornered were furious and prepared to revolt. Sun En seized the favorable opportunity of the "people's commotion" and in October of the third year of Long'an (399 AD), he led more than a hundred people to attack Shangyu (present-day Shangyu, Zhejiang) and marched towards Shanyin. On the way, the peasant masses came to defect one after another, and immediately "there were tens of thousands of people." Huiji Neishi Wang Ningzhi was a devout wudou rice Daoist believer, who neither sent troops to block nor defend, but "the sun in the Dao Room and the kneeling curse".
On the second day of november, Sun En led his people to attack San'in. Wang Ningzhi escaped and was captured and beheaded by the rebels. Sun En was warmly welcomed and wholeheartedly supported by the local people, and "the size of the audit is not to be worn."
Sun En led the crowd
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The second city of Lianke, the southeastern counties, immediately broke out. History
"The eight counties of Huijian, Wu County, Lu Lang, Wu Xingqiuxu, Yixing Xu Yunzhi, Linhai Zhou Stomach, Yongjia Zhang Yong, Dongyang, Xin'an, and so on, rose up all at one time, killing the chief officials in response, and in the middle of the ten days, hundreds of thousands of people."
The rebellious peasants from all over the country were constantly concentrated in Huiji, and Shanyin became the center of the peasant uprising in the counties of eastern Zhejiang. Sun En's merit in launching the uprising was expected by all, and he became the leader of the peasant uprising in the eastern tujue counties. He called himself "General Zhengdong" and called the rebel soldiers "immortals".
Wu Xing Taishou Xie Mi, Yongjia Taishou Xie Yi, Jiaxing Gong Yanyin, Nankang Gong Xie Minghui, Huangmen Lang Xie Chong (Miao Chong was the nephew of the first-rate Dashi bureaucrat Xie An), Zhang Kun, Zhongshu Lang Kong Dao, Crown Prince Shima Kongfu, and Wucheng Ling Xiahou Qing were all suppressed by the rebel army. The high-ranking and powerful overseas Chinese surnames have been hit the hardest, and some of them have "encountered disasters at the door and have exhausted their assets." Many of the bureaucrats and landlords who were suppressed were followers of the Wudou Rice Dao, and the rebel army did not confuse the class front because of religious belief, which shows that the basic nature of the armed uprising in the eastern tujue counties was the class struggle of the peasant class against the feudal ruling class.
The peasant rebel army attacked fiercely, and the Eastern Jin government troops guarding the counties were vulnerable. flat
Day riding
Local bureaucrats such as Shi Huanqian of Wu Province, Wang Chong of Linhai Taishou Xincai, and Yixing Taishou Wei Yin (also known as Confucianism) fled in panic and fled. The rebel army quickly took control of most of the eastern tujue counties, assigned officials and subordinates, and established temporary political institutions, such as appointing Xu Yunzhi as Yixing Taishou, Lu Lang as Wu Commandery Taishou, Qiu Guo as Wuxing Taishou, Shen Mufu as Yuyao Ling, and so on. The peasant masses near the capital Jiankang responded positively to the uprising, and "the counties of Kiuchi sprang up everywhere." Even in Jiankang City, there were also rebel fighters sent by Sun En, who spied on the news in the city, observed the movements, and prepared for the rebel army's march into Jiankang.
The strength of the eastern Jin dynasty central government that could directly command was very thin, and the formation of the new army of "Lezhi" had been aborted, and the only way to extinguish the revolutionary fire that burned throughout the counties of eastern Zhejiang and endangered the rule of the Eastern Jin Dynasty could only rely on the soldiers of the Northern Province. At that time, the Beifu soldiers were actually in the hands of the auxiliary general Liu Jiaozhi.
The Beifu Soldiers are a well-trained and battle-hardened force, unlike the County Soldiers. However, after the rebel army controlled the eight counties, the leader of the rebel army, Sun En, was proud of victory, could not correctly assess the situation between the enemy and us, and thought that victory was in hand, so he paralyzed the enemy. Under the guidance of this ideology, Sun En did not make any military deployment to continue the offensive, which made the Beifu soldiers, who were known for their combat experience, take advantage of it, so that the military situation on the battlefields of the eastern Counties of Zhejiang soon underwent obvious changes.
In December of the third year of Long'an (399 AD), Xie Yan led an army to capture Yixing. The murder of Sun En's signed Yixing Taishou Xu Yunzhi. Then he defeated the rebel army Qiu Bingbu, occupied Wuxing, and took the army of Wucheng. Liu Gaozhi led his army to Wu Commandery in the east, and the Eastern Jin Court made him a former general, overseeing the military of Wu County. Xie Yan sent His general Gao Su to lead a force to cooperate with Liu Gaozhi in battle. Liu and Gao all crossed Zhejiang (present-day Fuchun River) and trapped Huiji, and the rebel army appointed Wu Commandery Taishou Lu Li, Wu Xing Taishou Qiuxu, and Yu Yao Ling Shen Mufu were all brutally killed.
The rebels were battered and forced to retreat to the island. During the retreat, they deliberately discarded many treasures on the side of the road, thus giving the rebels time to retreat safely.
After Sun En's retreat into the island, Liu Gaozhi returned to Jingkou, and the Eastern Jin court appointed Xie Yan as the internal history of Huiji, and the military governors of the five counties, including Huiji, Linhai, Dongyang, Yongjia, and Xin'an. Xie Yan, who had won the battle, was very arrogant, believing that the rebel army was completely unable to resist. Therefore, Xie Yan did not take any measures to prepare for the military.
However, Xie Yan misestimated the situation. Although the peasant rebel army was temporarily defeated, the main force of the army was not lost. After a short period of rest, in April of the fourth year of Long'an (400 AD), he quickly landed from Xunkou (浃口, in present-day Zhenzhen, Zhejiang, where the Yongjiang River entered the sea), burst into Yuyao, rushed to Shangyu, and marched straight to Xingpu (present-day shaoxing, zhejiang). It was a tentative attack, and when the rebels were intercepted by Liu Xuanzhi's troops, they immediately retreated to the island. A few days later, he reorganized his attack and defeated Zhang Qianshuo's troops near Xingpu, taking advantage of the victory.
On May 30, near San'in, Xie Yan personally commanded the main force to fight a decisive battle against the rebel army. At that time, the Eastern Jin dynasty soldiers had not yet eaten breakfast, and the rivers and lakes near Shanyin were dense. Xie Yan's troops could only line up in a single line, and the fish rushed forward. The rebel army was arranged in the ship to "shoot at it". The soldiers of the Eastern Jin Dynasty could neither hide nor fight back, and one by one they fell in response to the strings, and finally collapsed into an army. Seeing this, The Governor Zhang Meng of Xie Yan's account wanted to surrender the rebel army and took the opportunity to kill Xie Yan and his second son (Xie Zhao, Xie Jun). Huan Bao, the general of Guangwu, was also killed by the rebels. The rebel army retakes San'in.
When the news of Xie Yan's murder reached Jiankang, the Eastern Jin court was extremely frightened, and sent the champion general Huan Bucai, the auxiliary general Sun Wuwei, and the general Gao Gaozhi of Ning Shuo to lead the army to reinforce the eastern Zhejiang front. The rebel army severely damaged the elegant troops in Yuyao and annihilated most of the enemy troops. Due to the urgency of the military situation, Sima Yuanxian had to reuse Liu Jiaozhi, making him the military governor of the five counties of eastern Zhejiang and commanding all the government armies in the battlefield of eastern Zhejiang.
In November of the fourth year of Long'an, Liu Gaozhi "led the eastern expedition of the masses, Tun Shangyu, and divided the army into counties" to re-deploy military and strengthen the defense of various places. In order to preserve his living strength, Sun En commanded the rebel army to retreat to Huankou, so that it could be attacked and withdrawn to the island.
In February of the fifth year of Long'an (401 AD), the rebel army returned to Huankou and frequently attacked Jurzhang (in present-day southern Ningbo, Zhejiang). The rebels besieged the city for dozens of days, but they still could not conquer it, and they retreated to Huankou. In March, the rebel army attacked Haiyan (海盐, in modern Haiyan County, Zhejiang) from the north, and Liu Yu defended the city of Haiyan, and the two sides engaged in a fierce battle. At first, the rebel army was defeated, and the general Yao Sheng was killed in battle. The rebel army fought bravely, and Liu Yu also had to praise the rebel army and say: "The thieves are very good." In the end, Liu Yu suffered a crushing defeat and "lost all his casualties", but the rebel army failed to conquer Haiyan, so he turned to Hudu (present-day Qingpu, Shanghai). In May, the rebel army captured The Hudu Fortress, killing Yuan Shansong in Wu and killing more than 4,000 government troops. In order to get rid of the main force of the government army, the rebel army decided to carry out a strategic shift, taking advantage of the advantages on the water, taking a thousand ships in the building with a crowd of 100,000 people, riding the wind and waves, and pointing the flag directly at Jingkou.
Jingkou is the gateway to the barrier Jiankang, and if Jingkou is lost, Jiankang is in danger. Therefore, the Eastern Jin court once again declared martial law and summoned sima Shangzhi, the assassin of Yuzhou, to join the Beijing Division. On June 1, Sun En led the fleet to Dantu, causing a "tremor in Gyeong-yi". At this time, Sima Shangzhi's troops were still on the way, and Liu Gaozhi was separated from Shanyin, and only Liu Yu led a Beifu army to resist along the coast.
Although Liu Yu led his army to reach Mount Garlic (in present-day Tuxi, Jiangsu) at almost the same time as the rebel army, he did not bring many troops. On the rebel side, there were 100,000 people, morale was high, and it had a clear advantage.
The rebel army preemptively captured Garlic Mountain, threw off Liu Yubu, and marched radially toward Jiankang by boat. However, due to the tall size of the building ship, it traveled against the wind and was very slow. By the time they reached Zishi (自石; present-day northern Nanjing, Jiangsu), Sima Shangzhi, who had been ordered to come to the aid, had already arrived first, and At the same time, Liu Gaozhi also led his army to Jiankang, and Sun En's plan could not be realized.
According to the new situation, the rebel army was divided into two operations, the main force was commanded by Sun En, and returned to Yuzhou (present-day Lianyungang City, then an island), and a partial division led by Lu Xun attacked Guangling (present-day Yangzhou, Jiangsu). Lu Xunbu annihilated more than 3,000 eastern Jin troops, retreated to Yuzhou, and joined Sun En. Liu Yu and Liu Jingxuan led an army in hot pursuit, and in August they also rushed to Yuzhou. The Eastern Jin Dynasty was heavily fortified along the coast, making it impossible for the rebel army to dock.
Due to the long-term navigation on the sea with strong winds and waves, tens of thousands of soldiers could not rest, and it was difficult to replenish their supplies, and their combat effectiveness was greatly weakened. In the encounter in Yuzhou, the rebel army suffered heavy losses. Sun En led the crowd to float south, and Inspector Liu Yu followed. In November, the rebel army tried to land at Hudu and Haiyan, but they were unsuccessful, and they were defeated by Liu Yubu continuously, losing more than 10,000 troops, and coupled with the epidemic, the rebel army had to go far into the sea from Laikou.
In March of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (402 AD), Sun En led the rebel army straight to the sea. Because the rebel army was seriously injured in the last large-scale military operation, it not only failed to capture Linhai, but was defeated by Linhai Taishou Xinjing. The rebel army was severely damaged and fell into a desperate situation on the verge of extinction. Unwilling to be captured by government forces, Sun En committed suicide by throwing himself into the sea along the sea, and hundreds of soldiers were martyred along with Sun En. Sun En's uprising was bloodily suppressed by the Eastern Jin government, and hundreds of thousands of rebel soldiers were "killed in battle and drowned" or "exiled" and eventually "cut thousands of people".