Host: In recent years, many early education institutions have emerged in the society, reflecting the concern of the whole society for the early education of infants and young children. However, what are the laws of physical and mental development of infants and young children aged 0-3 years? How should their early education be conducted?
Today, Li Zhenyi, secretary of the party committee of Anshun College and professor of the College of Education, is invited to talk with you about the early comprehensive development of infants and young children aged 0-3.
Li: Hello host, good friends and listeners, all of you have a good New Year, first of all, thank you Anshun Radio and Television Station and The Anshun Women's Federation for giving me this opportunity to talk with you about the comprehensive development of early infants and young children.
Moderator: Just now the host talked about a term, which is the early comprehensive development of infants and young children. This concept works great. For infants and young children, we do not encourage the concept of early education. UNICEF introduced the concept of early childhood development (ECD), the integrated development of children's physical, cognitive, emotional, social adaptation and language. Its biggest feature is that from the pregnancy to the age of 3, pregnant women and children continue to provide nutrition, physical development, disease prevention, education, psychology and other all-round guidance, and promote the healthy growth of fetuses and infants.
Therefore, our country has made it clear that the comprehensive development of early childhood at 0-3 years old is not led by the Education Bureau, but by the Health Commission, which shows that the nature of this work is not education.
Of course, when we communicate or read literature, we will find that many times, people are not distinguished. I believe that as this work is increasingly valued by all sectors of society, with the improvement of the level of work, everyone will definitely be distinguished.
Host: The difference in concepts actually reflects the difference in connotation and extension. So, is it possible to say that it is because the development of infants and young children is different from that of children of other ages? First of all, please ask Teacher Li to introduce the characteristics and laws of physical and mental development of infants and young children aged 0-3.
Li: According to research in developmental psychology, the characteristics of children's physical and mental development have several characteristics, such as continuity and periodicity, stability and plasticity.
The so-called continuity means that the child's physical and mental abilities and development content are continuous and uninterrupted, and will not be interrupted by other external reasons; the so-called stage means that this development is characterized by stages, that is, not all abilities are not developed at all ages, such as newborns within 1 year old, height development is very fast, 2-4 years old infants, language ability development is very fast; the so-called stability refers to the development of relative stability in a certain period of time, there will be no particularly large changes The so-called plasticity means that this development is shapeable, that is, the content and speed of development can be promoted or delayed through changes in the acquired environment.
These characteristics seem to be somewhat contradictory in a literal sense, how can they be both continuous and staged? Stable and malleable? In fact, this is not contradictory, but precisely reflects the objective law of children's physical and mental development, but is analyzed from different angles and presents characteristics that seem to be opposite.
Host: We all know that children develop rapidly between the ages of 0-3, what are the specific manifestations of these developments?
Li: In general, we refer to newborn children as newborns, 1-3 years old for infants 3-6 years old for young children, 7 years old and older for children, teenagers, and youth. 1-3 years old is the fastest growing period. The first manifestation is the rapid growth of height and weight, from about 50 centimeters at birth to more than 1 meter, if calculated proportionally, this growth rate is not in the future.
The second is the rapid development of the nervous system structure, before the age of 3 brain development is the fastest, from not speaking to three years old can say and understand more than 1000 words, newborn brain weight 350-400 grams, 12 months after the brain weight has been nearly three-fifths of adults, 24 months accounted for about three-quarters of adults, to 36 months, up to about 1000 grams, not far from the weight of the brain (about 1400 grams). Multidisciplinary empirical science such as brain science and pedagogy confirms that before the age of 3 is a critical period for infants and young children to promote intellectual development, language acquisition, and emotional cognition. Research from the Harvard Child Development Center shows that in the first few years of life, children's brains develop at an astonishing rate, capable of establishing more than 1 million neuronal connections per second (peaking at the age of 6, the human brain has about 86 billion neurons, each neuron can have 1,000 synaptic connections), which is a rate that cannot be reproduced at any subsequent stage. Half of the learning abilities and habits are acquired before the age of 3.
The third is the rapid development of perception; Follow the development principle from head to toe, from large movements to small movements, and gradually master the basic actions of human behavior.
The fourth is the rapid development of language ability, so we call 2-4 years old as a critical period of language development, which is of great significance for children's language development, especially children with hearing impairment, intellectual problems, autism and other language development disorders.
Fifth, infants and young children also show a certain tendency to communicate, from playing alone at the beginning, to actively willing to play with small partners, and with their ability to walk steadily and run steadily, they begin to principle the embrace of their parents, willing to take risks and actively explore the surrounding world.
Host: It is precisely because children at this stage develop rapidly in all aspects that it is of more important significance to pay attention to the comprehensive development of early childhood, whether it is for the individual growth of children or for the cultivation of talents in the whole society. At the age of 0-3 years, what are the main contents of child development?
Lee: For the development of children aged 0-3 years, our views seem to be a little different from those of many parents. For example, it is recommended that you teach too much language knowledge and mathematical knowledge.
The main content of our assessment of infant and young child development is not the arithmetic of how many digits they calculate, nor what kind of intellectual problems they will solve, but self-care - social ability, language ability, perception and thinking, fine movements, gross movements and other aspects.
Host: That is to say, the development of 0-3-year-old children is mainly manifested in these aspects, and our education should also focus on these aspects.
Lee: Yes. The intervention and guidance of early childhood comprehensive development should and can promote the development of normal children's physique, intelligence, psychology and other aspects, cultivate children's healthy psychology and good character to promote the physical and mental health and harmonious development of normal children. More importantly, it can also enable infants and young children with abnormal birth (such as premature birth, low birth weight, etc.) and children with abnormal development (such as developmental delay, sensory integration disorders, etc.) to get early intervention and protection, and fully mobilize the compensatory function of their brain nerve cells, thereby significantly preventing the occurrence of serious consequences such as cerebral palsy, motor abnormalities, behavioral abnormalities and backward intellectual and motor development.
That is to say, the comprehensive development of early childhood not only pays attention to children's intelligence, but also pays more attention to the promotion of the overall quality of early childhood by the family and society.
Host: In this way, parents and society for the early comprehensive development of 0-3-year-old children, can not only focus on children's intellectual development, but also pay attention to the comprehensive quality of children, the development of overall quality.
Lee: Yes. The number of 0-3-year-old children in the mainland is about 63 million; before the age of 3, children's memories and perceptions are extremely sensitive, which is a period of rapid development of thinking, and the educational environment in this period will affect their future development, which is considered to be a public investment with the largest return on investment. We believe that:
Point 1: The comprehensive development of early 0-3 years old begins from birth
Infant and young children have a critical period of development, and the sensitive period before the age of 3 is mainly manifested in order, language, movement, feeling and the perception and stimulation response to small things. The child's development should be carried out in a suitable environment, and the child's absorbent mind, sensitive period and spontaneous activity obtained through their own activities are all internal factors.
Point 2: Interventions for early integrated development at 0-3 years of age are mainly sensory training
The content of early education is divided into five aspects: daily life education, sensory education, language education, mathematics education, science and culture education, etc., in the field of psychology and education, it is simply divided into four major areas: language ability, perception and thinking ability, fine motor ability and gross motor ability.
Point three: The key to comprehensive development in early 0-3 years of age is in parents
Parents should learn the relevant knowledge and ability related to early comprehensive development, and should have a sense of self-resolution and social responsibility for raising and educating their children.
Parents should let go and let their children do what they can, and loving their children is to let them do it themselves.
Respect the child rather than serve the child, for example: let the child eat by himself; let the child dress and organize the clothes by himself, pack up the toys and put them back in a fixed position, help the parents do housework, etc.
Patiently accept and wait for the time and method of learning for children. For example: the child's skeleton has not yet developed, do not rush the child to learn to walk, the child's hand-eye coordination has not yet developed completely, do not rush to let the child use the pen to practice writing.
Feel the growth of the child with your heart and appreciate the advantages and disadvantages of the child. Each child has their own advantages and disadvantages, do not use their own children's shortcomings and other children's strengths to compare, should encourage children more!
Implement parent-child activities. Take your child out to play, enjoy the scenery, observe animals and plants, and accompany your child to do sports, climb mountains, swim, walk, and accompany your child to read, chat, and share ideas.
Host: Specifically, what are the contents of education or training that can be carried out in this period to promote the comprehensive development of children?
Li: Specifically, daily life education includes taking care of oneself, maintaining the environment, basic movements, social behaviors, etc., exercising the ability to coordinate body movements, helping to adapt to the environment, and developing the ability to live independently. That is to say, children themselves should learn to take care of themselves in a simple way, such as dressing and eating.
Sensory education includes vision, touch, hearing, taste, smell, etc., to cultivate keen senses, exercise hand-eye coordination, observation, comparison and judgment. That is to say, children should be taken to the natural world to feel the heat and cold outside, breathe fresh air, listen to the beautiful sounds of nature, and let children run, touch, smell, and taste.
Mathematics education includes the establishment of the concept of numbers, the recognition of numbers, the cultivation of preliminary logical thinking ability, judgment ability, the use of quantities in the form of expression and understanding of the meaning of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. The concept of numbers here is not a mathematical problem understood in general, but the understanding of numbers, such as an apple, two hands, first there is an apple in giving an apple, there are two apples, this is the concept of numbers, and 1 + 1 = 2, is a mathematical problem.
Language education includes listening and speaking training to develop listening and speaking skills and early reading skills. The "language" here is not a language course learned by the school, it is about the ability to listen and speak, it is to form the interest and habit of reading, and the children hold the picture book and "read" with a board and eyes, which is very gratifying and happy, but the children may not actually know the words at all. The words that children know are not really recognized, he just associates a certain pronunciation with a certain shape of characters. But Beep worries that this is the beginning of true literacy and reading.
Science and culture education includes music, art, nature, etc., to guide contact with nature, cultivate color and shape cognition, and satisfy curiosity and curiosity.
Host: Now, many parents can only send their children to training institutions because of work reasons, or because they do not understand this knowledge, and even have become a fashion, what do you think?
Li: Children's education, especially early education, cannot be replaced by training institutions, let alone by online video games and educational software.
At present, we see that there are many early education institutions in the society, which seem to be very professional and have very professional-looking names, which actually need to be carefully distinguished.
At present, in view of the physical and mental characteristics of children aged 0-3 and the characteristics of their parents, the community as a unit of public service provision for early education has become the consensus of all countries in the world. The development of early education public services in the mainland is very slow, seriously backward and actual needs, nurseries are gradually declining, infant and young child rearing returns to the family, and the community-based early education centers established by the government are very limited, mainly commercial early education institutions. The United States has the "Early Start Plan" and the United Kingdom has "Ensuring the Beginning" and other inclusive service projects, and the mainland does not have a unified early education program or management system implemented nationwide.
The existing early education institutions in the mainland are all market-oriented and private, the entry threshold is too low, the lack of unified industry standards, the quality is difficult to guarantee; the fees lack objective and unified standards, and regional imbalance; the level of teacher specialization is low, the mobility is large; the utilitarianism is obvious; the government does not pay enough attention to it, the investment in early education resources is seriously insufficient, and the functional departments lack cooperation; and there is a lack of policy attention to vulnerable children. The government lacks regulation over the establishment and operation of commercial early education institutions. The government lacks support and regulation for the training and certification of early childhood education teachers. The government lacks uniform standards for the teaching content and curriculum of early education institutions. The government lacks standards and regulation for the high profitability of commercial early education institutions.
Host: From this perspective, what is the current level of comprehensive development of 0-3-year-old children in mainland China?
Lee: We can discuss this topic from both the family and social perspectives.
First of all, from the perspective of the family's housekeeper. According to surveys, the main caregivers of infants and young children are grandparents (accounting for more than 60%), and less than a quarter of full-time mothers;
Parents' infant and young child education concepts are backward, accounting for more than 90% of the proportion, but nearly 60% of parents who hold friendly relations but parents are authoritative views, and 15% of equal relations;
The content of education emphasizes intelligence over non-intelligence. Intelligence accounts for 37%, body accounts for 26%, morality and behavior habits account for 17%, communication accounts for 13%, and personality accounts for 5%;
The education method is single, the parent-child activity time is small, and the activity content is single;
Parents' education methods are inconsistent, and the impact of intergenerational education is large, and 65% of them often contradict each other;
Fathers spend far less time with their mothers and grandparents.
There are many reasons for the above situation, and most of them are objective reasons caused by society, such as: young couples have prominent contradictions between work and family, mainly time contradictions, energy contradictions, less leisure time, lack of knowledge and ability to raise children, lack of family concepts, not good at running the family (understanding and handling of family contradictions, husband and wife contradictions, parent-child contradictions, simple and rough), more nuclear families (tradition and culture, folklore and knowledge are difficult to spread), and few large families.
Host: So, from a social point of view, what is the situation?
Li: From a social point of view, the mainland has always attached great importance to the early education of children.
In 1951, the mainland promulgated the "Provisions on Reforming the School System", which formally included preschool education in the school system; the 1958 "Instructions on Educational Work" enabled most children to receive kindergarten education in nurseries within three to five years. In 1981, the Ministry of Health issued the Regulations on the Work of Urban Nurseries (Trial Draft) and the Outline of ChildCare Before the Age of Three (Draft), clarifying the nature, system and specific tasks of nursery schools, of which the outline of education is the first time in mainland China to clearly regulate the policy of education for infants and young children aged 3. In 2001, the State Council issued the "Outline for the Development of Chinese Children (2001-2010)", which formally proposed to "establish and improve the education system for children aged 0-3".
However, it is difficult to correctly understand and carry out the early integrated development of children aged 0-3 years. At present, only Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin and other places have established standardized and formal early education guidance centers, but this is an institution set up by the education system, whose responsibility is to formulate management regulations, standardize guidance work, build an early education service system that fully supports families, develop early education teaching material resources, and carry out teacher training. The institutions set up by the education system have very obvious educational characteristics in terms of their work ideas and contents. This does not really fall within the scope of integrated early childhood development that we are talking about today.
Some scholars on the mainland have also suggested that we take the needs of families as the starting point, adhere to the basic direction of public welfare and inclusiveness, give play to the leading role of the government, integrate resources such as education, health and family planning, and the community, encourage the orderly participation of social forces, and build a service system for early infant and young child development that covers both horizontally to the edge, vertically to the end, throughout urban and rural areas, with wide coverage, multi-form, and emphasis on science, including improving relevant policies and regulations, clarifying the responsibilities of competent departments, and straightening out interdepartmental relations; increasing financial investment, mobilizing social forces to participate, and establishing a reasonable cost-sharing mechanism Fully integrate resources such as education, health and family planning, and communities, adopt a diversified service supply model; attach importance to early infant and young child development services for difficult groups such as migrant children and left-behind children; and actively explore and expand the content of public childcare services in response to the actual needs of families.
Host: In summary, what suggestions does Teacher Li have for the comprehensive development of children aged 0-3?
Li: Based on the above content, I have three basic views on the comprehensive development of children aged 0-3 years:
First, parents grow up with their children.
Young parents should consciously learn about marriage and childbearing, raising children, educating children, and so on before raising their children. There are many parents who lack these knowledge and ability, and either push the responsibility for their children's education to society, schools, childcare institutions, or push them to the future, which is a very irresponsible attitude. The Family Education Promotion Law, which has just been promulgated and implemented, clearly stipulates that "family education refers to the cultivation, guidance and influence of parents or other guardians on the moral character, physical fitness, life skills, cultural accomplishment, behavior habits and other aspects of minors in order to promote their comprehensive and healthy growth.". "The parents or other guardians of minors are responsible for carrying out family education". "The State and society provide guidance, support and services for family education". "Parents or other guardians shall establish a sense of responsibility that the family is the first classroom and parents are the first teachers, bear the main responsibility for carrying out family education for minors, and educate minors to develop good thoughts, conduct, and habits with correct thoughts, methods, and behaviors." If your own children do not educate themselves, what obligations do others have to help you educate? If children are not educated now, once habits are formed and personalities are formed, how will they be educated in the future?
Host: Parents and children grow together, this growth is all-round, that is to say, we adults, before becoming parents and after becoming parents, should also strengthen learning in time to contribute to the construction of a learning society.
Li: - Second, parental companionship is the best and most effective education.
Due to the pressure of work and financial pressure, young parents have extremely limited time and energy that can be used for families and children, and it is difficult to effectively accompany their children. Maternity leave in the mainland is short, and the practice of some European countries is worth learning from, that is, the government or insurance pays wages, and the maternity leave lasts for more than one year. This ensures the basic conditions for breastfeeding, companionship and early education. The length of maternity leave actually reflects whether the concept of system design is social-oriented or people-oriented, and the mainland's relaxation of policies such as maternity policy and maternity leave time, paternity leave, and birth rewards actually reflects the people-oriented governing concept. I believe that the future policy will be more close to the people.
Third, young parents should do a good job of family building.
Chinese since ancient times, pay attention to the feelings of home and country, the concept of small family and everyone (country) has never been ambiguous, the world's earliest education monograph "University" openly and clearly put forward "self-cultivation, family unity, governance, peace in the world", Chinese always associate the small family with everyone, the small family is stable. With the economic, cultural, and scientific and technological development of modern society, women are no longer men, vassals of the family, and men are no longer the only pillars of the family; the mobility of college graduates, the flow of migrant workers, the increasing convenience of transportation, etc., the increasing mobility of the population; these factors have led to the increasing number of nuclear families, the increasing number of divorced families, and even the emergence of unmarried families, people's family concepts are becoming weaker and weaker, and they are no longer willing to run a family and are no longer willing to make personal sacrifices for family stability and development. In the minds of many people, family building has become synonymous with backward thinking, not pursuing freedom, and bearing the burden of humiliation. In fact, for children, family harmony is the biggest "day", is the warmest "spiritual harbor" for children, poor family construction will lead to children's psychological shadows, resulting in the lack of education and images. Family construction is mainly based on the construction of family style, including parents' speech and behavior, behavior habits, cultural atmosphere, etc., which plays an educational role in children.
Host: We Chinese attach importance to the cultivation of the feelings of home and country since ancient times, and there is no rich and strong country where there is a small family, and there is no strong national defense where there is a peaceful and stable life. Regarding the early comprehensive development of 3-year-old children's families, does Teacher Li have any specific suggestions?
Li: In view of the time relationship, I would like to suggest that you do the following:
(1) Earnestly implement breastfeeding. Breastfeeding in the right way as early as possible after childbirth, no matter how wonderful the promotion of various milk powders, even the sky is over, but it can only be an aid; mothers must maintain a good state in terms of sleep, mood and health, scientific diet, and increase nutrition.
(2) Young couples must take the initiative to learn the knowledge and methods of daily child upbringing and care. Let children see more, listen more, exercise more, more touch, parents should lead children to exercise appropriately, play, enhance children's physique, do not worry about too cold and too hot outside; cooperate with medical departments to complete screening for related diseases, do a good job of monitoring children's growth and development, learn to observe children, timely find abnormalities, early intervention; learn to understand the symptoms of common diseases in children and coping methods, master the common sense of post-illness care; understand the characteristics and performance of children's growth, and learn to listen, distinguish and understand children's multiple expressions.
(3) Formulate rules of life. Understand the laws and characteristics of children's growth, and according to this to formulate children's daily life rules, that is, the people say that the rules, not to the rules of the square, this rule must be set early, the formation of children's behavior habits; the use of encouragement, praise and other positive education methods, to cultivate children's healthy lifestyle, more encouragement, more guidance, rather than blind criticism, too many of our parents always say "no" to the child, then the child is very confused, we are more important to tell the child what is right, How it should be done.
(4) Enrich children's perceptual experience. Create spaces and conditions for children's full activity, make full use of real objects and phenomena in the daily life environment, so that children can obtain various perceptual experiences in the process of crawling, observing, hearing, touching and other activities, and promote sensory development.
(5) Pay attention to children's needs. Provide children with opportunities, tools and materials for grasping, playing, graffiti, disassembly and other activities, and develop children's small muscle fine motor and large muscle activity ability in various forms; share children's happiness, meet children's curious and playful cognitive needs, and stimulate children's imagination and curiosity.
(6) Provide verbal demonstrations. Create a relaxed and pleasant language communication environment for children, communicate with children through expressions, limbs, language and other ways; improve their language expression literacy and provide children with good speech demonstration; provide rich opportunities for children's language learning, use a variety of methods to encourage children's expression; actively respond to children, and encourage imitation and communication between children. The words and deeds of parents are the best examples for children, parents are the earliest and most influential teachers of children, and whether our language is civilized or not determines whether children are full of foul language.
(7) Raise safety awareness. Parents should improve their awareness and skills in effective caregiving, eliminate risk factors in the home and surrounding environment, and prevent accidental injuries to children.
(8) Strengthen parent-child companionship. Parents recognize the importance of companionship for children's growth, learn to establish a good parent-child attachment relationship, do not use electronic products instead of parents to accompany children, and read with children more; learn parent-child communication skills, establish an open communication mode with children; pay attention to, respect and understand children's emotions, reasonably treat children's excessive emotional behavior, and implement targeted parenting strategies suitable for children's personality to cultivate children's good emotions; deal with the parent-child relationship between many children's families and the relationship between children. Let every child develop healthily.
Host: So, the most critical factor affecting children's development is parents, and the words and deeds of parents intentionally or unintentionally affect children and convey various messages to children. Hoping for a son to become a dragon and a daughter to become a phoenix is the expectation of all parents for their children. However, as parents, we should first be strict with ourselves, behave in a civilized manner, set an example of growth for our children with our own good behavior habits, educate and educate our children with good family style, and cultivate and send more talents to the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
Source: Anshun Women's Federation
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