I. Characteristics and Historical Review of Genealogy Compilation
1． Folk genealogy revision traces the ancestors back to the origins of the Yellow Emperor
Sima Qian's "Xia Benji", "Yin Benji", "Zhou Benji" and "Three Generations Table" in the "Records of History" record in more detail the lineage of the Yellow Emperor, Emperor Huan, Emperor Zhao, Yao, shun and the lineage of the Xia, Shang, and Three Dynasties of the royal family from the first ancestor. He said in the "Taishi Gong Self-Introduction": "The three generations of Wei are still young, the age is not considerable, the genealogy of the cover is old, the original is in the zi, so he slightly pushed, as the first of the "Three Generations Table". It can be seen from Sima Qian's account that his records of the Xia, Shang, and Three Dynasties were based on the "genealogical old news" of the time. Judging from the earliest figures in the "Records of History", the "Five Emperors Benji" begins with the Yellow Emperor, and the "Xia Benji" also dates back to the Yellow Emperor, which is consistent with Sima Qian's statement that "there are years since the Yellow Emperor", indicating that the ultimate traceability of the genealogical data on which Sima Qian is based should be the Yellow Emperor.
It cannot be denied that in addition to the most basic function of determining blood relations, the family tree also has the function of communicating individuals and families with the Han people and even the entire history of Chinese civilization, which is conducive to increasing the sense of identity and cohesion of the Chinese nation. Through the tracing of this genealogy, the existence of oneself and its ethnic groups is identified with the glorious history of Chinese civilization that has already begun in the era of legends. This is the surname ancestor recorded in the Chinese genealogy, or the ultimate retrospective of the genealogy often points directly to the origin of the Yellow Emperor or ancient sages. For example, most of the Wu family trees are based on Taibo or Jizha as the ancestors. There is Ji Zha that can be traced back to Taibo, and Taibo is the eldest son of King Wen of Zhou, with the surname Ji, the same surname as the Yellow Emperor, and taibo can be traced back to the Yellow Emperor. In the Ming Dynasty, Ling Dizhi believed that "the five emperors and three kings, nothing more than after the Yellow Emperor", should be "thousands of one book, ten thousand sects one vein", so he compiled a "General Genealogy of Ancient and Modern Ten Thousand Surnames". In his view, all the surnames in the world are divided by the Yellow Emperor alone, and all the surnames in the world are from the Yellow Emperor alone. This ultimate traceability of genealogy to genealogy makes genealogy the basis for the legitimacy of individuals as Chinese and as members of the Chinese nation.
Genealogy in the family name to explore the source, many families trace the surname source to the Yellow Emperor Xuanyuan clan or Yandi Shennong clan. Not to mention that the Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor are two historical figures in the legend, even if they exist, this traceability is also a misunderstanding in the source of the surname. The so-called "humanistic ancestor" or "the Chinese nation is the descendant of Yanhuang" is only a cultural identity, not a blood relationship. Ancient Chinese surnames have a long process of evolution, each family is constantly migrating and multiplying, differentiation and collection, coupled with the integration of nationalities, the blood relationship on the surname has been diluted, and it is impossible to find the connection between the surname of a family in modern times and the surname of a family in ancient times from the blood relationship.
2． The patriarchal system of the Zhou Dynasty was a hierarchical system based on blood relations
Out of the need to maintain the patriarchal system, the genealogy of estranged blood relations and long and young concubines was greatly developed in the Zhou Dynasty. An important symbol of the development of the genealogy of the Zhou Dynasty is that the state has established a system of historical officials to repair the genealogy, and set up a special person to be responsible for the recording and management of the royal genealogy of Zhou Tianzi. According to the Zhou Li Chun Guan, Xiao Shi was the official in charge of the genealogy, who was responsible for determining the lineage of the royal family, distinguishing the order of the elders and children of the royal family, and the consortship. Each vassal state also had a special official to manage the genealogy and household affairs of the royal family.
The Zhou Dynasty also produced the earliest genealogical works in China, the most important of which were the Shiben and the Imperial Lineage in the Book of Dai Li. The "Shiben" is divided into fifteen articles, such as "Genealogy of Emperors", "Genealogy of Princes", "Genealogy of Qing Dafu", "Chapter of Surnames", "Chapter of Tanfa", etc., which records the origin of the surname, lineage origin, migration to the end of the book and other deeds such as the origin of the surname, the origin of the lineage, and the migration to the end of the book from the Yellow Emperor to the Spring and Autumn Warring States. According to legend, the "Spring and Autumn Gongzi Bloodline Genealogy" compiled for Xun Zi is the first clan history book in Chinese history to use the name of "genealogy" (佚), in which the word "bloodline" vividly reveals the characteristics of the family tree as a bloodline genealogy. The patriarchal system established during the Western Zhou Dynasty was actually a hierarchical system based on blood relations, and we can still see this relic in the Qing Dynasty jade preserved in China's first historical archive. The cultivation of the Qing Dynasty Jade Tablet embodies the strict concept of hierarchical dignity and inferiority and the feudal principle ethics, which is manifested in many aspects such as the naming, order of the imperial family, and the method of editing and revision. For example, the jade is based on Nurhaci's father, TakShi, called the clan room, and is included in the Yellow Book; with the uncles and brothers of the Tucker Dynasty as the side branch, called Kyaw Lo, it is included in the Red Book, and the skin is wrapped in yellow and red aya, respectively. In addition to recording the imperial lineage and the reproduction of the imperial family, it also reflects the power enjoyed by different levels of the royal family.
3． The formation and demise of official genealogy with the main task of maintaining the mendi since the Wei and Jin dynasties
The Wei Jin to Sui and Tang dynasties was a prosperous period for the development of Chinese genealogy. Zheng Qiao's "Tongzhi Clan Sketch" said: "Since the Sui and Tang dynasties, the official is a book, the family has a genealogy, and the election of the official must be due to the book; the marriage of the family must be due to the genealogy." "At that time, from the election of officials to marriage, the family tree had to be relied on, and the important role played by the family tree in society was evident.
An important symbol of the development of genealogy during the Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Wei and Jin Dynasties was the establishment of a genealogy bureau and a genealogy official, specializing in the compilation and preservation of genealogy. There are two kinds of genealogies they are in charge of, one is the genealogy of the emperor, which is the family tree of the emperor, and the other is the genealogy of the kings, which contains the genealogy of the princes with the same surname. After the Genealogy Bureau evaluates and approves the private genealogy submitted by the hundred officials' surnames, it is collected in the Genealogy Bureau and becomes an officially recognized official, called "Book". As the Qing Dynasty historian Qian Daxin said: "The most important door of the Six Dynasties, the genealogy of the Hundred Families, is higher than the Ministry of History." ”
The fact that the family tree received such attention was closely related to the development of the power of the Gate Valve Clan at that time. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, some clans have formed powerful forces in politics and have long held important positions at the central and local levels, such as Yuan Shao and Yang Zhen, who are all four princes and three dukes, and as a result, the concept of mendi has begun to take shape. After the establishment of Cao Wei, the nine-pin Zhongzheng system was implemented in the system of electing officials. Since the zhongzheng who evaluates the level of the characters is all held by people from the clans of the various localities, the evaluation that should be based on morality and talent as the assessment standard has evolved into a fraud with the highest and lower levels of the door as the evaluation standard, and there has been a situation of "no cold door in the upper grade and no scholar in the lower grade", which has accelerated the formation of the force of the door valve clan. By virtue of their origins, the Mongols gradually became a privileged class with strong political power and economic and cultural superiority. The special status of the Men valve clan makes the pursuit of the Mendi a social trend, and the Shu clan is proud of the shi clan, wants to join the shi clan, adopts the method of combining the clan genealogy, or uses power or money to bribe the members of the shi clan to achieve the purpose of becoming a shi clan. In order to maintain the mendi, intermarriage between the shishu clan is absolutely not allowed. Whoever talks about marriage must check the family tree, and only if the valve is equivalent can they intermarry. Because of the important role of genealogy in political and social life, at that time, some Shu people did not hesitate to improve their ranks, and the most common method was to falsify family tree lineages and impersonate scholars.
Zheng Qiao said: "The study of genealogy, Mo Sheng yu Tang. The Tang Dynasty was one of the most developed dynasties in the official family tree. The Tang Dynasty government set up a special agency to organize the compilation of several large-scale genealogical works, and the reason why the official revision of the genealogy was compiled many times was also due to the pursuit of the mendi. When the Tang Dynasty was established, due to the implementation of the imperial examination system, the political privileges of the scholar clan had been lost, but they still enjoyed a high social prestige and their power still existed. In the fifth year of Zhenguan (631), Emperor Taizong of Tang ordered Gao Shilian and others to compile the "Clan Chronicle", and did not hide the intention of "those of my specific clan name today want to worship the crown of the present dynasty", and the revised "Clan Chronicle" listed the Royal Family surnamed Li as the first class, and the foreign relatives as the second class, so that the Shandong Cui clan, which was originally listed as the first class, ranked third. During the reign of Wu Zetian, the imperial court also ordered the compilation of the "Surname Record", the newly revised "Surname Record" listed the Wu surname that was originally the Shu clan as the first class, and the rest took the high and low official positions as the rank standard, so that a large number of Shu clans were promoted to the rank of shi clan, so the "Surname Record" was also resisted by the old Shi clan in Shandong, and ridiculed it as "Xun Ge".
During the five dynasties of the late Tang Dynasty, wars were frequent, the door valve system was devastated, a large number of members of the old shi clan were killed, the genealogy was also burned, and the official genealogy since the Wei and Jin dynasties, with the maintenance of the gate as the main task, also withered away.
4． Since the Song Dynasty, the genealogy has changed to the ethical and moral indoctrination function of "respecting the ancestors and respecting the clan"
The family tree of the Song Dynasty was re-established on a ruin. Su Xun said: "Since the decline of the Tang Dynasty, genealogy has been abolished, scholars and doctors do not speak, and the world does not carry it." Therefore, those who are lowly and noble are ashamed to speak first; those who are poor and rich do not record their ancestors, and the genealogy is ruined" is a portrayal of that time. Because there is no record of genealogy, family lineage is prone to "amnesia" or "fault", as the Song Dynasty Dali scholar Zhang Zai said: "The genealogy is wasted, people do not know where they come from, there is no century-old home, there is no unity of flesh and bones, although they are close relatives, their grace is also thin." In addition, during the Wei and Jin dynasties, the situation of "when the shishu was in the place, the real self-separation" no longer existed, and the selection of officials no longer needed to check the spectrum. Therefore, since the Song Dynasty, the family tree has gradually moved from the official government and the family family to the ordinary people. The compilation of genealogies has also changed from the past socio-political function to the ethical and moral indoctrination function of "respecting the ancestors and respecting the ancestors and receiving the clan". That is, as Ouyang Xiu said: "The work of the family tree, so push its roots, link its text, and respect the way of relatives and relatives." The rulers of the Song Dynasty regarded the family tree as a tool to "control the hearts of the people in the world, collect the clans, thick customs, and make people not forget the roots", and vigorously advocated the cultivation of private family trees, which objectively promoted the development and prosperity of private family trees at that time. Ouyang Xiu and Su Xun respectively edited the "Ouyang Clan Genealogy Map" and "Su Clan Genealogy", summarized the previous people's genealogy revision rules, and created a relatively complete revision style, which became the most basic pattern of style that influenced the revision of genealogy in later generations.
In the Ming and Qing dynasties, private genealogy was prevalent, and many family trees imitated the style of Zhengshi and Fang Zhi for editing and revision, and the style of family trees tended to be more complete. From the five contents of the "Ousu Genealogical Example", such as genealogical order, genealogical example, lineage chart, lineage record, and ancestral examination, it was expanded into categories such as the origin of the surname, the migration situation, the lineage catalogue, the ancestral tomb, the family rules and family training, and the biographical art and literature. In the ming and qing dynasties, many of them adopted the "method of the great sect", and there was a genealogy that traced the lineage for dozens of generations. With the popularization of genealogy cultivation and the increase of population, under the influence of this atmosphere, the phenomenon of fabricating lineages, clinging to distant ancestors, and pretending to recognize people with the same name in the past generations has occurred from time to time. The "genealogical prohibition" of the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty and the deletion and addition of the category of genealogy in the "General Catalogue of the Four Libraries" should be said to be related to the motives of preventing clans from using distant ancestors to connect with the lineage to endanger social stability.
Through a brief retrospective of the history of genealogy development, we can see some clues to the drawbacks of "clinging" and "fabrication" rooted in the genealogy of Chinese patriarchal society.
Second, the phenomenon of "attachment" and "fabrication" in genealogical figures
The Book of Rites and Sacrifices Yun: "For those who are ancestors, there is no beauty, there is no evil." The righteousness of The Ming, calling beauty rather than evil, this filial piety and filial piety are also. The wise can. It can be seen that the writing method of concealing evil and promoting good has long existed in history. It is reflected in the cultivation of the score, that is, the rule that "those who do not write books who do not have a bad name and evil reputation". Genealogy stipulates the criteria of "not writing", such as immorality, incest, disorder, absolute righteousness, insult, etc., and the result is that the family tree only sees the righteous and gentlemen and there are no adulterous villains. In order to show off the prestige of the family and enhance the status of the family, many genealogies even "pretend to be their ancestors" at the expense of fabricating lineages and attaching themselves to the eminent nobility, so that the phenomenon of verbal criticism can often be seen in the genealogical order. For example, Song Wang Kui's "Genealogical Order of the Yushan Wang Clan": "Or falsely quote the famous clan, those who express themselves in the world, the sin of slandering the ancestors is great!" Yuan Hongmo's "Preface to the Great Genealogy of the Hong Clan": "Taste the great family of the late family in the recent world, do not know how to follow the original, do not cultivate the spectrum, until the poor and untouchables of the clan abandon it, attach to the door, take others as their ancestors, and boast of the world." Ming Zhou Shangwen's "Zhou Clan Genealogical Example": "Those who have written genealogies in recent times, good high mendi, vainly aid the ancients and hope for the clan." As everyone knows, the genealogy is based on respecting the ancestors and respecting the ancestors, but helping the ancestors of others as the ancestors... Qing Sun Zhenming's "Li Ao Re-repairs the Genealogical Order of the Chen Clan": "However, with what Yu saw today's spectrum, it could not be worse. Do not examine the source of the stream, abandon its ancestors, one also; indiscriminately quote Hua Shu, risk not its ancestors, two also; multiple official valves, should not be ancient system, three also; false columns of praise, half return to fake work, four also. ”
Family tree is a comprehensive record of the family history of family development such as family name, migration, distribution, faction, lineage, character, deeds, art and literature linked by blood relations. The phenomenon of attachment and fabrication in genealogies usually revolves around lineage figures, such as Enronglu, genealogical charts, etc., and pseudo-celebrity prologues are also common.
1． Pseudo-celebrity prologue
The genealogical sequence mainly describes the significance, origin, purpose, historical origin and migration experience of the family, the composition of the genealogy personnel, and the overview of the previous revisions. In the genealogical sequence, it is often seen that the preface written by the celebrity Shuoyan, such as Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Zhu Xi, Wen Tianxiang and others, is the most common among the genealogies of various surnames. Among the many celebrity genealogies, a considerable number is actually not from the hands of celebrities, but from the false pretense and forgery of the compilers. For example, the Republic of China's "Yimen Chen Clan Datong Genealogy" contains a preface by Zhu Xi, signed "Longtuge University Scholar Zhu Xi Obscure Clan Worship Book", but Zhu Xi did not become a Longtuge University scholar. Almost the same preface appears in Zhou Zhaofeng's "Genealogy of The Zhou Clan Andhe cultivation" and Quanzhou's "Liu Clan Genealogy". Compared with the Yimen Chen Datong Genealogy, the so-called prologues of the Zhou Hexiu Genealogy and the Liu Clan Genealogy add a sentence at the end: "Oh! The ancestors of the world are not far away, and those who ask him what he is ignorant of are ashamed of the Zhou (Liu) clan. "In addition, the biggest difference is the difference in the surname mentioned in the preface and the difference in the time of payment. The genealogy of these pseudo-trusted celebrities often shows traces of falsehood in the chronology, official position, title, etc.
2． Fabricated "Enronglu"
Enronglu, also known as the Confession of the Body, the Edict of the Emperor, the Edict of the Emperor, etc., is mainly the praise or gift text of the emperors to the members of the family, such as the Edict, the Edict, the Poetry, the Imperial Plaque Association, the Imperial Inscription, etc., in addition to the gift text of local officials. The purpose of editing Enronglu was to show the status and identity of the family by showing off the recognition and rewards given by the imperial court to the family and its members. Therefore, during the revision process, each family tried its best to collect relevant content. The excessive pursuit of imperial and noble writings also led to the phenomenon of "Enronglu" being falsified. For example, the first case of the Republic of China's "PanShantou Hong Clan Genealogy" is "the relics of Emperor Xianzong of Song". The attached "Emperor Hong Xianzong of the Great Song Dynasty decreed together", entitled "Treasure of the Great Song Dynasty Xianchun Yi Ugly Year October 15th Edict" Yun: "Hong Xianzong is incomparably talented, and he was given the title of donkey by the lord of jiao'e palace. "and include it in the Outer Age Ancestors." According to "Xian Chun Yi Ugly", that is, the first year of Xian Chun (1265), it is the era name of Emperor Duzong of Song. On October 26, the fifth year of Jingding (1264), Emperor Lizong died, and Zhao Yu took the throne as Emperor Duzong. The following year, Zhao Yu was only 26 years old. Shi Zai Song Duzong died in July of the tenth year of Xianchun (1274), leaving only three sons who were not yet minors, so why did he "give the gift of the Lord of Jiao'e Palace"? The "Genealogy of the Hong Clan of Panshantou" changes the "princess" to "palace lord", the title is unknown, and there is no basis in history; the "Hong Xianzong", the horse "Hong Xianzong" who is "incomparable in talent and appearance", is even more illusory.
3． Lineage of celebrities
Lineage is the main body of the family tree, which is divided into two parts: diagram and record. Graphs, also known as lineage tables, lineage tables, lineage charts, etc., are charts that record the lineage of family members and reflect the blood relations of family members. Lineage clinging and pretending to be ancestors of historical figures is most common in genealogy. Many families respect the "ancestors of the foreign era", the distant ones trace back to the Three Emperors and Five Emperors, and even worship pangu, Lei Zhenzi and other mythological figures as the ancestors; those listed as "ancestors of the first migration" are mostly loyal and noble, or celebrities with a good reputation in society, and ordinary people are rarely seen. The great traitors and evil people in history, such as Qin Juniper, did not have their names in the family tree at all. For example, the Zhu surnames all take Zhu Xi as the first, and the Bao clan all worship Bao Zheng as their ancestors; the ancestors of the Wang clan are not known to have sent langya, that is, they are known to branch Taiyuan, and trace back to the Prince of Zhou Ling, Jin. Some genealogies even include the names of the previous generations of the same name, which are included in the lineage of the family. For example, in guizhou's "Genealogy of The Zhang Clan of Qinghe", Zhang Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhang Jiuling, Zhang Zai and other famous people have been included in the lineage, so many decent ancestors of the Wat Wat, far-fetched, often making future generations unbelievable.
3. The genealogical concept of the late Qing Dynasty scholar Wang Di and the example of the identification of lineage figures
The manuscript of the Hangzhou Library collection, "Genealogy of the Wang Clan of Rouqiao", was compiled by Wang Di in the ninth year of Qing Xianfeng (1859). Wang Di, Zi Zhuang. Rouqiao, a native of Huangyan, Zhejiang. He was a well-known scholar in the late Qing Dynasty and wrote a lot of works. Wang Di's genealogy is rigorous, not only following the historical rule of "letter to letter, doubt to doubt", especially the "identification of falsification" of the lineage figures of his own clan, which is rarely seen in the traditional Chinese clan social genealogy cultivation activities.
1． The history of "letter to letter, doubt to doubt" is applied in genealogical compilation
First, "those who do not have examinations are omitted, and those who doubt them are ignored", "They must be written according to the truth, so that future generations can have some consideration" In general, that is, we must distinguish the authenticity and doubts of the literature and historical materials that record the family lineage and the migration of ancestors. Only those who have conclusive evidence and are credible can be confirmed as the descendants of the family letter history, which is called "letter to letter"; if the literature is insufficient and there are many doubts about the rumors, it should be doubtful. Wang Di's "discernment and doubt" at the end of the "Genealogy of the Wang Family of Rouqiao" is precisely the application of the "letter to letter, doubt to doubt" testament method in the genealogy that historians have praised throughout history.
Second, "the lineage of the own clan is passed on, not the distant ancestors, and no name is attached." The ancestors of many surname families date back to the Han and Jin dynasties and even the Xia Shang, and later the descendants multiplied and branched factions formed a spectacular surname family, which is also one of the reasons for the traction of distant ancestors and the loss of evidence. In view of this, when Wang Di was compiling the "Genealogy of the King of Rouqiao", "those who have moved from the side of the fifth dynasty or above are slightly unprepared. After the fifth dynasty, the book was detailed according to the facts.". In fact, it adopts the "method of small sects", that is, taking the fifth ancestor as the ancestor of the family, avoiding the common maladies of "reading in vain, disordering the sect, and defaming one's ancestors" that are common in the family tree.
Third, "do not look high on the ground, do not value with prestige, do not be ashamed of the cold, and are not proud of clinging." In the "Genealogical Order", Wang Di criticized the folk genealogy for "losing its original lineage, climbing the ancestors of the ancients and the ancestors, and having nothing to inherit, that is, creating an unknowable person to the wall, and using the true transmission, praise, zhi, inscription, and praise of the genus, it will be false to the celebrities of the time to glorify it, and to boast of the vulgarity"; the phenomenon that his own clan's "Xiao Ao Wang Clan Genealogy is far away from the three locusts, and also boasts of the glory of the second room", pointing out that its "narrative is unclear and has no basis". Wang Di's "Genealogy of the King of Rouqiao" was completed under this genealogical concept.
2． Wang Di identified an example of the falsification of the old genealogy of the family
When Wang Di determined the ancestors of the lineage, he did not simply follow the old genealogy Chen theory, but questioned and falsified the lineage figures of the old genealogy. In the "Initial Migration Examination" at the end of the "Genealogy of the King of Rouqiao", which "distinguishes and doubts", he puts forward a rigorous examination of the "Genealogy of the King xiao ao" compiled in the thirteenth year of Qianlong and the fifteenth year of Daoguang.
The Genealogy of king Xiao Ao lists "Wang Youyue" as the first time of the first life: "Right Yue, zi Yan Ling, number Ji'an." The nephew of the Bingbu Attendant JinGuo Gongyou, eunuch yu in the south of Taizhi, Buju Xiao'ao. Born at noon on February 30, Jintianfu Bingshen. Married to the Daughter of Sankeng Shengti. Joint burial of Holy Water Mountain. "Wang's research is based on historical records. According to the "Biography of Wang Dan of song history": "Wang Dan, ziming, daimyō Xinren, great-grandfather Yan, Li Yangling." Zucher, left pick-up. Father, Shangshu Bingbu Waiter. "Wang Youyue is the nephew of Wang Youyue, the Duke of Jinguo, and must be the grandson of Wang Zuoshi, but the old genealogy does not call him his ancestor but his uncle, which is the second point of doubt; the HuaXinfeng "Genealogical Order" in the old genealogy also makes Wang Youyue a nephew of the Duke of Jinguo, which is the third point of doubt; since Yun Youyou must have a famous knight, and the old genealogy does not record his official, this is the fourth doubt. Then Wang Di further examined his chronology, and through reviewing the "Outline of Tongjian", he learned that the "Tianfu Bingshen" was the first year of the Jin Dynasty's Ancestor Shi Jingyao Tianfu, and the history records that "Tianfu Bingshen was only eleven and twelve months", and the old genealogy said that Wang Youyue was "born in the second month of Jintian Fu Bingshen", which was wrong; the old genealogy said that Wang Youyue "married the daughter of Sankeng Shengti Xue", and Wang Di learned through the examination of the "Huangyan County Chronicle" and the "Taiping County Chronicle", that is, "Sheng Xiang Weng, Zi Jing Ze, Shengquan Shengquan, Sankeng Ren". Yanyou jian recommended pingyang xuezheng", and "yanyou" is the era name of Yuan Renzong in the Yuan Dynasty, so that "now it is a song dynasty person who marries the daughter of a Yuan person, and it can also be laughed at!" "The second mistake. Later, he questioned the identity of the eighth king Chengzi's horse. The old genealogy reads: "Chengzi, Zi Tingyu, Jin Feng." During the reign of Emperor Ningzong of Song, the princess of Empress Gongsheng Ren Liehan was made Hui Ming Gongshun's horse. "Burial of Holy Water Mountain." Wang Tang said: "In the Case of the History of Song, the daughters of Gao, Xiao, Guang, and Ning all died early, but Lizong's first daughter, Princess Zhou Hanguo, married Empress Yang's nephew Sun Zhen. Emperor Ningzong had no princess, and Chengzi Andrew was a donkey! This is especially ridiculous. ”
Due to space limitations, Wang Di's "four doubts and five mistakes" cannot be listed one by one.
IV. Conclusion
Qing Qian Daxin said in the "Qianyantang Anthology of Julu Yao Clan Genealogy Sequence": "After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the genealogy of private families did not ascend to the dynasty, so it was separated from the Fu Society, and the various cross-cutting refutations, privately created official ranks, inverted the era, and far away from Hua, in vain to help those who had knowledge spray rice. "Genealogy is originally based on letters, but on the contrary, it is the feudal scum that originates in China's patriarchal society. Genealogists see the ancestors and ancestors as the beginning of an independent bloodline group, which facilitates the investigation of the origin, migration, branching, and process of reproduction and development of the clan itself. The genealogical figures recorded in some family trees often show the excellence of the family by attaching the nobles and fabricating the lineage, interpreting its migration source, and full of decorative doors. The reason for this, in addition to being limited to the knowledge of the genealogist, is that some of the errors are based on the old genealogy, and because of the phenomenon of attachment and fabrication cited above, which is intentional by the cultivator, the authenticity of the genealogy is greatly reduced.
With the compilation and advent of the "General Catalogue of Chinese Genealogy", the once-sleeping family tree will enter the public eye, and while providing information for Chinese people at home and abroad to find their roots and ask for their ancestors, the research and utilization of genealogy will also heat up. In the study of genealogy, it is necessary to fully affirm the historical value of the family tree and determine its position in historical documents, and at the same time, we must also soberly realize that the family tree is "chiseled and solid, and there is no two or three in white". Wang Di's "Genealogy of the Rouqiao Wang Clan" does not blindly follow the lineage figures contained in the old genealogy of his own clan, but uses the surviving documents to carry out a climbing and removing the authenticity of the historical materials in the genealogical figures from the virtual reality, relationships, titles, titles, titles, titles, etc. of the lineage figures, which helps future generations of genealogical researchers to avoid arbitrariness and correctly understand the authenticity of the historical materials in the genealogical figures.
Judging the authenticity of the family tree is not to negate the old genealogy, but to help everyone better understand their own family and to fake the truth. Not to come up and blow after the celebrity. The basic method of judging the authenticity of the family tree:
Offices
Wang Su, a famous scholar of the Northern Song Dynasty, once said: "All things are inferior but reading is high", in ancient times, reading was not simply to cultivate sentiments, but to change their own class: reading, examination, and officialdom. Cultivating heirlooms has been a social trend for thousands of years.
Therefore, the fallacies of the genealogy can be judged through official positions, if the ancestors are official genealogies will be recorded, the national history Fangzhi will also be recorded, if the ancestors are forged official positions, the national history Fangzhi can also make the fallacies appear in their original form.
1. The dynasty is no longer set
The establishment of officials in ancient China has been different from generation to generation, and the situation is very complicated due to changes, increases and decreases.
Some official positions may still be established in the previous dynasty, but the current dynasty no longer exists. For example, the ancestors of the Ming Dynasty recorded in the family tree are "official too shou", so is there a problem?
First of all, Taishou, also known as gunshou, generally refers to the local administrator of the administrative district at the local county level, and began to be set up during the Warring States period. In the early Sui Dynasty, the prefecture was abolished, and the state was appointed as the governor of Taishou, after which Taishou was no longer an official name.
So if Zu Shang was a "Taishou" in the Ming Dynasty, then the problem is a bit big.
2. Conflict with the canonical history
Genealogy records the ancestors of the first or previous generations, and there are many officials, that is to say, after being "celebrities", the history of the main history will generally have biographies or records of these celebrities, and many ancient officials held multiple positions.
If you see this "celebrity" in the family tree, you can see whether the official position matches the historical record. If it does not match, the probability of incorrect records in the correct history is certainly not as great as the probability of incorrect records in the genealogy!
3. It does not match the identity
For example, in the Mongolian yuan period, the identity of The Mongol and Han was different; in the Manchu Qing Dynasty, the Manchu and Han identities were different, and some official positions, as long as they were Han identities, could not be obtained through examination or military merit.
For example, in the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty, the chief officer of a government agency or a local governor, and in the Manchu Qing Dynasty, the capital of the Eight Banners of Manchuria, as long as it was a Han Identity, it was impossible to hold these official positions.
If the genealogy records that Zu Shang did "Pingzhang political affairs" in the province during the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty, and did "Zhenghuangqi Dutuo" in the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and was a Han Chinese, then it is necessary to think about it carefully.
title
1. There is no record of the main history
Each dynasty's awarding of titles is very strict, such as the Ming Dynasty, the third rank of knighthood to be awarded to meritorious foreign relatives, gong, hou, bo, etc., and customized: "all knights are not sealed for non-sheji military merit, and titles cannot be given unless they are special purposes", of course, in addition to those who have military merits, there are also those who can get knighthoods such as Yan Shenggong, descendants of Confucius in Qufu, and those who have been knighted because of their grace, but only give them to those who are not given coupons.
If the ancestors of the Spectral Patriarch were not relatives of the imperial family, nor were they descendants of Confucius, but were completely knighted by strength, there must be records in the history. The family tree casually obtains a "guogong", and the existence of this "guogong" cannot be turned over in the history, so it is basically the self-appointed of the clan.
2. Do not meet the conditions for setting the title
The gold content of knighthoods in different periods is different, but there is one thing that dukes and counts are not easy to get. For example:
Zhang Tingyu, the elder of the Three Dynasties, successively served as the Head of the Ministry of Rites, the Household Department, the Official, the Scholar of Bai Baohe Temple (the first assistant of the Cabinet), the Chief Minister of Military Aircraft, the vice president of the Records of the Ancestors of the Qing Dynasty, the President of the History of the Ming Dynasty, the Great Qing Huidian and the Records of Sejong. After his death, Yuwen He was entitled to the Taimiao Temple. In the Qing Dynasty, only Zhang Tingyu was the only Han minister who was worthy of the Taimiao Temple. However, the knighthood is: third class uncle.
If you casually see in the family tree that the ancestor was named "Duke of Guo", and you don't see how much merit there is in the lineage, don't you think there is any doubt?
3. When the title of dynasty does not exist
As we all know, in addition to the royal family, the titles of foreign ministers are generally "gong, hou, bo, zi, male", but there are also some differences in different periods, such as: during the Ming Dynasty, the two titles of "son and baron" were retained, and only the three titles of "gong, hou and bo" were retained.
If the genealogy records that an ancestor obtained a viscount or baron during the Ming Dynasty, it belongs to the Ming Dynasty after the abolition of viscounts and barons. Whether there is a problem with the family tree, everyone knows it.
4. It is inconsistent with the system of inheriting titles
There are two kinds of knighthoods, one is only granted for life (not worldly), and the other is hereditary (hereditary). However, most of the titles in the Ming and Qing dynasties were hereditary, and the titles were hereditary, divided into descending hereditary and hereditary succession.
As mentioned above, Zhang Tingyu was knighted as a third-class uncle, and his title was inherited by his son: Zhang Ruoyi.
If the genealogical ancestor recorded in the family tree obtains a certain title, but does not indicate that he is only granted a lifetime, has not been stripped of his knighthood, and has children and grandchildren, nor does it coincide with the change of the heavenly path, the easier artifact, and the fact that none of the sons have attacked the knight, then it is necessary to consider the authenticity of the family tree.
spouse
"Lady of Destiny" is a woman who is generically referred to as a woman with a title. The wives enjoy various ritual treatment, generally referring to the mother and wife of officials, commonly known as the "Lady of the Commandments". Women's titles were determined by the level of their husbands and titles, and the system was formed after the Tang Dynasty.
1. The hierarchy of women does not exist
During the Song Dynasty, the rank of the lady of the order was: lady, lady, shuo, person, person, courtesy, pleasant, and widow. In the Ming and Qing dynasties: lady, lady, courtesy, pleasant, safe, and widowed.
If in the family tree, a certain ancestor of the Ming and Qing dynasties, the wife was named "Renren" and "Shuoren", then you must think about the authenticity of the genealogical records!
2. The rank of the woman is inconsistent with the official position of the husband
In the Ming and Qing dynasties: the mother or wife of the first and second pin officials: lady; the mother or wife of the three pin officials: Shuren; the mother or wife of the four pin officials: Gongren. Mother or wife seal of Wupin official: Pleasant; Mother or wife seal of Liupin official: An ren; Mother or wife seal of Qipin official: Widow.
If one of the ancestors recorded in the genealogy is a member of the Yipin and Erpin, and the wife recorded is still "Zhang Ruren" and "Li Ruren", then it should also be carefully considered, either the genealogical record is not true, or the level of the genealogists in that class is too poor.
Generation spacing
Normal family generations are about 25 to 30 years old, which is not to say that it is false to have children under 25 years old or children born above 30 years old, but the average approximate generation distance for families over a period of time.
It is also possible to average 15-20 years of generation in a certain period.
However, the genealogy of some families has a generation in less than 10 years on average in a certain period of time, which is not in line with physiological common sense! Occasionally one can, and multiple generations in a row are unreliable.
The most likely reason for this situation is that the time of creation of the genealogy and the ancestral life recorded in the genealogy are relatively distant, and some brotherly relations within the clan are misunderstood as father-son relations.
Taboo
In ancient China, there were three main types of secrecy: "national secrecy", "family secrecy" and "sacred secrecy". That is, the so-called "secret for His Holiness, for the relatives, for the sages."
1. Avoid national secrets and saints
In order to avoid The people with the surname of Qiu, in order to avoid Kong Qiu, the people with the surname of Qiu changed "Qiu" to "Qiu", and there were more people who avoided the country, such as Tang Gaozu's grandfather Li Yuan's grandfather was named Li Hu, and all the places where the Chinese people called "Tiger" were changed to "Wu" or "Beast".
If the genealogy records that the ancestor lived in the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, Ming Taizu is Zhu Yuanzhang, your first ancestor is Li Yuanzhang; Ming Chengzu is Zhu Di, and then your second ancestor is Li Di.
Then, whether the ancestral lineage is false or not, then there is doubt.
2. Avoid the ancestors
Avoiding the ancestors' secrets, also known as "family secrets", is limited to the relatives, reflecting the spirit of feudal ethics and morality.
For example, the poet Ghost Li He's father's name was Jinsu, because he avoided "Jin", Li He did not take the Examination for entering the Imperial Examination for his life.
When you look through the family tree, you may also see that a person and his uncle have the same name, and the name is exactly the same. Whether there will be any mistakes here, it is estimated that all the officials will have a number in mind.
History of the Nation
1. Biographies clash with national history
However, where the ancestors of the family are celebrities, and the method of Ou Su is used to compile the family tree, in addition to the genealogical part of the record of birth and death and burial, it will certainly be passed on independently in the genealogy book, even if there is no single independent transmission, in the genealogy chart part of the birth and death year, official resume, heir situation, etc., will also be recorded in more detail.
Celebrities will also be officially recorded, and even the main history will be passed on independently, which can be compared with the birth and death years, official resumes, heirs, etc. in the biographical part of the family tree, if the difference is large. In particular, the official resume must be based on the official.
Then, the family tree is either forged or has been repaired many generations apart, resulting in distorted information.
2. The genealogical record originates in conflict with the National History Fangzhi
Loyalty to the family for a long time, poetry and books have been passed down from generation to generation; the solidification of the ancient class is more serious than today, the imperial examination is a fair promotion channel, but the vast majority of people do not have the opportunity to read, let alone participate in the imperial examination, so they have always talked about "cultivating and reading heirlooms", in fact, most families only "cultivate", there is no "reading".
Through the study of people to become officials, through the establishment of family rules and family training, and then provide a good education, his descendants can also become officials through reading, so in a place, it is easy to form a noble family, and can last for several generations, even the change of dynasties, wealth can still be passed on.
Turning over this local chronicle, the local large families, Fang Zhi will be involved, and many also record the source of migration.
Therefore, some families have not been able to keep the family tree, and if they want to find their roots, they should not blindly rely on legends, and turn over the local chronicles of different periods, and may also be able to find clues.
If there is a conflict between genealogy and Fang Zhi records, who will you believe? Then you can only find other information or tools to support it.
Spectral order
1. Celebrity order
Since ancient times, the cultivation of genealogy is a matter within the family, the writing of the genealogical order is generally the person who is an official in the family culture, it is really not good is also a person or a talent, this is the family self-order, there is also a kind of his order, that is, to find some more well-taught social celebrities to write the order.
Therefore, there are many orders of celebrities such as Zhu Xi that have been circulated so far, but it has been found that many of the orders with the names Zhu Xi and others have been found in different surnames, and the content is basically the same, except that "Zhang surname" is said in the family tree of the Zhang surname, and "Li surname" is changed to "Li surname" in the family tree of the Li surname.
2. The background of the score revision recorded in the spectral sequence is inconsistent with the facts
The genealogical order is generally divided into three parts, one part is to explain the importance of the cultivation of the spectrum; the second part is to explain the background and process of the cultivation of the spectrum, if it is to create the cultivation of the genealogy will involve the ancestral source; the third part of the blessing of the descendants, and the exhortation of the descendants to work hard, not to dishonor the lintel and so on.
The most important part of the genealogical order is actually the second part, where the background and process of the genealogy and the ancestral origin flow part can refer to the local prefectural records, county chronicles, etc., whether they conform to the general environment. For example, if the genealogical order on the Lingnan generation genealogy records that the "Rebellion of the Flower Horse Thief" caused the local ten rooms and nine emptiness, and then migrated here, it is directly possible to determine that this genealogical order is false. Because "The Rebellion of the Flower Horse Thieves" is the name of the Shandong area.
Inscriptions and other relics
1. Ancestor inscription. Specifically refers to tombstones and epitaphs.
On July 7, 2014, a Qing Dynasty tomb was found at a construction site in Yingquan District, Fuyang, and a complete epitaph was unearthed. Who's it? The epitaph of Lian Jiashan, the ancestor of the Lian clan in Fuyang, records: "The ancestry of the duke is originally from Lucheng County, Lu'an Province" (潞城县).
However, most of the population heads in Fuyang area are said to have come from Zaolianzhuang/Zaolinzhuang in Shandong. When repairing the family tree, this legend will also be written in the genealogical order, and the search for roots is also to go to Shandong, and then it will be in the opposite direction.
Of course, if the tombstone no longer exists, you can't dig up the ancestral grave for the epitaph.
2. The village source flow examination inscription
In a village with exquisiteness, there will be stone carvings at the mouth of the village or at a certain intersection, recording the history of the village, and it is very likely that it will involve the migration of the village's surname.
In addition, there are relatively many inscriptions in the northeast of the ancestors. Those who broke into the Kanto from Shandong, Hebei and other places, after stabilizing in a certain place, once their lives have settled, they can even return to their hometowns and relatives, carve the source of the monument, and tell their descendants the roots.
3. Ancestral hall inscription
Basically every ancestral hall will have ancestral hall inscriptions, the previous larger families will basically have ancestral halls, although the ancestral hall has been damaged, but the inscription is very likely to be preserved, you can look for whether it is buried in the soil at the old site of the ancestral hall, or was pulled away to build roads or build walls.
These inscriptions will generally be more authentic than the genealogical records, especially the epitaphs of the ancestors, if the epitaph of the ancestors and the genealogical records are found to be inconsistent, and the ancestor is determined to be the ancestor of the branch, then the genealogy record is distorted.
Other historical sources
1. Genealogy of his family
His family tree includes his family tree or his own surname his family tree, family tree, especially the genealogy of the local noble family, records a lot of in-laws relations, and the record is more detailed, in ancient times, and pay attention to the door to the household, the door to the household here is not measured according to money, but according to social status.
A county town or even a few surrounding counties, not all the surnames are Wang, there are only a few, so intermarriage between each other is particularly frequent, if others create a family tree earlier, although their own family is a Wang family, but for various reasons, the creation of the family tree is relatively late, it can be completely recorded and corrected from his family tree.
Of course, many people can't accept it, why is the family tree record true, their own family tree record is false, not to mention the different surname is the same family tree record is different, still in contention. This requires a rational and scientific attitude.
2. Surname writings and treatises
Since ancient times, China has not lacked surname works, such as the earliest "Shiben" records the lineage of the pre-Qin and some Fang states. Others include: "Tongzhi Clan Order", "White Tiger Tongyi", "Qianfu Theory Zhi Surname", "Surname Yuan", "Wei Shu GuanShi Zhi", "Clan Chronicle", "Yuan He Surname Compilation", etc., many such works. In addition to these, there are many literati with their own surnames, and there are also many discussions on the examination of their ancestral origins. Of course, whether these can prove the authenticity of the family tree, this can only be the wisdom of the benevolent.
Seal and collar size
In fact, the family tree is a anti-counterfeiting mark, first of all, the family tree is limited to issuance, not today as long as the money is enough, leave a set of family tree no problem, in the past there are people who have the qualification to save the family tree is the patriarch, the head of the house, the score font size is actually a kind of anti-counterfeiting mark. Each set of scores will have a font size, corresponding to a scorer, which cannot be lost or borrowed. If there are two sets of family trees and another font size, there must be one set of fake scores.
Another anti-counterfeiting mark is the seal, the seal is divided into two kinds, one is the official seal, which originates from the Qianlong twenty-nine years of the qing Dynasty genealogy prohibition policy, after which the family tree repaired, need to be reviewed by the local government, the audit without misunderstanding stamp official seal, so in some family trees can see the official seal.
The other is the seal of each branch, as mentioned above, in order to prevent other people from stealing the family tree to add branches, the number of each printing is limited, and there are genealogical font sizes corresponding to the genealogists, in order to strengthen anti-counterfeiting, in each set of genealogies will be stamped with different branches of the seal.
If it is also after a celebrity, their family tree has the official seal and the private seal of each room, and it is recorded that the celebrity has only two sons, but your family tree does not have a seal, and it is recorded that this celebrity has three children, and it happens that your ancestors are the descendants of this third son.
There is no need to discuss this kind of thing, it is obviously a fraud.
Biological methods
The biological method is actually the most effective method, technology is cold, objective, will not be transferred by human will, yes is, yes is, no is not, will not be paradoxical.
When establishing the gene pool, the various surnames found that the genotypes of different houses in some branches varied greatly, and the age of the common ancestors was far beyond the age recorded in the family tree.
If there is a certain basic level of genealogical cultivation, you can guess the reason for this situation.
Without looking at the genealogy, it can be basically analyzed that the common ancestral age of their different houses before the twenty-ninth year of the Qianlong Qing Dynasty was the sequelae of the joint cultivation of the genealogy and the construction of the ancestral hall between different branches, and because the joint genealogy was too exaggerated, it also triggered the "genealogy prohibition policy".
Here is a question, can the costumes of the archaeopteryx prove that the family tree is fake?
Attached: Explanation of terms
Spectrum Prohibition Policy
In April of the 29th year of the Qianlong Dynasty, fude, who was then the inspector of Jiangxi, found that the absurd and paradoxical phenomena of the province such as the construction of ancestral shrines by families with different surnames, the compilation of genealogies and the aid of HuaXuan were very serious, so he asked for the investigation of the prohibition of ancestral halls: "There are many lawsuits in Jiangxi, and the rate is from the provinces and provinces, collecting money to buy property, and the united tribes build ancestral halls... and even leading the kings of the distant years to be the ancestors, absurd and absurd, and cannot be questioned."
The Qianlong Emperor Jiaqi "saw very justified theories and acted as discussed" and sent out the governors of various localities to pay close attention to inspection and rectify their strength.
In fact, before the twenty-ninth year of the Qianlong Dynasty, there were already signs of genealogy prohibition, the reason was first, the text prison promoted by the Yongqian and Qian dynasties; the second was that some families were too contemptuous of imperial power. For example, in the 22nd year of the Qianlong Dynasty, Tur Bing'a exposed the Peng Jiaping family tree word trespassing case, which had a direct or indirect impact on the implementation of the spectrum prohibition policy in the future.
Surname gene bank
Some clan organizations that sincerely do things for the family have found several problems when combing through the problems of family origin:
1. The source of the spectral information is unknown. The family lineage pointed to by the family tree is too broad, there is a lot of controversy, and even the address does not exist at all.
Second, many branches do not have a family tree. Family history is mostly oral, and even legends are controversial.
Third, the genealogical record is inconsistent with the main history. Careful study shows that the genealogical information is distorted, and although it has ancestral pointing, there is not much reference significance.
Some people of insight in some clans, through the use of current science and technology, establish a gene bank of their own surnames, correspond to the biological genetic and literary and historical data of various branches, and use science and technology as an auxiliary tool to comb the family origin flow and facilitate the search for roots and ancestors and determine the blood relationship between different families.