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Comet Corpse: Its Man and Its Book
Peng Hua
The corpse is a comet that once flashed the light of thought, and is a missing person in the history of pre-Qin thought.
To this day, the people, his books, and his studies are still confused and unknown.
Corpses and their people
Regarding the life and deeds of the corpse, the historical records are extremely brief.
The Hanshu Yiwenzhi Zhuziluo miscellaneous bibliography: "Twenty corpses." Ban Gu commented to himself: "Famous, Lu people." Qin Xiangshang Junshizhi. Martingale died and fled into Shu. Yan Shigu's note: "Lingyin twisting." ”
"History of Mencius Xunqing": "Chu has corpses and Changlu. Pei Xiao's "Collection" leads Liu to the "Beilu": "Chu has a corpse, and it is suspected that he is in Shu." Now according to the book "Corpse Son", Jin Renye, famous, Qin Xiangwei Martingale also. Wei Martingale Shangjun plotted and planned, legislated and governed the people, and did not fail to do with the rules. Shang Jun was tortured, feared and cursed, but fled to Shu. He made these twenty books, all more than sixty thousand words. 卒, because of the burial of Shu. Sima Zhen's "Suo Yin": "Press: Corpse Name Leader, Sound Twist, Jin Ren, Matter Tool "Beilu". ”
As can be seen from the above, regarding the origin of the corpse, there are three theories: Chu people, Lu people, and Jin people.
Qian Mu (1895-1990) believed that "corpses are really Jin people." At that time, the Jin Dynasty was no longer a state, and Wei Yanjin claimed that the corpse was a Wei person. "Now, according to the conjecture of the simultaneous study style, the study of corpses should be one and the same as Li Wu, Wu Qi, and Shang Martin." Gu Shi (1878-1956) believed that "the Lu people, the Jin people's blackmail" According to Qian Mu's research, the year of birth and death of the corpse is about 390-330 BC.
The author believes that Qian Mu and Gu Shizhi's theory is credible, while the corpse "Jin ren said" can be eliminated. However, due to the popularity of the Three Jins (Zhao, Han, and Wei) in the study of the Fa, and the corpse may have been to the land of the Three Jins and accepted the influence of the Fa, this should be presumed, and it seems certain. As for whether the corpse is a Lu person or a Chu person, it is impossible to judge due to the lack of materials (the author prefers the corpse Chu people). There is no doubt that the corpse participated in the qin state Shangmartin (Wei Martingale) to change the law, and "plotted things and legislated for the people" for Shangmartin. The corpse later "fled into Shu", and eventually left to bury Shu ("卒, because of the burial of Shu"), which is also beyond doubt. In this way, it is not an exaggeration to include the Corpse in the Complete Book of Bashu.
Regarding the ideological theme of corpses and the attribution of their schools, the Hanshu Yiwenzhi, the Sui Shu Jingshu, the Old Book of Tang, and the New Book of Tang yiwenzhi all classify them as miscellaneous families, the Song Shi Yiwenzhi classify them as Confucians, and some works may classify them as legal scholars (such as the Hundred Sons).
The author believes that there is some truth in the classification of "Corpse" into the Legal Family, because the corpse tastes like a Martingale "plotting and planning, legislating and governing the people". However, judging from the Wang Jipei edition of "Corpse" that we have seen now, the ideological content of "Corpse" is more complicated. In addition to the Ideas of the Dharma (Mingfa and Punishment), there are also Taoist thoughts (such as Insistent Oneness and Non-Action), Confucian Thought (such as Benevolence, Morality, and Faithfulness), Yin-Yang Thought (such as the Five Elements Pairing), Famous Thought (such as Correct Name, Ming Fen), and even the ideological content of the Tangible Dharma (such as the Classic of Mountains and Seas) (such as the Dangers of Jiuzhou and the Emergence of Water Springs). Therefore, the author endorses the "miscellaneous theory" of "Corpse". As the Book of Han and Yiwen Zhi says, the miscellaneous family "flows among the miscellaneous family, and the cover comes from the councilor." Combined Confucianism, ink, joint name, law".
As we all know, in ancient China, many concepts, ideas and categories were actually "public ideological resources" (such as Tao, Yin and Yang, and the Five Elements). At the time of the Warring States, scholars were mostly able to dabble in the Hundred Clans, the Unowned Family, and the Hundred Families. For example, Xunzi, Lü's Spring and Autumn, and the Yellow Emperor's Four Classics are all prominent examples. I would like to take Han Fei as an example. Han Fei is the Xun Qing of Confucianism in terms of teacher succession, and the elder of Taoism in academic theory, and is naturally connected with Confucianism, Tao, Name, and Law, but not only in relation to each other. In other words, only taking so-and-so as a person as a certain family (such as corpses, Han Fei, etc.) is a misunderstanding of the study of the Warring States by later generations. As the "History of Lao Tzu Han Fei Lie" said: "Those who learn from Lao Tzu in the world are Confucianism, and Confucianism is also Confucianism." 'The tao is different and does not conspire against each other', is it evil? ”
The author has pointed out that as early as the Warring States period, Chinese scholarship has already shown the style of "Huitong", that is, the integration of the hundred families of the Sons; descending to the Middle Ages (since the Tang and Song Dynasties), it is characterized by the integration of the "three religions" of Confucianism and Taoism. In terms of geographical units and regional culture, this is not only true of Qilu culture, but also of Bashu culture. At that time, the author failed to cite "Corpse" as an example to illustrate, which is inevitable to have some regrets.
Corpses and their books
The book "Corpse" is a bibliography of historical records.
The Book of Han and Yiwen Zhi (汉書 Yiwen Zhi) is a compilation of "Twenty Corpses".
The Sui Shu Jing Shu Zhi (隋書· Jingshu Zhi) records "Twenty Volumes of Corpse Zi, One Volume of Mu, and Nineteen Volumes of Liang", and notes itself that "Qin Xiangwei Martingale shangke corpse is written." Nine of its deaths, Wei Huang Junior High School continued".
The Old Book of Tang and The Chronicle of the Classics of the Old Tang Dynasty records the "Twenty Volumes of the Corpse", and the self-annotation says that "corpse is written by the corpse".
The New Book of Tang Dynasty Yiwen zhi (新唐書 Yiwen zhi) includes "Ten Volumes of Corpse Zi", and the self-annotation says that "corpses are written by outstanding authors".
The Song Shi Yiwen Zhi (宋史 Yiwen Zhi) is a compilation of "Corpses" volume.
From the above, it can be seen that the heirloom "Corpse" mainly has twenty volumes and ten volumes. Therefore, some researchers believe that in the pre-Qin period, there were two ancient books entitled "Corpses": one was written by Lu Ren Corpse, which was written in the middle of the Warring States period and was influenced by the ideas of the Fa and had a "non-Confucian" ideological tendency; the other was "Corpse Zi" written by a scholar of corpse surnames in the Chu State, written in the late Warring States period, influenced by Huang Lao Daoist thought, and had the ideological tendency of "concurrent Confucianism". Lu Ren Corpse's "Corpse" was written earlier, and the surviving edition of "Corpse" is Chu's "Corpse". The author believes that the "two theories" of "Corpse Son" can neither be confirmed nor falsified; instead of making such a argument, it is better to abide by the purpose of "que doubt". But fundamentally, the author does not approve of the "two books" of "Corpse".
Since the Song Dynasty, "Corpse" has not been recorded. Therefore, it is generally believed that "Corpse" died after the Song Dynasty.
Since the Qing Dynasty and modern times, scholars have mostly regarded the book "Corpse" as a forgery. However, Lü Simian's (1884-1957) Jingzi Solution claims that this "Corpse" is not a forgery book and that its ideas are precious. Lü Simian said: "Although this book ("Corpses") is very special, it is indeed a pre-Qin ancient book, and it is particularly valuable. He also said, "According to those who have been compiled today, seven out of ten are All Confucian." Liu Xiang proofread the preface to the forgery, not enough to believe. This book cover is also like "Lü Lan", which is also partial to Confucianism... It is enough to understand the four schools of Confucianism, Taoism, Name, and Law. "Its writing is extremely simple and mao, not liu xun's ear." Although the gap is now very great, but the words are broken, enough to prove the scriptures, it is indeed invincible... In addition, the allusion system is true, and there are still many people who have sufficient resources to examine it. That is to say, the Chronicle of Moral Benevolence and Righteousness chen in "Corpse Son" and the dangerous water springs in Kyushu have important reference value for understanding social thought and geographical changes in the pre-Qin period.
The author believes that Lu Simianzhi's theory is reasonable. Therefore, the author agrees with "the corpse is not a pseudo-book statement". Of course, it is undeniable that the text of Wang Jipei and others' compilation of "Corpses" is not all the original text of "Corpses"; because since the Han Dynasty, "Corpses" have been incomplete, and some places have been forged by posterity, which naturally belongs to the inevitable list.
"Corpse" is a compilation
The original book of "Corpse Son" has been lost since the Song Dynasty. Fortunately, in the 36th volume of the "Qunshu Zhizhi" written by the Tang Dynasty Wei Zheng and others, there are 13 articles such as "Corpse Persuasion", which provides clues and convenience for future generations.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were 8 main types of editions of "Corpses".
In the Ming Dynasty, there were two kinds of compilations of "Corpse Son", namely Tao Zongyi's compilation and Guiyouguang's compilation. Tao Zongyi's compilation is contained in volume VI of the Shuo Qi, but it is unfortunate that the source is not not noted. The Guiyou Guangji edition is contained in volume IX of the "Zhuzi Hui letter", but the compilation is not ideal, so Wang Jipei said that the Guiyou Guangji edition "links the group books, fabricates the names, and is not enough evidence".
In the Qing Dynasty, there were 5 and 6 kinds of compilations of "Corpse Zi", namely 3 volumes of "Corpse Zi" and 1 volume of "Appendix" supplemented by Hui Dongji and Ren Zhaolin, Sun Zhizu's "Corpse Zi Yiwen", Sun Xingyan's "Corpse Son" 3 volume, Ren Zhaolin's "Corpse Son" 1 volume, Wang Jipei's "Corpse Son" 2 volumes, and "Doubtful" 1 volume.
Academic circles generally believe that among the above -- "Corpses" compilations, Wang Jipei's editions are the most refined. Wang Jipei (1751-1819), also known as Yinke, Yizi Houshu, was a native of Xiaoshan, Zhejiang (present-day Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang), and the fourth son of the bibliophile Wang Huizu (1731-1807). He is the author of "Notes on the Hidden Husband", the compilation of "Corpses", the compilation of "Yin Wenzi", and the supplementary proofreading of "Three Histories and The Same List".
In the sixteenth year of Qing Jiaqing (1811), Wang Jipei compiled huidong, Ren Zhaolin, and Sun Xingyan, and re-edited and examined, and compiled the 2 volumes of "Corpse Correction". His book takes the "corpse" part contained in the Tang Dynasty "Qunshu Zhijiao" as the "upper volume", the text scattered in each book as the "lower volume", and the other collection of errors and misapprovals of the various editions as "Doubtful", which is attached to the book. Wang Jipei's ontology is rigorous and rigorous in selection, and Lü Simian's "Jingzi Solution" calls the series "the most good of the real".
Wang Jipei's "Corpse Zi" is a lithograph of the Hongwen Bureau in the seventeenth year of Qing Jiaqing (1812), an engraving of the Xiaoshan Chen HuhaiLou in the first year of Qing Guangxu (1875), an engraving of the Hubei Chongwen Bureau in the first year of the Qing Guangxu (1875), an engraving of the Zhejiang Book Bureau in the third year of the Qing Guangxu (1877), a lithographic copy of the Hongwen Bureau in the nineteenth year of the Qing Dynasty (1893), a lithograph of the Hongwen Bureau in the nineteenth year of the Qing Dynasty (1893), a stone engraving of the Shanhua Yang clan in the twenty-first year of the Qing Guangxu Dynasty (1895), an engraving of the Xinhua Samadhi Bookstore imitating the HuhaiLou in the twenty-third year of the Qing Guangxu (1897), and a stone seal of the Hongwen Bureau in the nineteenth year of the Qing Dynasty (1893) Twenty-Five Sons" Collection Letter Book, 28 kinds of sub-books (Xuantong Liyin), 9th year of the Republic of China (1920) Shanghai Wufeng Louzi Book 48 kinds of books (lithographs) and so on.
In 1989, the Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House photocopied and published Wang Jipei's "Corpse". Contemporary scholars have sorted out and translated Wang Jipei's compilation of "Corpse Zi", such as Wei Daifu's "Corpse Evidence", Zhu Hailei's "Corpse Translation Notes", and Zhang Jing and Zhang Songhui's annotated translation of "Corpse Zi", and so on.
The collated version launched by the author this time is based on Wang Jipei's "Corpse Correction", and on this basis, "supplementary notes" are made. Wang Jipei's "correction" text is marked with (1) (2) (3), etc.; the author's "supplementary note" is marked with equal labeling.
Wang Jipei's "Corpse Correction" that was collated this time is based on the HuhaiLou engraving. When proofreading "Corpse", the author combined the heirloom documents and excavated documents to do some "correction" work on Wang Jipei's "correction" text.
(This article is published in the History of Bashu, No. 1, 2022)
Source: Sichuan Provincial Local History Work Office
Author: Peng Hua (Ph.D. in History, East China Normal University, Professor, Institute of Ancient Book Collation, Sichuan University)
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