Then, in our lecture on "Explaining Characters in Speaking Texts", this lesson talks about the last four Chinese characters of the "Ge" department: "Martingale, 韄, [Ge it], ". These four characters, in modern Chinese, only the word "martingale" is more common because of the ancient celebrity Shang martingale, and the other three characters are basically strange characters. The details of the four words are as follows:
1. Martingale. There are two pronunciations:
(i) yāng. The pronunciation yǎng marked in the Zhonghua Shuyi Zhuyin edition of the Shuowen Jiezi is its old reading. The explanation given in the Shuowen Jiezi is: "Martingale, neck martingale also." From the leather, the central voice. "Shape sound word. The original meaning is a (soft) belt worn over the neck of a cow and horse.
(Martingale)
Duan Yujie's Commentary on the Interpretation of The Text: "The Interpretation of the Name: 'Martingale, baby also, called baby under the throat, and baby of speech.' According to Liu (Xi) and Xu He, Du Yun: 'In the belly of the martingale', I am afraid that it is not the same. "Zuo Chuan, Twenty-eight Years of the Duke of Qi": "Seven hundred times the Jinche, [Ge Xian], [Ge Yin], Martingale, [Ge Ban]." Yang Bojun's note: "Martingale... Leather of the horse's neck when driving. "Shishu Xinyu • Political Affairs No. 3": "There are big bulls and martingales in The East of the Pavilion, pei kai-haks. "There are big bulls on the east side of the pavilion road, and Hejiao holds the martingale in front of the cow, and Pei Kai leads the martingale behind the cow.
He also borrowed the reference to the carriage and horse. Tao Yuanming's "Returning to the Garden and Rural Residence": "Rare personnel in the wild, poor alleys and widowed martingales." "It's him who told him that no one came to visit after he went into seclusion.
(Hermit Tao Yuanming)
In addition to the original meaning, martingale has other uses:
(1) Bondage. Bai Juyi's "Incense Burner Peak": "All the crumbs have failed to get rid of the martingale." "It just can't get rid of the shackles of the world."
(2) Pass "怏". Not convinced. dissatisfied. Zhu Junsheng's "Speaking of Wen Tong Training Dingsheng Zhuangbu": "Martingale, pretending to be a sword." "Book of Han and The Chronicle of Emperor Gao": "The generals and the emperor are the people of the household, the north is the subject, and the heart is always martingale." "Many generals and the emperor used to be registered with the commoners, but later they were called vassals in the north, and their hearts were always unhappy.
In addition, martingale is also a surname. Tongzhi Clan Sketch V: "Martingale, see "Surname Yuan".
(ii) yàng. This pronunciation is dedicated to the word "ox martingale", which refers to the apparatus that the ox pulls on the neck when pulling a cart. Also called "bull martingale".
(Cow martingale)
"Martingale" seems to be just a tool invented by people to control cattle, horses, donkeys, and mules, but why did the martingale come up with this name? Because "martingale" actually implies the meaning of "control, grasp, and command", in this way, Shang Martin still uses this name until the final extremely popular subject, which is really of great significance.
(Martingale image)
The small seal of the word "martingale" is written as shown in the following figure:
(Martingale's small seal writing)
2. Weeds. Read hù. The explanation given by the Shuowen Jiezi is: "Sui, sabre wire also." From the leather, the sound of the koan. "Shape sound word. The original meaning is a leather rope wrapped around a saber. Duan Yujie's "Commentary on the Interpretation of The Text": "This cover is called 缑也 in the "Itobu". ”
(Leather rope wrapped around the handle of the sabre)
In addition to the original meaning, "韄" is also extended to be a bondage. "Ji Yun Jue Yun": "Sui, Tie Ye." "Zhuangzi Gengsangchu": "Those who are foreign to the husband should not be caught." Lu Deming's interpretation quoted the "Three Cangs": "Sui, sabre target Wei Ye." "Bound by external objects, it is inevitable to be complicated and urgent. The meaning of bondage is expressed in the form of "wheezing".
The small seal of "韄" is written as shown in the following figure:
(Small seal writing of the wheez)
3. [Leather it]. Read tuó. The explanation given in the Shuowen Jiezi is: "[Leather it], horsetail camel also." From the leather, it sounds. Now it's like that. "Shape sound word. The original meaning is to tie a belt around the animal's butt when driving. Press: Xu Kai's "Biography of the Shuowen Lineage": "Now it is called Ma HouYi, and the latter is also connected to the horsetail." The kind of gun is also called the bending of the mallet. '緧', now the word '鞦'. There is also a saying that the belt is tied to the horse's tail. Because it is a strange word, we will not delve into it for the time being.
The small seal of "[leather it]" is written as shown in the following figure:
(The small seal of [leather])
4、 。 Read xié. The explanation given in the Shuowen Jiezi is: ", tie the shin also." From the leather, see the sound. "Shape sound word. The original meaning is to tie the shin of the cow, that is, to tie the calf of the cow with leather to make it stop moving. Wang Yun's "Reading of Saying Sentences": "Shin, "Class" as a neck, non-also." If you want the cattle to walk, you will be roped to the horns and lead them, and if you want the cattle to stop, you will be roped on the shins and stumble, and there is no neck tied. "Let the cow go forward, lead it with a leash on the horn, let the cow stop, and tug at its calf with the rope, without the cow's neck (of course, modern, more morning glory nose or cow head).
(Morning Glory Nose)
In addition to the original meaning, there are two uses:
(1) Tight bundle. "Guangyun Dan Rhyme": ", urgent system. "(2) Urgent. "Collection rhymes and crumb rhymes": ", anxious also. ”
The small seal is written as shown in the figure:
(Small seal notation)
([Explanation of words] no. 531, some pictures from the Internet)