Qin culture is an important part of traditional Chinese culture and has had a profound impact on the formation and development of Chinese civilization. Xianyang is the birthplace of Qin culture and the endorsement city of the capital of the Qin State, and in the historical process of the inheritance and development of Chinese civilization, the imperial capital Xianyang, the active carrier of creating Qin civilization, has always been in an important position. There are 27 imperial tombs in Xianyang, 28 emperors are buried, and more than 500 tombs of princes and relatives of the emperor and the state are buried. Their number, geographical concentration, and rich connotation are definitely the largest in the world.
Episode 1: City of Sunshine
Episode 2: The Foundation of Unity
Episode 3: The City of Innovation
Episode 4: The Immortal Root
Episode 5: The Soul of Jingwei
In the face of the imperial capital Xianyang, we cannot but stand in awe and look up.
It is the first imperial capital of China. More than 2,000 years ago, the Qin people marched east from here, swept through Liuhe, and achieved the Yangyang Empire of The unification of China, and thus laid the historical trend of China's unification.
At that time, its population was large, its area was vast, its political progress, its economic prosperity, and its culture were splendid, and it was a unique international metropolis in the world at that time. According to the Chronicle of History, "Xianyang ... Eight hundred miles from east to west and four hundred miles from north to south. ”
It is a unique world power in China's history.
Today's Xianyang is often referred to as the place where the pyramids of the world are located, and we go after Changling, Maoling, Zhaoling, and Qianling. What are we looking for there? Why does Li Taibai say: "The wind blows my heart, and the Xianyang tree hangs in the west"? How many reasons how amazing is this place!
The whole social culture created by the Qin State is a big culture. His mausoleum, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, is unprecedented in China; the palace he built, Afang Palace, although it was not built, its scale is also the largest.
The imperial capital xianyang is a sign of a great turning point in Chinese history from a backward sub-feudal system to a progressive county system.
The political system and state management model created by the Qin Empire in Xianyang lasted for more than 2,000 years and were passed down by successive dynasties. This ensures the continuity of Chinese civilization and the vitality of the Chinese nation.
The historical Qin Xianyang was much larger than the Xianyang we now know (the current Xianyang City).
After the Qin people established the capital of Xianyang in the middle of the Shang martingale transformation method, after more than 100 years of development, by the time of Qin Shi Huang, Xianyang had become the largest metropolis in the world.
The material and intangible heritage left by the Qin Empire, any of which can be called the treasures of human civilization.
Xianyang is a collection of the most representative figures of the most glorious period in Chinese history, and a considerable part of the palaces and mausoleums of these figures are in Xianyang. Therefore, the value of Xianyang in the world historical and cultural heritage may not be much on its right.
Among the eight wonders of the world, two were created by the Qin Empire. These legacies have not only become a rich content for the study of the history of human civilization, but also provided endless enlightenment and insights for people today and even in the future.
Our comprehensive summary and scientific understanding of the Qin spirit can be noted that its connotation contains a lot of content that is worthy of our reference, inheritance and reference today, and actively content. For example, the Qin people's sense of innovation and enterprising spirit can be seen uninterruptedly from the expansion of the Qin people's political pattern.
The first is its spirit of struggle, the second is its spirit of change, the third is its spirit of the legal system, the fourth is its creative spirit, and the last point is its consciousness of civilization consciousness.
The main content of Qin culture is not something that can be said in one sentence. From my personal experience, there are four points: First, the spirit of reform. The second is his sense of unity. The third is the concept of the rule of law. The fourth is the pursuit of a strong country.
Qin culture is a foundation culture for Chinese culture. The spirit of the Qin people has the following points: The first point is perseverance. In addition, the Qin people are a nation that pursues more than once. Another is that the Qin people are open and compatible. The Qin people are also full of innovative spirit. In addition, for the Qin people, it is utilitarian. The Qin people are very practical.
Xianyang Palace Que Yu Saga, Six Kingdoms Tower Yan Qiluo. Since the Heavenly Emperor was drunk at that time, there were mountains and rivers in the Qin Land.
Let us follow the children chanting the sound of the imperial capital Xianyang and the wonderful imagination of Li Shangyin, the great poet of the Tang Dynasty, into the imperial capital Xianyang and embark on the historical journey of the Qin ancestors who built the capital Xianyang and created a unified cause here.
It can be said that the emergence and formation of Qin culture has gone through many hardships; the road of the Qin people to Xianyang and unifyIng China here is not smooth. It embodies the tears, sweat and blood of our ancestors...
Except for the brief courtesy received in the Yao Shun era for assisting Dayu in the water control, almost all of them were in repeated bumps and painful tribulations. When Xia Qishi was killed, Zhou Gongshi suffered a severe blow. Sima Qian's sentence: "Or destroy the country, or migrate", contains how much sorrow and helplessness the ancestors of the Qin people!
In the difficult years when Zhou Tianzi raised cattle and herded sheep for Zhou Tianzi in the western frontier, how many old Qin people fell under the barbaric invasion and the destruction of bad nature.
Western historians believe that the harsher the environment, the stronger the enthusiasm for stimulating the growth of civilization. The ancestors of the Qin people are such a nation. The long-term turbulence and displacement not only did not erode his vitality for survival, but on the contrary, it nourished its strong vitality of survival; repeated bullying and discrimination not only did not wear down his blood, but gave birth to his increasingly frustrated backbone. His desire to survive and change his destiny was so strong!
In the history of the Qin people, in the history of more than two thousand years, he had six hundred years of ups and downs. For example, in the more than four hundred years of the Xia Dynasty, he was completely reclusive, and in the two hundred and seventy years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, he was also at a low ebb. These two eras are its big lows. In addition, he has been fighting for five centuries, 32 generations of kings with the surname of Ying, and there have been many heroes who have survived and tried to change.
First, several generations of kings fought in blood, creating a habitat in the wild western region, and then using the skill of riding a horse, escorting the car with merit, and obtaining a fief. From the time of Qin Xianggong, the State of Qin, with the wit and bravery trained in the war, broke into Guanzhong and settled in Yongcheng, the founding state of Western Zhou, and began a great transformation from nomadic to farming. In particular, Qin Mugong, who was keen on reform, decisively appointed foreign talents to play the prelude to the eastward advance. He wrote the "Qin Oath" with a lot of blood, expressing the voice of the Qin people who roared like a war drum.
After that, when the Spring and Autumn kingdoms rose one after another, the Qin state stagnated and remained silent for more than 200 years. It was not until 384 BC that Qin Xiangong ascended the throne that the qin people's divine power was revived. He took the initiative to attack and conquer the State of Wei and occupy the land west of the eastern and western fortresses.
In this way, the Qin people broke into the hinterland of Guanzhong from west to east, forming a confrontation with the six eastern countries. At the same time, the Qin people also formed their own culture of survival and change, tenacity and indomitability, and emphasis on practicality. This culture may be less ceremonial and orthodox than the culture of the Six Kingdoms, which was divided into zhou chambers, but it is exuberant and alive. It laid a solid spiritual foundation for the later victory of the Qin state and the unification of China.
In the hundreds of years when the Qin people struggled to move forward, the other six kingdoms that entered the Warring States era through law change and war, and their national strength was far superior to that of the Qin state. The weak State of Qin was regarded as "Yidi" in their eyes and was always excluded from the alliance of princes.
The crisis needs to be reversed by the brave, and the Qin people are eager to change their fate.
In 361 BC, the 21-year-old Duke Xiao of Qin ascended the throne. This generation of talents who grew up in the fires and tribulations of war and suffering not only has the bloodiness of his ancestors, but also has the innovative spirit of adapting to the needs of the times.
In the first year of his reign, he could not wait to issue a "meritocracy order". Not only is it open to recruiting talents from all over the world, but it is also honest and atmospheric to share the land with the talents.
The earth-shattering order for meritocracy caused an uproar in the Six Kingdoms, and people from all over the world flocked to it. Shang Martin, who was full of economy and unmotivated, also came to the Qin kingdom, and he attracted the qin filial duke who was thirsty for talents with his powerful skills and unswerving belief in the rule of law.
Shang Martin, who was greatly trusted and supported by Xiao Gong, drastically implemented his own legal ideology. One of the most radical and successful changes in Chinese history has begun.
In 359 BC, after sufficient public opinion and organizational preparation, the first five decrees were promulgated: the Shang Martingale Transformation Law highlighted "sincerity" and "strictness". The story of the trees seeking faith and winning the hearts of the people has become a beautiful story throughout the ages; the prince's violation of the law and the common people's sin have created a fair and just rule of law. Of course, this also touched the interests of the old Qin system and the Qin nobility, and they gathered together, bringing great resistance and difficulties to the change of law.
At the critical juncture, Qin Xiaogong, who had changed the law with Shang Martin, in addition to unswervingly supporting the change of law, also decided to move the capital to Xianyang out of the consideration of getting rid of the resistance of the Qin nobles and military strategy.
History has thus chosen Xianyang, and Xianyang also has this unique honor. Since then, Xianyang has become a fertile land of civilization that nurtures the sacred mission of unifying China.
Xianyang is located in the hinterland of Guanzhong, north of the Jiucheng Mountains, south of the Weihe River, mountains and rivers. It is said that when Qin Xiaogong and Shang Martin were inspecting here, they stood in the blessed land of the sun everywhere, and they sighed and named xianyang.
Oh, what a city of sunshine!
Xianyang, as the capital of the Qin Kingdom with great ambitions, has a unique advantage.
In terms of living conditions, from agriculture to handicrafts, all the way to sideline business. Xianyang is superior to Oak Yang.
From the geographical location of Xianyang itself, Xianyang stands in the north of Weishui and the south of Jingshui. The Jing River flows into the Wei River from the northwest, forming a three-sided encirclement of Xianyang. Xianyang is also a high-pitched geographical location. So it is a place that should be said to be easy to defend and difficult to attack.
More importantly, the choice of Xianyang Dingdu reflects the ambition and ambition of the Qin people to drink the Yellow River and master the Central Plains. Xianyang Jun came to the world, looking down on the Six Kingdoms, and had the aura of the overlord who swallowed mountains and rivers. Sima Qian praised in the "Records of History": "The solidity of Guanzhong, the thousand miles of the golden city, the inheritance of the descendants of the emperor and the world." The Qing Xiu Xian Xian County Chronicle summarizes it this way: Xianyang "is bordered by Weishui in the south, Jiu Wei in the north, Narrow Kun Han on the left, and Longshu on the right."
The construction of the Xianyang Palace was personally supervised by Shang Martin.
Taking advantage of the high-pitched momentum of the Northern Plains of Xianyang, he built a high platform, erected a Jique, and built a tall and majestic Qin Palace. Wang Xueli: Since we were doing Ji Que, carrying out political reform here, and changing the law, we hoped for future success, which was also the Shang martingale transformation method at that time. A political marker of Qin Xiaogong's political reforms.
The first palace of Qin Xianyang City was not a building in the ordinary sense, but contained very profound political implications. It can publicize a series of reform decrees on the tall and eye-catching door view, warning the subordinates and the people to respect the law.
Therefore, the capital of Xianyang was not only one of the contents of the Shang Martingale Transformation Law, but also began a more thorough and comprehensive second-stage political reform.
In 350 BC, Qin moved the capital to Xianyang and held a second change of law, the second time it was mainly from the cultural, institutional, and this level to change the Qin society more profoundly.
This "endowment" refers to the poll tax, the collection of this poll tax, the collection of Wada rent, like two wheels to drive the country's economic system, especially the normal operation of the tax system, can increase the country's income and promote economic development.
If we say that the first reform of the law was focused on rewarding the military industry and the rich country and strengthening the army, the second reform was mainly in the renewal of the system.
The unity of Qin culture and writing, "book and text" has created the kind of cohesion of the Chinese nation for thousands of years.
The 20-year-long Shang martingale transformation method is the most comprehensive, thorough and successful reform in ancient Chinese history. It has dealt a heavy blow to the old system and old concepts from both the economic foundation and the superstructure, opened the way for the new classes and new systems to take the stage, and realized the transformation of China's social system. It greatly liberated the productive forces and enabled a weak country to quickly become a powerful country during the Warring States period.
The change of law also greatly stimulated the morale of the Qin army, making it a "tiger and wolf division" that threatened the six countries, and the great victory in Hexi during the change of law was a vivid example.
The change of law has significantly improved the efficiency of military and political affairs. Diligence and honesty became a common practice among Qin officials. After the Shang martingale changed the law, the Confucian master Xun Zi came to the Qin Kingdom to investigate, and what he saw and heard made him sigh with great emotion: "Entering the country to view its customs, its people are simple, its vocal music is not polluted, and its clothes are not dirty... Look at his disciples and doctors, out of his door, into the public gate; out of the public gate, return to his home, there is no private affair..."
In contrast, at that time, the Six Kingdoms change law and subsequent generations of changes were not completely changed by the Qin State. They are either a temporary expedient or an improvement that fails to break through old ideas and the consciousness of the powerful. This is precisely an important reason why the Six Kingdoms were defeated at the hands of the Qin State and the successive dynasties failed to change the law.
Today, looking back at the reform concept of our ancestors and the conscious consciousness of civilization more than 2,000 years ago, we have a lot of feelings and benefited a lot.
Only reform can strengthen the country, which is the enlightenment of the Qin culture and the historical footprints of the Qin Dynasty; the second reform is earlier, and Qin is because it reformed a hundred years earlier than other countries that it became a big country before other countries.
From the beginning of the Shang martingale transformation method until the fall of the Qin Empire for more than 160 years, it was the only legal society in classical Chinese society. Therefore, the legal spirit of the Qin people is one of the foundations of its strong survival.
The Qin Law is a precedent set by the Qin people to rule the country according to law, for example, on the battlefield, the reward and punishment policy he implemented was very clear. Soldiers are encouraged to go to war.
With the system and custom of law, even if the Qin Xiaogong and Shang Martingale who legislated successively passed away, the legal system has become a fixed system and has always continued in the Qin State.
The six generations of Qin kings after Qin Xiaogong have always moved forward on the track of changing the law, always waving the huge pen of the legal system and writing poems that are icing on the cake.
Since the promulgation of the Qin Law by the Shang Martingale, the State of Qin has continuously improved and added new contents, forming a complete and strict legal system. By the time Qin Shi Huang unified China, there were more than 30 types of Qin laws, covering criminal law, civil law, administrative law, procedural law, and military law.
The affairs of the state do not depend on the personal will of the king, but on the holding of court proceedings in accordance with the law. The strategies and tactics of King Huiwen of Qin's continuous horizontal breakthrough and King Zhaoxiang's long-distance and close-range attacks were all made and implemented under full discussion and careful planning. As Han Feizi said: "When The Duke of Filial Piety and the Shang Jun died, King Hui took the throne, and Qin Fa was undefeated." ”
Even Qin Shi Huang was not so arbitrary. The "court deliberation system" that he insisted on implementing has a bit of a "harmonious society, safety first" color.
That was when the great cause of reunification had just been completed. Is there a sub-feudal system, or a county system? The Manchu Dynasty Wenwu launched a full discussion and controversy, and Qin Shi Huang unswervingly chose the county system based on the essence of the Shang martingale transformation law.
When attacking the State of Chu, the arrogant general Li Xin could defeat the enemy with a 200,000-strong Qin army. The result was a setback. Not only did Qin Wangzheng not severely punish Li Xin, but he also went to the door to apologize to Wang Qi, who had asked 600,000 soldiers and horses to break the enemy. Before the battle, Qin Wang Zheng personally sent Wang Qi off. Soon, Wang Qi was destroyed in a battle.
Undoubtedly, the legal system is the progress and civilization that the Qin people have exchanged for the price of tenacious struggle, long-term exploration and blood. It supported the Qin people to enter Xianyang, built the capital Of Xianyang, and created an unprecedented great cause in Xianyang, and also became the core content of Qin culture.
It is gratifying and proud that the imperial capital xianyang has historically become a fertile land for cultivating civilization, and today's Xianyang also continues the glory of history by not living up to the responsibilities entrusted by this ancient city!