Zhongfang Daily reporter Xu Qian, Jiao Lingling, reported from Beijing
"A first history, half of Beijing." This is the industry's reputation for the first group, and it is also an affirmation of its contribution to housing in Beijing for more than 40 years.
Restore what you have, and do not have it. For decades, what Shoukai Group has done is not only to build representative buildings and improve the living and living of thousands of ordinary people, but also to restore the ancient architectural relics and historical and cultural heritage of Beijing.
The Palace of Ning County, which the First Group participated in the renovation, recreated the style of the Qianlong period.
Within the Shoukai Group, there is such a team, they deal with mud brick tiles all day long, but what they do is not ordinary. From the renovation of the Tiananmen Gate Tower three times since the 1970s, to the renovation of more than 100 cultural relics such as the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace, the Lama Temple, the Gongwang Mansion, and the Temple of Heaven Prayer Hall in recent years, they are all from the hands of these craftsmen.
Located at 29 Wusi Street in Dongcheng District, the Beida Red House was once the birthplace of Beijing's first Chinese communist party organization, and now it is a popular red punch card place in Beijing. But no one thought that the years had carved traces here, and the team of the First Open Group had overhauled it twice in the past 20 years, and in order to celebrate the centenary of the founding of the party, it took only 70 days in the first half of 2021, making the Red Chamber of Peking University, which has gone through vicissitudes, more magnificent.
The first group has been renovated with ingenuity, and the Red House of Peking University has glowed with the glory of the times.
This team comes from the Real Estate Group Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Shoukai Group, who has been engaged in the repair of ancient construction projects for many years, and has made important contributions to maintaining the style of the ancient capital, inheriting and carrying forward the ancient Chinese architectural skills. But this is not an easy task, it takes more than ten years, decades of experience and skill precipitation.
In their view, while repairing, it is important to do a good job of protection and respect for the historical heritage culture. There is a responsibility in the heart for the art. This is the embodiment of the "spirit of the first opening" and the implementation of the idea of "the great power of the country".
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Inherit skills and carry forward the spirit of craftsmanship
On November 24, 2021, the exchange and interview site of the ancient construction training base was opened for the first time.
Recently, the reporter walked into the first ancient construction training base located at No. 77 Yuexiu Road, Haidian District. More than two months ago, a special competition was held here, the practical final of the first Beijing Ancient Architect Competition.
The competition was jointly organized by the Beijing Municipal Housing and Construction Commission and the Beijing Municipal Federation of Trade Unions, and was organized by the Beijing Municipal Construction Trade Union, the Beijing Municipal Workers' Technical Association, and the Shoukai Group, and co-organized by the Shoukai Real Estate Group and Beijing City College.
The competition adopts the form of a team competition, which is held in three competition levels of preliminary round, semi-final and final, and the final stage of this game is finally entered by 70 players from 7 ancient architecture teams. Among them, the representative team of Beijing Real Estate Group Co., Ltd. and the representative team of Beijing Fangxiuyi Construction Engineering Co., Ltd., which belong to the First Kai Group, advanced to the final, and finally won the first and second place of the competition team, and 10 players won the titles of "Capital Construction Craftsman" and "Beijing Municipal Staff Senior Vocational Skills and Technical Experts".
In October 2021, at the final of the first ancient construction skills practice in Beijing, the judges and experts scored the contestants' works.
The competition scene is more like a competitive feast showing the style of craftsmen. Each representative team sent players to participate in the practical competition of tiles, wood works, and paintings, and the bricks were lined up to the bottom and grouted in one go, and the right angle cross card waist and mortise were connected in a ring, and the square-hearted Su painting landscape and flowers and birds jumped on the drawing board.
The point of the game is not to win or lose, but to learn. Ding Sheng, member of the party group and deputy director of the Beijing Municipal Housing and Construction Commission, said that to inherit the ancient construction technology of the capital, it is necessary to need the master and the same craftsman, and this competition is also a call to the whole city to respect the ancient construction process, vigorously cultivate talents with ancient construction technology and skills, inherit the traditional crafts and skills of the ancient construction, and carry forward the spirit of craftsmen and labor models.
Talent and inheritance, this is also the topic that the first masters talked about many times to reporters in this interview.
"When our old people can't move, will there be no successor in the ancient construction industry?" Master Ma Yulin and Master Song Kerong, who started the Real Estate Group, often worry about it.
Master Ma Yulin of the first real estate group.
Master Song Kerong (No. 15) of the first real estate group.
Both masters, both over 50 years old, have been in the industry for more than 30 years, and this time they participated in the competition as bricklayers and carpenters. "The development of the training base, this is a good thing, young people do not understand what can come here, exchange and learn from each other, has a great role in inheriting and developing the ancient culture." They said.
Now what they want most is to pass on this craft to more people, "but it is difficult to find people, and now young people are reluctant to do this, they feel bitter and tired." ”
Why is it not good for apprentices to bring? Zhao Tao, assistant general manager of the first real estate industrial company, has a personal experience, and he has entered this system since graduation.
He said, "I have communicated with the teachers and masters who repaired the GongWang Mansion before, and everyone generally feels that there are two problems at present, on the one hand, the current apprentices are all college students, and what they learn and what the masters teach have a certain difference in terminology. On the other hand, the inheritance of skills needs to be learned little by little, there is no ten years and eight years can not be apprenticed, and young people who are willing to calm down and learn ancient buildings are not easy to find, especially now that society is more impetuous. ”
This is not just the confusion of the first craftsmen. These traditional architectural repair techniques, such as wood carving, stone carving, paint, paint, cut and glue, etc., have encountered talent gaps and lack of successors.
"In order to pass on the ancient construction skills from generation to generation, we are also excavating old craftsmen through 'passing on the help' to cultivate and retain young skilled craftsmen." Qiao Zhen, a model worker of Shoukai Real Estate Group, said that for this reason, Shoukai rehired retired teachers and masters back and taught the young people on the project hand in hand, "We also organized a ceremony to worship the teacher, and the effect was very good." ”
Wood master Chen Mingming.
Chen Mingliang, a woodwork master in his 40s, became the apprentice of Li Yongge, the former director of the Ancient Building Repair Center of the Palace Museum, in this way. "The first thing master said to me was to be a person first, no matter what you do, you must first do a good job. The second is to precipitate the mind and learn it when it is tempered to no edges and no corners. Chen Liangming said.
Shoukai Group signed a strategic cooperation agreement with Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture.
In addition to adopting the "old with the new" model, the first ancient construction training base has also initially formed a set of teaching systems that combine theoretical training and operational training on the basis of summarizing the experience of cultivating ancient construction talents for decades; in addition, the base has also signed cooperation agreements with scientific research institutes such as Peking University and Beijing Municipal Institute of Architectural Design and Research to extend the cultivation of ancient construction talents from the ancient building repair site to the campus classroom, from oral transmission to systematic training, and the school-enterprise conspiracy to cultivate talents.
Repair the old as the old Respect the cultural history
Practitioners of ancient construction, known as people who race against time, they race against the clock to retain the remnants of history on the ancient building, and the tools in their hands are like the chasing lights of history, illuminating, reproducing and freezing the memories between the wooden beams and mortise.
A large number of practices have proved that the protection, renewal and restoration of historical relics must respect the process of historical facts, and strictly demonstrate and flexibly deal with them in combination with the actual situation, and different types and different regions of projects are different, and an absolutely universal restoration method cannot be found.
"In the repair of ancient buildings, it is necessary to do the 'look, smell and cut' that Chinese medicine pays attention to, to accurate the pulse, to find the right symptoms, and to revitalize the ancient buildings brick by brick." Song Kerong made an image metaphor.
In order to repair the old as the old and respect history, they need to consult historical texts through various channels and understand the background stories of historical figures in that era, so as to more truly restore the original history.
Qiao Zhenlai, a model worker in Beijing and the first real estate group, spoke on behalf of the contestants before the competition.
Qiao Zhenlai gave an example, when the first opening was repaired in the old building of The Union Hospital, there was a square inside, and the original appearance of the square could not be seen, and in order to restore the history to the greatest extent, it was necessary to find information about the historical evolution of the Union Hospital and collect photos with this square. For another example, when repairing the Red Building of Peking University, it is also necessary to conduct extensive investigations and interviews, consult materials, and ask experts to repeatedly argue, and strive to make the restoration of the old site real and reasonable.
Also understand history. He went on to introduce that ancient Chinese architecture, especially the construction of the royal palace, has a strict hierarchical system and many standard things. However, the construction of Prince Gong's palace was not strictly in accordance with the wangye system, and there were some changes according to the characteristics and merits of historical figures at that time. "This requires our master to follow the system when repairing the Gong King's Mansion, but also to study the original history and study why it was done like this."
"Originally, we said that we built ancient buildings, but now we prefer to say that we are promoting traditional Chinese architectural culture." Qiao Zhenlai said with a smile.
The repair of cultural relics buildings should not only pay attention to the establishment of complete archives, but also record them at any time.
"China's ancient architectural culture is broad and profound, we must make a good record, do as you go, follow your notes, follow your notes, and summarize them with your notes." This is the "secret" that master Li Yongge told Chen Liangliang. Today, he has been in the industry for more than 20 years, and has densely recorded more than 20 notebooks, each of which has more than 100 pages, with text and marks and drawings.
"The labor, height of the pillars, special components, etc. of the earliest house will be written down; if a new thing is found, it will be written down, which is different from the book; and a summary will be written after a project is completed." Chen Mingliang said that although there are camera photos that can be retained, it will still be simple to record.
Painting Master Li Golden Tiger (No. 70) in the game.
Another painting master, Li Jinhu, is a rare young man who studied ancient architecture in college. He believes that "the reason why ancient Chinese architecture is so beautiful is because of the attention to every detail."
The Golden Tiger takes the example of the scarlet color commonly found in ancient buildings, and the festive and solemn vermilion is one of the most common and important colors in the decoration of ancient official buildings, but it is not an easy task to paint scarlet paint on the attic, qi household, and carved beams. "From the beginning of the cutting of the wood, tearing the seams, the bamboo nails and the seams, the oil slurry and then to the final fine ash, grinding fine ash, drilling raw tung oil, a total of 13 processes before and after, which took about 40 days."
Summer Palace renovation.
When repairing ancient buildings such as the Forbidden City and the Summer Palace, they knew exactly how many pieces of brick and tile were on the roof of each building. "Starting from the roof, each tile is uncovered one by one, the orientation is recorded one by one, and each piece of wall skin is carefully examined up and down. How many tile ridges, how many bottom tiles, how many barrel tiles, how long the slope, how many running animals, this building must be numbered, marked, dismantled, specially managed, and then installed in the order of numbering when used. "For the situation when repairing the Buddha Xiang Pavilion in the Summer Palace, Ma Yulin is like a family treasure.
Carefulness, patience, responsibility, enterprising, excellence, this is the craftsman's ingenuity.
Awaken the memory to create an industry benchmark
Renovation of the Forbidden City.
The Russian writer Gogol said, "Architecture is the yearbook of the world, and when songs and legends are silent, only it is still speaking." ”
Ancient Chinese architecture has an extremely important position in the history of world architecture development, it represents a certain period of craftsmanship, cultural concepts, aesthetic orientation, the protection and restoration of ancient buildings has become an urgent and necessary work.
General Secretary Xi Jinping attaches great importance to the protection of cultural heritage, he once proposed and emphasized, "Beijing is a world-famous ancient capital, rich historical and cultural heritage is a golden business card, inheritance and protection of this precious historical and cultural heritage is the responsibility of the capital." "It is necessary to strengthen the overall protection of world heritage sites and old cities, and carefully protect this golden business card of Chinese civilization."
"Maintaining the style of the ancient capital is the responsibility of Shoukai Group." Pan Liqun, secretary of the party committee and chairman of shoukai group, said that the repair and protection of cultural relics and ancient buildings is a basic project to protect the style of the ancient capital, and it is also one of the characteristic advantages of shoukai group.
In the interview, many masters are emphasizing the importance of protecting ancient buildings, saying, "Ancient buildings are things left by the ancestors, and there can be no secondary destruction." The construction process should pay special attention to safety, one is the safety of personnel, and the other is the safety of the building body. ”
In 1994, eight steel frame retractable palace lamps developed by Shoukai Fangxiuyi Company were installed on the upper floor of Tiananmen Square to celebrate the 45th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China.
Different from ordinary real estate development, Shoukai Group is more like a skilled craftsman, carving out the beautiful side of the city; it is also a responsible "urban rejuvenation official", reviewing the history of a city's growth and rejuvenation.
Since its establishment in 2016, The Fangdi Ancient Construction Studio of Shoukai Group has been engaged in the training and inheritance of ancient construction skills, technical research and dissemination of ancient architectural culture. Prior to this, Shoukai Real Estate Group has been engaged in the repair of ancient construction projects for more than 60 years, and has participated in the renovation project of Tiananmen Gate City Tower three times in 1970, 1984 and 1999.
Most of the ancient buildings in the area of the East and West Six Palaces of the Forbidden City were repaired by the first craftsmen and masters. Shoukai has also undertaken a large number of ancient cultural relics repair projects in Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and other places, covering nearly 20 provinces and cities across the country.
This is the struggle of Shoukai Group as an "urban rejuvenation official" to restore urban memory, maintain the style of the ancient capital, and inherit the historical context. They said, "High-rise buildings are just contemporary modernity, contemporary modernization." If no one does the restoration of ancient buildings, our history cannot be continued, and we can no longer see the historical evolution of this city from before and after the founding of New China, and this city will become no inheritance, no memory, no soul. ”
According to the latest planning, during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, Shoukai Group is striving to build an industrial chain integrating "education, research and development, design, construction, building materials, consulting, cultural protection and culture", gradually promoting the integration strategy of "industry,300,000 research and construction", creating a new model of the first ancient construction with strong cultural relics connotation and characteristics, participating in new models such as urban organic renewal, and seizing market opportunities such as the protection of the central axis, the protection of old city hutongs and courtyards, and the repair of historical and cultural blocks, and further consolidating the status of leading enterprises in ancient construction projects and achieving construction The strategic development goal of "national well-known characteristic construction enterprises and ancient construction leading enterprises".
Only struggle is more ambitious. In the past, the first opening was born from urban space; in the future, the first opening was born because of urban space.
Process Editor: Ya Liu
Review: Dai Shichao
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