Cai and Sen are a dazzling figure in modern history, and Yang Changji once placed great expectations on him on the same level as the teachers. At the end of his life, Yang Changji also forced his sick body to write a letter to his friend Zhang Shizhao, persuading Zhang Shizhao to help the instructors and Cai and Senduo.
"I solemnly speak jun, the second son Hai Nei talent, the future is great, the king does not say to save the country is already, to save the country must first weigh the second son"
,"The Second Son, Mao Zedong Cai and Sen Ye".
Unfortunately, Cai Hesen, who had once been on par with the instructors, died early in 1931 because of the betrayal of traitors, and could not see the sunrise after the success of the revolution.
Now, let's get closer to cai and sen's short but brilliant life.
Bumpy road to school
Cai and Sen were born in Shanghai in 1895 to a family of petty officials. His mother, Ge Lanying, was born a famous family, knew Dali since childhood, and was also related to Nie Jiyuan, the son-in-law of Zeng Guofan. His father, Cai Rongfeng, was originally the son of a wealthy merchant, but after inheriting the family business, the poor management led to the family's decline, and in 1890, he relied on the yue family's relatives with Nie Jishu to obtain a small official position in the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, and once again revitalized the family business.
Cai Hesen's birth start is quite good, his family is rich, powerful, educated, if not unexpected, can give him a very good development environment.
But the weather was unpredictable, and Cai and Sen's father became addicted to opium, which eventually dragged the whole family into the abyss. When Cai he and Sen were 13 years old, they had not yet read any serious books, and they were forced to go to the "Cai Guangxiang Shop" opened by their cousins to do apprenticeships for three years due to the embarrassment of family life. When the three-year apprenticeship expired, Cai and Sen tasted the suffering of the world and were determined to go to school to change their destiny, but the family could not afford his tuition. In the end, it was Cai's mother, Ge Lanying, who sold part of her family property with great courage, so that cai and Sen could be sent to Yongfeng National Primary School to study.
When Cai and Sen entered the primary school at the age of 16, there were many people around him who ridiculed him as a "too student", but Cai and Sen did not respond, just studied hard, jumped to twin peaks higher primary school after a semester, and directly left these people who ridiculed him.
Show promise
When Cai he and Sen attended Twin Peaks Higher Primary School, Cai Hesen performed well in all subjects, and his composition was appreciated by many teachers and classmates. He is usually silent, but he reads widely, pays close attention to current affairs, and once he participates in the discussion of current affairs, he makes generous statements, is reasonable, and shows extraordinary style.
During the Xinhai Revolution, Cai Hesen was the first person in his school to respond to the call of the Nanjing Provisional Government to cut off his braids, in addition, he also led his mother to cut off the "Baba head" and led his sister to let go of her feet, which was praised by many classmates.
In the autumn of 1913, Cai and Sen were admitted to the Hunan First Normal School, where they were greatly appreciated by Yang Changji and became close friends with Mao Runzhi.
When Cai he and Sen were studying in the First Division, they did not like to just follow the teacher to read dead books step by step, and often went to the library alone to read the books they were interested in, and their hearts were not out of the ordinary, they forgot to sleep and eat, even if they sometimes missed the class, they did not care. One year, during the year-end screening, the First Division decided to give him the punishment of "delisting" because Cai he sen often missed class, but Yang Changji directly came forward to protect Cai he sen and left Cai he sen behind.
In addition to studying books assiduously, Cai he and Sen also attach great importance to the savage physique, and he and the instructors are fierce people who like to bathe in cold water and bathe in wind and rain. In the spring of 1918, due to the warlord scuffle, the school was closed, and Cai Hesen also "fought the autumn wind" with the instructors all the way and conducted a half-month "study tour" to understand the political and economic conditions of the peasants near Dongting Lake.
In the spring of 1918, Cai Hesen, together with teachers and others, founded the Xinmin Society, and in late June went to Beijing to participate in leading the Hunan students' work-study movement to France. During this period, Cai Hesen and the instructors worked tirelessly to create a huge momentum, which was deeply appreciated by Yang Changji.
In the summer of 1919, in addition to vigorously calling on Hunan youth to go to France, Cai Hesen also paid special attention to organizing young women from the female community to go to France, in order to form a good demonstration effect, Cai Hesen even successfully mobilized his sister and mother to study in France with him, which became a major beautiful talk at that time.
Foresight comparable to that of the instructors
Cai and Sen are recognized as the "desperate three langs" among students studying in France, and when many people are still distressed by not adapting to their homework, Cai and Sen have felt it
"The school homework is too shallow, and eager to learn, never go to class, only a hand dictionary, two pages of the newspaper, think it is common"
。
Under cai and sen's fierce study, he was able to basically understand the newspaper after three months, and within half a year, he opened his eyes, knew how to look at China's development with an international perspective, and initially formed his own plan to transform Chinese society.
In July 1920, at an exchange meeting among the members of the Xinmin Society, Cai hesen proposed him
"Organizing the Communist Party to Bring about the Dictatorship of the Proletariat"
The social transformation program, which debated the "moderate revolution" program, was embraced by many members and succeeded in pushing many anarchist members to turn to Marxism. During his stay in France, Cai Hesen always read and translated Marxism-related works with full passion, and vigorously disseminated them to Chinese students studying in France and members of the Domestic Xinmin Society, making practical contributions to promoting the spread of Marxism.
In two long letters from Cai and Sen to the faculty and a letter to Chen Duxiu, Cai and Sen also expounded their ideas on party building with a forward-looking vision, predicted that a movement similar to the February Revolution in Russia would emerge in China within three to five years, and predicted the incompleteness of this revolutionary movement. After receiving the letter from Cai and Sen, the instructor
"I didn't have a word of disapproval"
The members of the Xinmin Society in China immediately held a three-day heated discussion, which directly promoted the ideological preparations for the founding of the party in Hunan and even the whole country.
In 1921, Cai he and Sen were arrested by the French government and repatriated to China in the struggle to lead the work-study students in France, and at the end of the year, they joined the Communist Party of China through Chen Duxiu's introduction, and since then they have been thrown into the large-scale revolutionary struggle at home.
In the early days of the founding of the party, erroneous "legitimate Marxism" ideas arose within the party, and many people were skeptical of the class struggle and the dictatorship of the proletariat.
In 1922, the slogan of "Down with International Imperialism" put forward by Cai Hesen appeared for the first time in the domestic press. In September of the same year, Cai Hesen led the founding of "Guide" and served as the editor-in-chief, becoming its main contributor.
When "The Guide" was first created, Cai Hesen made a sharp point, profoundly analyzed the various contradictions between imperialism inside and outside, exposed the essence of imperialist aggression against China and the alliance of China's feudal comprador classes to squeeze the masses of the Chinese, and pointed out:
"The true meaning of the Chinese national movement is to resist international imperialism, because international imperialism is both the enemy of oppression in China and the driving force behind the survival of warlords, the division of the country, and the perpetuation of civil strife."
In December 1922, Cai Hesen put forward the famous view that imperialism is a "paper tiger", pointing out that "the punctured paper tiger cannot scare the development of popular power"
In August 1922, Cai and Sen participated in the West Lake Conference within the party, yes
"All work belongs to the Kuomintang", "There is no class struggle, only national struggle", "The independence of the proletariat and the Communist Party is a lie at this time"
And the right-leaning views were clearly opposed, and stressed that "after joining the Kuomintang, the independence of the party should be preserved."
In 1924, Cai Hesen published a number of articles in the "Guide" exposing the reactionary nature of the Kuomintang rightists and the wavering nature of the central factions, and clearly put forward that "our Communist Party is always ready to help the Leftists of the Kuomintang" and warned the comrades in the Party.
In April 1925, Cai Hesen clearly put forward the importance of establishing the "armed forces of the peasant movement" and the significance of helping the development of the workers and peasants' class based on the experience of the Guangdong peasant movement in helping the revolutionary army defeat Chen Jiongming and the theoretical understanding of the thorough anti-imperialist nature of the workers' and peasants' class.
On May 28, 1925, in order to deepen the workers' revolt movement, a central meeting was convened within the party. At the meeting, Chen Duxiu expected 300 to 500 people to participate in the demonstration, but Cai Hesen pointed out that if the mood of the masses is taken into account, the number of people who can be mobilized can reach 30,000 to 50,000. Subsequently, the nearly 100,000-strong demonstrations on the day of the May Thirtieth Massacre proved the correctness of Cai Hesen's prediction, and Cai Hesen also proposed at the evening meeting that the combination of general strike, general strike, and general strike to form an anti-imperialist movement of shanghai citizens' general union.
At the beginning of June, Shanghai formed the climax of the "three strikes", vividly demonstrating Cai Hesen's foresight and artistic ability to lead the struggle of the masses.
In 1926, Cai Hesen made a report entitled "The Development of the History of the Communist Party of China", which used Marxist-Leninist theory to scientifically analyze and systematically review and summarize the history of the revolutionary struggle between the founding of the Communist Party of China and the Second Enlarged Conference of the Central Committee in September 1925, and made the first work on the history of the Communist Party of China. In this work, Cai Hesen for the first time distinguished between the two stages of the Chinese democratic revolution, namely the "old stage" before May Fourth and the "revolutionary movement in the new stage" after May Fourth, and pointed out that the question of proletarian leadership and peasant allies is the basic problem of the Chinese revolution, showing a very high strategic vision and theoretical attainment.
In 1927, cai and sen put forward the outstanding insight that "whoever can solve the peasants' land problem can win the world" in a speech.
In 1927, at the Hankou Conference to save the revolution, Cai Hesen vigorously criticized Chen Duxiu's right-leaning capitulationism and urged the instructors to join the Politburo, but demanded that they not enter the Politburo.
In 1928, Cai and Sen drew from the analysis of the imbalance of the Chinese revolution that it was possible to carry out armed struggle in the countryside, to establish the Red Army and to establish a situation of division, which was extremely close to the conclusion of "armed division of workers and peasants" like the teachers.
On March 20 of the same year, his wife was betrayed by traitors to the police, and was tortured to confess in Sandri, Shanghai, and died at the age of 33.
After Cai Hesen learned of his wife's sacrifice, he wrote "A Biography to comrades to the police":
"Great police, heroic police, you are not dead, you are never dead!" You are not hesen's personal lover, you are the eternal lover of the Chinese proletariat! ”
The fall of a meteor
From the end of 1928 to 1930, due to the political turmoil in the Soviet Union affecting the party, Cai Hesen was wrongly attacked as a "rightist" in the party because of his opposition to the correct idea of risking attacks on the city, was wrongly attacked, was dismissed from important posts, and because of an asthma attack, he had to leave the central organs and go to Shanghai to recuperate.
However, even if Cai Hesen was wrongly attacked, he still dragged his sick body to engage in the party's theoretical propaganda work in Shanghai, and in May 1929, he also wrote an article entitled "On Chen Duxiuism", which made great contributions to the party's understanding of the harm of right opportunism.
In 1930, Cai hesen was sent back by the Comintern to participate in the leadership of the Central Committee, participated in the Third Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee, and together with the comrades in the party corrected Li Lisan's mistakes and returned to the political center. However, in early 1931, the "left-leaning" group headed by Wang Ming ostracized and attacked Cai Hesen, and deliberately arranged for Cai hesen to go to Guangdong, which was shrouded in white terror, to preside over the work of the provincial party committee.
But Cai and Sen put the interests of the party first, did not consider personal gains and losses and safety, and still arrived in Hong Kong in March to preside over the work of the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee. However, he never imagined that Gu Shunzhang, an important cadre in the party, would suddenly defect and disclose information on a large number of senior CPC cadres.
On June 10, The Hong Kong seafarers held an important meeting, and Cai he sen knew that it was very dangerous to participate in the meeting and was very likely to be arrested, but he considered the importance of the meeting and went forward with duty.
When Cai and Sen had just entered the venue, the plainclothes agents who had been ambushed for a long time rushed up to arrest him. Since Cai and Sen were important leading cadres within the Communist Party, the Kuomintang reactionaries quickly escorted him to Guangzhou Prison and tortured him in an attempt to obtain important information from him. But Cai and Sen Ning were unyielding, even if the agents nailed all his limbs to the wall with iron nails, he did not reveal a single piece of information, and in the end, the angry enemy used bayonets to kill Cai he Sen's chest, ending Cai He Sen's life, and the body has not yet been found.
After Cai and Sen left, the instructor did not speak for a long time. Years later, the instructor said in a conversation:
"What a Communist Party member should do, and Comrade Mori has done it"
bibliography:
Biography of The People of the Communist Party of China (Volume 6) Chinese Min University Press
"The Original Intention and Mission of Cai Hesen and the Chinese Communists" Rao Yun
"The Spiritual Style of Cai Hesen and Its Contemporary Enlightenment in the Period of The Founding of the Party" Jin Minqing
"On the Generative Logic of Cai he Sen's Initial Heart" Liu Fengxue