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Macheng Literature Micro-Journal
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Macheng Poetry Society
Massachusetts Writers Association
About the Author
Liu Baohua, male, born in 1964, Han ethnicity. A native of Macheng, Hubei Province. Lawyer, poetry lover. In the poetry calligraphy and photography competition sponsored by the Hubei Provincial Department of Justice to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Party, three works were selected for poetry, words and endowments, and won the first, second and third prizes.
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Don't go the wild way when writing poetry
Liu Baohua
We now learn to write poetry, mostly starting from understanding the rhyme of the flat and the lattice. The development of flat grammar and rhyme has a relatively long historical process. Rhyming was generally not very particular in ancient times, mainly through the author's sense of language. Some scholars divide the history of poetry into the ancient and the middle, generally believing that the Wei and Jin dynasties and the past are ancient, the Sui, Tang to Song and Yuan dynasties are the middle ages, and the later is the modern era. This is not the same as the history book. There are also several theories about the discontinuation of poetry history, and I will talk about the study of poetry according to this statement for the time being.
Because the evolution process of language habits and writing in different eras is different, there is a problem that modern people are not accustomed to language and pronunciation when reading the works of the ancients and when people in different regions communicate. These problems affected the exchange of cultures and also affected the selection of the ruling class. As a result, the Sui and Tang dynasties appeared to have the need for poetry to rhyme and communicate in the official language. By the time of the Song Dynasty, the rhyming had been standardized, forming the Rhyme Book or Rhyme Table that we now use. The formation of this rhyme book is remembered as a folk official recognition, and there is no detailed study. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was also required that the examination papers be written in the style of the pavilion to avoid calligraphy and there was no standard.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, mainly in the early Qing Dynasty, the literati did not dare to speak much, and there was a literal prison, which was quite frightening. The literati unconsciously "haoshou poor scriptures", took the poetry's style as a model for Tang Dynasty poetry, made a norm, used it as a standard, and commented on the pronunciation of the Pingshu characters. This Pingyi pronunciation is not directly related to modern Hanyu Pinyin. On the contrary, the current Hanyu Pinyin appeared precisely by referring to the study of the ancients' Ping shu yin, that is, there were four sounds of ping shu yin or six sounds of fine dots, and then there was the later Hanyu Pinyin. Therefore, the four-tone theory of Hanyu Pinyin does not completely solve the problem of paying attention to the use of words in poetry. In order to solve the incomprehensible thing of Ping Shu, the Qing officials also attached a song to the "Kangxi Dictionary": Pingsheng Pingdao Mo low, shouting fiercely and strongly, going to the sound of leisurely soaking in the ancient road, into the sound of short and urgent collection.
I am not very familiar with Hanyu Pinyin. It is said that according to the current pinyin four voices can also be equalized. I don't understand it, I won't say it.
In the early Qing Dynasty, the people also standardized the lexicon, and several different lexical spectra appeared. Such as "King Ding Lexicon", "White Incense Lexicon" and so on. "Dragon Elm Vocabulary" is made by modern people, when it appeared, I did not check. The lexicon used by the Tang and Song dynasties is said to have been lost after the Southern Song Dynasty, and this statement seems to have been said by Mr. Wang Li, and I saw it once, so I listened to him.
The development of flat grammar and rhyme is just that. Incidentally, I said a bit about the lexicon. The lexicon does not cover the scope of discussion, but only explains the human environment at that time.
Ping Shu is to solve the problem of the sudden setback of poetry, that is, the rhythm of music, and rhyming is to solve the problem of "unified caliber". Therefore, on these two issues, it must be standardized when writing near-body poems, otherwise readers will not necessarily buy it. Of course, those who are not required to do so can also be called poetry, but they cannot be marked with the words "seven laws", "seven absolutes", "five laws", and "five absolutes".
It seems as if this has nothing to do with the subject matter, but it does. That is to say, friends who learn to write near-body poetry must abide by the requirements of the grammar and cannot be arbitrary. Casual is not impossible, then it can not be called Grammatical poetry. As far as the requirements of the grammatical poetry are concerned, not obeying the grammatical is also called the wild path, which is not possible. Of course, most of our friends who intend to write near-body poems are familiar with this grammar, ping, rhyme, and are familiar with it, and some friends are not familiar with it, and they can learn it slowly, it is not difficult.
Poetry is mainly the interpretation of feelings or catharsis, and the requirements of near-body poetry are only forms, artistic methods rather than the content of poetry. The content of the poem is feelings, which is the core thing, and the rhythm rhyme is just a shell, a jug of wine instead of wine. This must be understood.
In form, it is possible not to take the wild road, so is there also a wild road in the content? Of course. The general common phenomenon is to create words, scenery, and feelings. Are feelings real? I had to ask myself, with a conscience. The matter of conscience, and the spontaneous generation and the composition of the two situations, which belong to which, do not need to be annotated, do not need to explain, the reader at a glance to see through the hole. I have said a thousand times that the reader is always wiser than the author, and there are really not many who can understand this statement, as if I am Homo sapiens, and everyone else is mortal. What a thing. This understanding can be classified as ignorance. Ignorance, so can be fearless.
No one is born to write poetry, and neither are true prodigies. Because, even if this child is talented, if you want to write poetry, you must first read. Because there is no one who is born with the ability to recognize words, there are no prodigies, and the prodigies are just a word of praise. All human knowledge comes from imitation, and eating, walking, literacy and writing poetry are the same. Therefore, when we first write poetry, we must also learn to imitate. After the law of pingshu is mastered, imitation is the fastest shortcut to improve writing ability. It is not very elegant to imitate, so it is called copying.
The above said a lot, is to let everyone first have a basic understanding of the requirements of near-body poetry, and then the foothold is still in how to improve poetry skills and poetry. This is to learn to copy other people's poems, or to think of yourself as good. Both the ancients and the present can. Many famous poets began to copy, and many people developed habits after becoming famous. It's like practicing calligraphy, and the calligrapher has been copying the Fa stickers all his life, and constantly learning about them. The same is true of writing poetry.
In order to write Yongmei, Chairman Mao asked the staff to help find several poems and poems of Yongmei works, which he repeatedly experienced, mainly including Lu You's Famous Yongmei pieces. In the end, he himself created the famous passage of "Bu Operator Yong Mei".
Copying other people's works, the most famous is Li Bai's "Yellow Crane Tower" by Cui Hao.
Yellow Crane Tower
Cui Hao
The people of the past have gone by the Yellow Crane, and the Yellow Crane Tower is empty here.
The yellow crane is gone, and the white clouds are long in the air.
Harukawa calendar Hanyang tree, yerba buena parrot island.
Where is Nippori Pass? The Smoke Wave River is sad.
Ascend to Jinling Phoenix Terrace
Li Bai
Phoenix on the phoenix stage phoenix tour, phoenix to the Taikong River self-flow.
WuGong flowers and grass buried in the path, the Jin Dynasty crown into an ancient hill.
Three mountains and half of the blue sky, two waters divided into egret islands.
There are always floating clouds that can cover the sun, and Chang'an is not seen to make people sad.
We compare from the part of speech, which is a typical type of copying, although there are differences in the artistic conception, but the overall image has a red imprint.
Recently, he casually flipped through Song Ren Hongmai's "Rong Zhai Essays", and he wrote in his notes that during the Song Dynasty, the literati competed for Lintao Qian's "Return and Return", and he said that everyone recognized it as the best of Su Dongpo. Unfortunately, he did not record the contents of Su Dongpolin, nor did I find it. But he is a little more detailed about Huang Tingjian's copying of the records of the ancients. Huang Tingjian copied Xu Ling's "Mandarin Duck Endowment", and Xu Ling's poem is not available on the Internet. I'll just copy it:
Mandarin duck endowment
Xu Ling
The pheasant reflects the water, and the lone bird looks in the mirror and does not form a pair.
The world really grows together, invincible wings two Mandarin ducks.
Xu Ling was a liang dynasty person, and the grammar of poetry at that time was not very standardized, so it was different from the current rules. This does not affect the interpretation of the poem.
Huang Tingjian came as follows:
Title Painting Sleeping Duck
Huang Tingjian
The pheasant shines on the shadow of the empty self-love, and the lonely bird dance mirror does not double.
The world really grows together, and the two slept in the Autumn River.
Huang also copied Xu Ling's sentence directly. Hong Mai thinks that the last sentence is very good, and the comment is better than the original work. Huang Tingjian also came to Li Bai's and Bai Juyi's. Because there are more words, I will not copy them one by one.
When we write poems, when writing about a certain object or a certain scene, we recommend not to rush to write. If you have a good sentence, you can first record it with a pen or mobile phone, and then think about what an ancient person or a famous artist wrote like this, find out other people's original poems to study, and then decide what you think is good sentences to write.
In the process of learning to write poetry myself, I often learned and copied the poetry or poetry of others. One of Liu Yuxi's more famous poems, "Xisai Mountain Huaigu", I like it more, and I came to it once. In his poem, I mainly imitate his temperament.
Sissai Mountain nostalgia
Liu Yuxi
Wang Junlou shiped down to Yizhou, and the King of Jinling was overwhelmed.
Qianxun iron locked the bottom of the Shen River, and a piece of stone came out of the flag.
How many times has the world been hurt? Yamagata is still in a cold snap.
From now on, the four seas are the day of the family, so the fortress Xiao Xiao Lu Di Autumn.
The background of his poem is nostalgia, that is, hanging the past and touching the present, expressing the emotions of the mountains and rivers and the different personnel. Writing the historical facts of the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the destruction of Wu, showing that national reunification is a historical necessity, and expounding the rise and fall of things has triggered people's thinking.
The end of his poem, "From now on, the four seas are the day of home, so the fortress Xiao Xiao Lu Di Qiu", this way of ending, is what I originally said about the "empty space" method. The bullish image is not closely related to the previous sentences, but it is actually a kind of nostalgia, a meaning of emptying everything. I said it before. The way the poem ends is roughly divided into four types: one is cause and effect, which is the knot; the other is the cause, the reverse knot; the third is emptiness and nostalgia; and the fourth is the end, the fading. I don't necessarily say it all right, but my personal experience, the statement is considered original.
I copied one with his rhyme and ending.
Loess Gang Eagle Mountain cares for the ancient
The iron horse dust refers to Ezhou, and the Eagle Mountain Pass is blocked.
The galaxy is bleak and the cold night is cold, and the arrow rain withers away and the horse is angry.
Several times the mountain shadow is there, and a flute of water is blown horizontally.
The old garden is reminiscent of cypresses, rift deep nest herons and gulls.
Eagle Mountain in the south of Loess Gang Street, its mountain resembles the shape of an eagle flying down the sky. In ancient times, the north of the stranglehold was to rush, and the right side of the water was raised to form a pass. The pass is like a hanging wall. A place of contention for soldiers. According to the "Chronicle of Macheng County", the Southern Song Dynasty army and the Mongol army fought a bloody battle here. 100,000 Mongol troops annihilated 200,000 Song troops here. As a result, the Mongol army drove down the river and chased the Song Court to Fujian and died.
After studying Liu Yuxi's poem, I copied his poetry and wrote it like this. Although it cannot be compared with his poems, it is still learned. Nostalgic poems are more tragic and less joyful. The use of verbs and adjectives should be paid special attention, there should be no signs of carving and deliberate, and the words should be completely combined with the mood and flow out of the spring of nature. Exclamation should also be naturally revealed in both tangible and intangible, and it is not appropriate to force it into things that are too subjective and want others to accept.
Why is copying important? Many of our friends don't understand this very well. I think that the law of pingshu is familiar, according to the requirements, combining words, I can write my heart, I can call poetry. Of course, this statement is not bad, but it is still relatively one-sided. Because we are nagging to practice traditional poetry, so what is tradition? The law of the flat grid certainly does not represent tradition, but is only one of the traditional art methods. I also said that China's traditional culture is a big mountain, and Shida only accounts for a very small part of it. The grammatical poems, or near-body poems, account for a small part of the poetry field. For example, there are not many near-body poems selected in the "Three Hundred Poems of Tang Dynasty". Poetry, including song style, music style, cliché, ancient style, grammatical poems and so on. Our vision of poetry should not be limited to the kind of grammatical poetry, including the reading of poetry. Of course, practicing the gelug poems to perfection is also a good pursuit, and this pursuit alone also takes a lot of energy, and it is not easy to have perseverance.
Many of the works of the ancients we have seen, if you dabble in more books, there is always a sense of déjà vu. This is because most of the poets of antiquity were seriously copying the works of their predecessors. Because the ancients are the same as we are now, the paper and printing in their time were not developed, and what they can leave for them to see is also a masterpiece that has been passed down. For example, the "Selected Writings of Zhao Ming" recorded the poems of many celebrities at that time. One of the poems, Jingting Mountain Poems, is the work of a poet named Xie Xuanhui, and the ending sentence is "The emperor's grace has been completed, and zi li has no cover.". This means that the emperor's grace has been exhausted, and I no longer pursue it, or it is the most reasonable thing in life to travel freely.
Li Bai must have read this poem. So he copied or renovated the mood. Wrote the famous "Jingting Mountain Poem": the birds fly high, and the lonely clouds go alone. Looking at each other is not tired, only Jingting Mountain. Read it and you will know that you are obviously influenced by Xie Xie, otherwise, Li Bai would not have this poem.
There are many roles for copying. Before copying, we should study the works of others, and study is the way to improve. There are many ancient people who came to the "Book of Poetry", and some of them are directly used. For example, Cao Cao's "Short Song Line": Singing to wine, life is geometric! For example, the morning dew, going to the day is more bitter. It is unforgettable to be worried. How to relieve worries? Only Du kang. Qingqing Zizhen, leisurely my heart. But for the sake of the king, he has been groaning to this day. Yo yo deer singing, eating wild apples. I have guests, drummers and trumpeters. When will it be as clear as the moon? Sorrow comes from it, and it cannot be broken. The more strange it is, the more useless it is. Talk about the curse, and remember the old grace. Moon stars are rare, and black magpies fly south. Three turns around the tree, what branches can be relied on? The mountains are not tired of height, and the sea is not tired of being deep. Zhou Gong spits and feeds, and the world returns to its heart.
Here we directly borrow the original sentence of the "Book of Poetry": "Qingqing Ziyuan, leisurely my heart" is from the "Book of Poetry • Zheng Feng". "Yo yo deer singing, eating the apple of the wild" comes from the original sentence of "Xiaoya Luming" in the Book of Poetry. In a sense, this direct use is also a copy. Because it is used just in line with the needs of the author's poem, and the combination is just right, seamless.
The Book of Poetry is one of the Five Classics, generally ranked after the I Ching, and is called the Second Brother. For the ancient scholars, the Five Classics were a must-read and memorized. Especially after the Sui and Tang Dynasties opened the examination, it was impossible to memorize the Five Classics and not to take the exam. Because, the test questions are taken from a certain sentence in a certain scripture to do the test questions, have not read it, can not memorize how to test? Therefore, if you don't memorize the Five Classics and be able to be admitted to the Jinshi, that is a fantasy and impossible thing. Some friends may ask: Is Li Bai a jinshi? He is not, with his erudition and understanding, there is no problem in entering the military, and it may not be a champion. Just because he is a descendant of the merchant, he is not allowed to take the test. Merchants are not allowed to refer to it in the era of the imperial examination.
The Book of Poetry also had to be memorized by ancient readers. This helps them a lot in writing poetry, and they can borrow or come to them at any time. The scholars have memorized the Five Classics, and everyone knows whether the poems they have borrowed or whether they are good or not. Cao Cao borrowed well, so this "Short Song Line" is very famous.
Well, we are now different from the times of the ancients. If we ask everyone to study the Five Classics and then write poetry, it is also a fantasy and an impossible thing. However, we want to inherit the sinology of poetry, and there is a contradiction, what should we do? The best way to do this is to copy the poems of the ancients. In the case of getting it done, and then creating it yourself, it can be a shortcut, let the ancients read for us, we pick up a bargain. That's the way to go.
I am not opposed to the poets who create their own works when they are familiar with the law, and those who are talented and intelligent will also have good works. But those who have not come to the poetry of the ancients are rarely able to achieve much in the end. This is like calligraphy, without a calligrapher who has been pasted, the words written are definitely not calligraphy, but can only be called jianghu characters. Like poetry, because there is no source and soil.
This problem is more difficult to express in words, and it can only be hoped that the poet's understanding and choice of poetry path can be hoped. In the end, it is still a fate.
In order to elaborate on the matter of copying, I will refer to some books, and there are also my personal views or statements, which are not necessarily all correct. However, for friends who are interested in poetry, the choice of poetry path is a hurdle that cannot be bypassed. If we don't talk about this, it's not easy to talk about poetry.
We often hear people say that there is a genre of poetry, and what a poem suppresses the whole Tang Dynasty, a poem that shocks the world. I don't think there are any genres of poetry, such as the Elegance School, the Bold School, the Jiangxi School, the Tongcheng School, the Public Security School, or anything. I think that poetry is only different in times and different in personality. The same poet can often write poems with different styles at different times of life. Including Li Bai, Du Fu, Su Dongpo, and Li Qingzhao. There is a group of poets who pursue a kind of poetry at a specific time, and this is the case. But after all, it is not to say that I have written that kind of poetry all my life. The genre of advocating poetry is sometimes easy to limit a poet's creative interests, and the poetry path should be eclectic, and then form its own style, without discussing what school first. To locate the pie and then write poetry is misleading. At least that's what I think.
A poem suppresses the whole Tang, and a poem that shocks the world is not advisable, there is no such thing at all. This is a compliment that cannot be taken seriously.
Regarding the saying of copying, this is a modern word. Yan Yu also said in "Canglang Poetry" that his poetic achievements are average, but he said that the theory of poetry is recognized by everyone.
He began by saying: "The poet is mainly based on knowledge, the entry must be correct, the ambition must be high, with the Han Wei Jin Sheng Tang as the teacher, not as the following characters of the Kaiyuan Tianbao." If you retreat from it, that is, there is an inferior poetry demon into its lungs, and the ambition is not high. The line has not yet arrived, the processing force; the road is poor, the farther away it is, and the entry is not correct. Therefore, it is said that to learn from it, only to get from it; to learn from it, Si is the next. It is also known that he has seen Yu Shi and can only be taught; see qi with Shi, and reduce the shi and half of the virtue. The work must be done from top to bottom, not from below, first must be familiar with the Chu Ci, the morning and evening wind chants, think of the basis; and read the nineteen ancient poems, the four lefu; Li Ling, Su Wu, Han Wei five words must be familiar with reading; that is, with Li Du's second collection of pillows to look at it, now people rule the scriptures. Then win the Sheng Tang masters brewing in the chest, for a long time naturally enlightened. Although you can't learn it, you don't lose the right path. This is done from the top, called the upward road, called the straight root, called the door, called the single knife straight into it. ”
This is a very well-thought-out statement. The near-body poems we are accustomed to have little to do with the Chu ci he says. The reason why he talks about Chu Ci is because he believes that poetry should have the romance and imagination of Chu Ci, and he is not wrong about this. However, it is debatable to say that Zong Ge Lu poetry must be Zong Chu Ci. The origin of the poem is the Zhou Dynasty of the Zhou Dynasty, the Chu people "disobey the Zhou" is famous, we now have a saying, "disobey the Zhou" right? It is the meaning of unconvinced, which is derived from this. The actual rule of the Zhou Dynasty basically did not cross the Yangtze River. The Chu people have their own unique culture. Therefore, there was the later "King of Chuzhuang's Victory". Poetry, in the fusion of history, has the shadow of Chu Ci, which is good, Li Bai's poetic style shows a lot.
It was originally planned to repeat the poem and Chinese Taoist culture in this text. Because I used to speak in the group, it took more than ten days, and it would be too tiring to form a text. If the body allows it to start another stove, this is really too tired.
The ultimate destination and highest state of poetry is the Tao. A "Tao" character in Chinese culture includes the three schools of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism. Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching is not about the Tao, about what is the manifestation of something that is not the Tao. He used the method of exclusion, not the method of verification. Poets have to understand this.
Poetry must be copied from the ancients, so that it can be called inheritance and the right way. Innovation must also have an ancient to the present. Not broken, not standing, breaking what? I don't know how the original "what" is broken? We know what to break in our present moment before we can seek to break it. This is a task that history has left us. Therefore, this is the requirement of the times, for poetry, do not take the wild road, that will not be out of the ordinary.
Are you "watching" me?