History is the foundation of all social sciences, the study of all the problems of human society, and this is true in China and the West! In the study of history, the most basic attitude toward study is: seeking truth. History has become the past, and the truth can no longer be restored, but people can still try to get closer to the truth.
First, Lao Tzu studied history
Starting from "inflow" and "non-flow":
In the Book of Han and Yiwen Zhi, it is said: "The Taoist stream is covered by historical officials." Chronicle success or failure, survival, misfortune, ancient and modern ways. ”
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The "History of Lao Tzu Han Fei Lie" records: "Lao Tzu, the people of Qurenli in Lixiang, Chuku County. The surname Li (李氏), the name of the ear, the character 聃, the history of the Zhou Shou Tibetan Room. ”
Lao Tzu was a historian in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, because he understood the allusions of the dynasties and had insight into the world, so he wrote the Tao Te Ching and founded the Taoist school.
So what does Confucianism do? Confucianism is an official, in today's parlance, a study of administration, "The Confucian stream is covered by the officials of Situ." Helper Jun, Shun Yin Yang, Ming Enlightenment also. ”
Ban Gu believes that there were "ten schools" of doctrine in the pre-Qin period, namely: the confucian flow, the Taoist flow, the yin and yang family flow, the Dharma family flow, the famous family flow, the Mo family flow, the vertical and horizontal family flow, the miscellaneous family flow, the peasant family flow, and the novelist flow.
"One of the ten" is not in the stream, that is, the stream of novelists, because "the stream of novelists is covered by barnyard officials." The streets talk about alleys, and the people who hear hearsay make it. In fact, the novel is also a history in a broad sense, but it is not "history", but "barnyard", which is the weeds in the rice field, the street talk, the hearsay, why can it still be regarded as one of the hundred sons? Confucius said, "Although there are small ways, there will be considerable ones." Zhiyuan fears mud, and it is a gentleman's husband. ”
Confucius asked About Lao tzu, who was obviously a student of Lao Tzu
This is the earliest source of "inflow" and "non-flow".
In English, the word history is called "history", while the word story is "story", and the word "history" means their story. Why was the history of ancient Greece "their story" and not "our story"? Because ancient Greece was a city-state, the territory was small, the population was small, there were not many stories, and the stories written and written were the stories of other city-states, and the history was: their stories.
In modern Chinese, the traditional character for history is "history", which comes from The Japanese, and in modern times, it is the Japanese who have merged "calendar" and "history" to form a modern Chinese vocabulary, such as: economics, politics, physics. The ancient Chinese tradition of scholarship is the classics, histories, sub-collections, called "four libraries" or "four parts", among the "four parts", historiography ranks second.
The word "history" originally referred to the historical official, the so-called "junju must book", "left history of history, right history of events", the monarch's every move, every word and deed, all need to be recorded by the historian. However, these records are often kept secret, hidden deep in the palace, and play the only role of supervising the monarch. The imperial power in ancient China was not without any restrictions, and the Son of Heaven should pay attention to the views of future generations of people on their own, which is the so-called coffin conclusive theory. The ancient Chinese supervision institution, called "Yushitai" and "Yushi", was developed from the "Historical Officials" of the pre-Qin period.
In the view of Western scholars, the greatest philosopher in ancient China was Lao Tzu, not Confucius, Confucius's learning is to teach people to be officials, can be called "administrative science", Lao Tzu is the real philosopher and thinker, Lao Tzu's profession is actually history, "Hanshu Yiwenzhi" said: "Taoist flow, cover out of the historical official." Chronicle success or failure, survival, misfortune, ancient and modern ways. Then he knew that he should keep the book, be vain to defend himself, be humble to be self-sustaining, and the art of the south of the king. ”
Lao Tzu went to India and became the Buddha
Yushi belongs to the series of yanguan, and the yanguan is often rumored to be rumored, what is called the wind and rumors? It is to catch the wind and catch the shadow, and there is no conclusive evidence, just nonsense. When officials speak in the imperial court, the monarch mainly "consults the good way, and says Chanaya" (from the "Table of Renunciation"), and those who are right should listen, and those who are wrong, they can not adopt it, and they cannot kill the official casually.
Hai Rui wrote to the Jiajing Emperor, which was equivalent to touching the tiger's ass, and the Jiajing Emperor was furious, and in the end, he still couldn't bear not to kill him. On the day of the Jiajing Emperor's death, Hai Rui wept bitterly, which was enough to show that Hai Rui was a true loyal subject, not a "straight" or Bo out of office. The Jiajing Emperor kept Hai Rui in order to have him assist his son, Emperor Longqing.
During the Longqing period, Hai Rui did a lot of good things for the people, opening the Huangpu River, clearing the fields, etc. Hai Rui was praised by the people as "Hai Qingtian", and also said that he was "Bao Gong reincarnated".
However, during the Wanli years, Hai Rui was gradually snubbed and had no real power. If the Longqing Emperor and the Wanli Emperor could reuse Hai Rui and eliminate the shortcomings of the times, the Wenzhi martial arts of the Wanli Dynasty would be even more brilliant.
The biggest difference between Eastern and Western historiography is that Westerners like to write their stories (world history), Chinese like to write our stories (Chinese history).
A battle in ancient Greece
Why is it different? Because the West has been a small country and a widow since ancient Greece, and China has been a unified dynasty since the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Sima Qian wrote the "Records of History", which he summed up as follows: "On the occasion of the heavens and the people, the changes through the ancient and modern times have become the words of a family."
Second: the source of the soldiers
In the Book of Han and Yiwen Zhi, Ban Gu refers to the Hundred Sons of the Pre-Qin Period as "Ten Families and Nine Streams", but there are no soldiers in the "Ten Families and Nine Streams". So, where did the soldiers come from?
In the pre-Qin period, the representative figure of the bing family was Sun Tzu, and Sun Tzu's representative work was "Sun Tzu's Art of War", which had a strong Taoist thought in Sun Tzu's art of war, which was mainly embodied in "Taiji" and "Cautious Warfare". For example: "Soldiers, the great affairs of the country, the place of death and life, the way of survival, must not be unaware", "the extreme of the form of the soldier, as for the invisible".
When we read Sun Tzu's Art of War, in fact, we will find that historians, warriors, and Taoists are closely related. Taoists and historians have insight into the world's affairs and are familiar with the allusions to the successes and failures, survivals, and misfortunes of the past, so there is a saying in Sun Tzu's Art of War that "soldiers, major affairs of the country, the place of death and life, the way of survival, must not be unaware."
Since ancient times, Chinese has not talked about war lightly, because "soldiers, the great affairs of the country", if they do not do well, they will destroy their parents' country.
A very important reason why Chinese civilization has been able to continue to this day is that Chinese regard "soldiers" as "major affairs of the country" and do not speak lightly of war. Among the four ancient civilizations, the Chinese civilization appeared relatively late, but we must not forget that the Chinese civilization is an ancient civilization that has existed for the longest time. Ancient Egyptian civilization, ancient Babylonian civilization, ancient Indian civilization has long been extinguished, and Chinese civilization still exists to this day, the Shang Dynasty's Yin Ruins Oracle, found in the late Qing Dynasty, we can still understand the words thousands of years ago, which is unimaginable in Western countries.
Third: on paper
The allusion to "talking about soldiers on paper" comes from the Battle of Changping, which was the most brutal battle at the end of the Warring States period, and the lives of more than 400,000 soldiers of the Zhao State were buried.
The military strength of the Zhao state is not weak among the seven heroes of the Warring States, and the reason why the Qin state was able to win the Battle of Changping was because the Zhao state had won the Qin people's counter-plan, and replaced the veteran general Lian Po with Zhao Kuo, the son of Zhao Hao, who was familiar with the art of war, but did not have much actual combat experience, and would only talk about soldiers on paper.
Sima Qian said in the "Records of History": "Zhao Kuo learned the art of war since he was a young man, and he could not do anything in the world. Zhao Kuo's military science was very good, and he thought he was not worth it, but in the absence of much actual combat experience, he hurried into battle, causing more than 400,000 soldiers of the Zhao State to disappear and become the laughing stock of the ages.
Yang Zhenning, Deng Jiaxian and Yang Zhenping in the United States
The most dangerous moment for the Chinese nation was during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, and in the rear area of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, there were two famous colleges and universities, one was the Southwest United University in Kunming, and the other was the Lu Xun Art Institute in Yan'an.
The motto of Lu Xun Art College is: "Nervous, Serious, Hardworking, Humble Heart"; the motto of Southwest Union University is: "Fortitude and Perseverance". Southwest United University and Lu Xun Art Institute are the long march of Chinese culture, and in the rear of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the flame of Chinese culture has been preserved. Deng Jiaxian and Yang Zhenning are actually alumni of Southwest Union University, and 8 of the founders of the "two bombs and one star" of New China are alumni of Southwest Union University.
Lu Xun's photo
In the years of war and chaos, students can be humble and study hard in a tense and serious atmosphere, and today, in the era of peace, we cannot learn from Zhao Kuo and talk about soldiers on paper, while ignoring our own work.
In Kunming, where planes are bombing indiscriminately, how do the students of Southwest United University achieve nervousness, seriousness, hard work, and humility?
Finally, let's learn a beautiful article: "Running Alarms".
"There are also students in the United Nations University who do not run the alarm, as far as I know, there are two. One is a female classmate with the surname Luo. As soon as there was an alarm, she washed her hair. Everyone else is gone, the hot water in the boiler room is not used, she can open it up to wash, how much water and how much water! The other was a Guangdong classmate surnamed Zheng. He loves to eat lotus seeds. As soon as there was an alarm, he used a large gargle cylinder to boil lotus seeds at the mouth of the boiler fire. The alarm was lifted, and his lotus seed was rotten. Once a Japanese plane blew up the United Nations General Assembly, kunming north courtyard, south courtyard, both dropped bombs, this old brother Zheng listened to the bomb ping-pong ping-pong ping-pong explosion not far away, still on the boiler next to the new school building library on the boiler looking still stirring his rock sugar lotus seeds. ”