Guangming Daily reporter Chen Peng
Shen Junjie did not expect that he was admitted to the same university as his junior high school classmates.
Since he only scored 240 points in the mock examination of the middle school entrance examination, Shen Junjie participated in the independent enrollment of Hangzhou Tourism Vocational School and was successfully admitted to the school to study accounting. His classmate, on the other hand, was admitted to a high-quality local high school. For three years, they moved toward their goals in different learning paths. In the end, both were admitted to the undergraduate college of Ningbo University of Finance and Economics, one majoring in financial management and the other majoring in financial technology.
In the group of secondary vocational students, such a "perfect counterattack" story, although it is not a rarity, is rare. However, in the future, there will be more and more students, like Shen Junjie, who can go to undergraduate without taking the ordinary college entrance examination.
From 2022, tens of thousands of secondary vocational students in Shandong and Henan provinces are expected to pass the vocational education college entrance examination to study undergraduate, and both provinces have adopted the "cultural quality + vocational skills" enrollment examination method, and the applicants can be fresh graduates of secondary vocational colleges and social personnel, and the weight of the "vocational skills" test score is not less than 50%.
After the 2021 National Vocational Education Conference, the Central Office and the State Council issued the "Opinions on Promoting the High-quality Development of Modern Vocational Education", which clearly stated that the establishment of the "Vocational Education College Entrance Examination" system should be accelerated. Chen Ziji, director of the Department of Vocational Education of the Ministry of Education, listed the "establishment of a vocational education college entrance examination system" at the top of the "three key things to be done" during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period. What kind of college entrance examination is the vocational education college entrance examination? What does it have to do with the general college entrance examination? How will it work?
In the library of The Xili Lake Campus of Shenzhen Vocational and Technical College in Guangdong Province, student Tang Xuemei is studying. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Mao Siqian
Parallel to the ordinary college entrance examination
Recently, the Ministry of Education website published the "Reply to Recommendation No. 2629 of the Fourth Session of the Thirteenth National People's Congress", in response to the "Proposal on Reducing the Threshold for Secondary School Students to Enter Colleges and Universities for Full-time Education", saying that the "Vocational Education College Entrance Examination" system will be gradually established, so that secondary vocational graduates can enjoy more diverse educational choices and smoother academic promotion channels.
Previously, if secondary vocational graduates wanted to further their studies, they mostly aimed at higher vocational colleges and universities to participate in the articulation of middle and higher vocational colleges and counterparts or ordinary college entrance examinations. According to the data, there are currently 9865 secondary vocational schools in the country, with 16.2814 million students.
"The path for secondary vocational students to further their studies is not open, and if they are employed immediately, their age is too young." In the long run, it has also caused secondary vocational schools to be widely pervasive about the confusion about the positioning of running schools, whether to run for further education or to improve employment skills. Xu Guoqing, director of the Institute of Vocational Education and Adult Education of East China Normal University, said frankly.
"At present, the mode of further education provided by vocational education, such as middle and high vocational articulation and counterpart single recruitment, lacks selectivity and the way is extremely narrow, which not only does not have enough attraction for students, but also makes universal professional teaching standards have no room for demand." Xu Guoqing said.
When it comes to the vocational education college entrance examination, it is necessary to mention the spring college entrance examination.
Since 2012, Shandong Province and other places have implemented the spring college entrance examination, and so far the spring college entrance examination and the summer college entrance examination have been implemented, and the content of the spring college entrance examination includes cultural knowledge, professional theoretical knowledge and professional skills, and secondary vocational schools and ordinary high school students can apply.
Students at the Bozhou District Secondary Vocational School in Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, take the exam. Photo by Wang Hengjun/Guangming Pictures
"The spring college entrance examination is designed to reduce the pressure of candidates, increase examination opportunities, and explore classified examinations, but after the pilot implementation, it has not been promoted nationwide, because the enrollment plan of the spring college entrance examination is mostly set up for higher vocational colleges, there are fewer undergraduate programs, and famous schools rarely participate in spring enrollment, so it is not attractive to candidates." Hu Xiangdong, director of the Measurement and Evaluation Research Center of Central China Normal University, introduced that there is a big difference between the spring college entrance examination and the vocational education college entrance examination, but the summer college entrance examination has come up with part of the plan to spring.
Compared with the spring college entrance examination, the open vocational education college entrance examination, from the source of candidates to the admission institutions, both ends of the admissions examination are expanding. It allows all high school graduates, including ordinary high school graduates and secondary vocational graduates, as well as veterans and laid-off unemployed people with the same academic ability to apply, while higher vocational colleges, vocational education undergraduate colleges, and applied undergraduate colleges can all enroll students.
In terms of examination content and difficulty design, there are also differences between the vocational education college entrance examination and the ordinary college entrance examination.
"The ordinary college entrance examination has the characteristics of high difficulty, and the design of the test paper differentiation often focuses on the student group entering undergraduate study, and the degree of differentiation is often not reflected for students with ordinary grades or even at the bottom." Hu Xiangdong said.
In the 2021 general college entrance examination, the minimum score line of the higher vocational (specialist) batch in each province is about 200 to 400 points, and the admission line of many colleges and universities in Jiangxi Province is only 150 points.
"From the examination channel, students who take higher vocational colleges should be separated from students who take undergraduate examinations. General higher education and vocational higher education are two types of education, and there are also differences in the content of examination papers and ability requirements. Generally attributed to a single examination paper of the ordinary college entrance examination, it cannot reflect the characteristics and development needs of higher vocational education. Hu Xiangdong said.
Like the general college entrance examination, the vocational education college entrance examination is part of the chinese characteristics examination enrollment system under the classification examination, comprehensive evaluation, and multiple admission goals. Hu Xiangdong said: "The vocational education college entrance examination will be planned to be held separately and separately, and the number of undergraduate enrollment plans is also increasing every year, which is another 'track' college entrance examination that is not contrary to the ordinary college entrance examination." ”
In Handan Vocational Education City, Hebei Province, teachers guide students to carry out nursing practice operations. Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Wang Xiao
Examination subjects are set up on the basis of major categories
What exactly is the vocational education college entrance examination?
At present, the vocational education college entrance examination has not been implemented on a large scale nationwide, Hubei has implemented the skill college entrance examination, and Guangdong has carried out the "3 + certificate" examination, which is regarded as the pilot exploration of the vocational education college entrance examination. The above examination content can be summarized as "setting up examination subjects based on professional categories" and "determining the scope of examination with basic content as the core".
According to the "Catalogue of Secondary Vocational Schools (2021)", there are 358 majors in secondary vocational education, each major has its own professional basic courses, professional core courses, professional elective courses, and the number of subjects involved in the vocational education college entrance examination will far exceed 358.
"If you had to give each subject a test paper every year, the workload of the proposition would not be estimated. Therefore, the vocational education college entrance examination is not conducted in a single major, but in a professional category. The majors enrolled in the vocational education college entrance examination and the majors offered in the secondary vocational education do not correspond to each other. Therefore, according to the commonality of the knowledge and skills learned in different majors, it is necessary to integrate them into a professional category, and set up corresponding examination subjects in order to establish a docking relationship with the major categories of higher education. The head of enrollment of a vocational college in Beijing told reporters.
For example, the person in charge said: "The culinary profession has not become an independent major in applied undergraduate colleges and universities, and the major can be classified as food and nutrition. In this way, the channels for secondary vocational students to advance to higher education are broadened, so that they can get the opportunity to enter applied undergraduate colleges. ”
"After the division of major categories, the basic education content in the professional categories will be included in the examination content of the scope of the vocational education college entrance examination." Professor Qi Zhanyong of Shaanxi Normal University introduced that at present, the provincial vocational education college entrance examination is usually designed as a "1 + 2" course model, that is, 1 professional basic course plus 2 professional core courses, and 3 courses should cover the most important professional basic theoretical knowledge and skills in the professional category. At the same time, candidates also need to take 3 courses: Chinese, Mathematics and Foreign Language.
Students of Jiangyong County Vocational Secondary School in Yongzhou City, Hunan Province, are conducting practical training on the maintenance of new energy vehicles. Photo by Tian Rurui/Guangming Pictures
How to take the vocational education college entrance examination skills test
On January 6, guangdong province 2022 "3 + certificate" exam Chinese quality exam ended, candidates to participate in the province's unified proposition, unified organization of language, mathematics, English three subjects of cultural subjects exam, "certificate" exam is the professional skills course certificate exam, has been completed in the previous year.
Up to now, the vocational education college entrance examination plans that have been announced in various places have adopted the comprehensive examination mode of "cultural quality + vocational skills".
Hubei Skills College Entrance Examination takes the mechanical and electrical machining technology major as the pilot, the assessment standard is the primary technical standard, and the examination content is fitter, turner, miller, and the candidate chooses any one to participate. The test results are divided into five grades: A, B, C, D and E, and candidates must achieve D or above in order to be eligible to take the cultural examination in June of the following year.
Wuhan Vocational and Technical College undertook the organization of computer, construction technology and tourism examinations in the Hubei Skills College Entrance Examination. Li Hongqu, secretary of the party committee of the college, introduced: "In addition to the computer class through the mock examination system (platform) examination, the practical operation of building technology includes construction drawing reading and measurement operation, which should be applied to software and actual measurement tools. The tourism category includes two professional categories of tour guide and hotel management, and the tour guide practice mainly includes the tour guide explanation and talent display part; the hotel management practice examination includes the basic skills of the guest room, Chinese and Western food and the front hall. ”
A candidate who took the hotel management skills test told reporters that the topics she drew were Chinese food table setting and etiquette display. The Chinese food table requires three positions to be placed in three places within five minutes, and at the same time, folded flowers are placed in the cup. Etiquette display is a verbal answer, "the questions of the etiquette display are all in the question bank, just recite it".
"At present, the most prominent problem facing the vocational education college entrance examination is how to take the skill-based examination, which is related to the fairness and scientific nature of the vocational education college entrance examination." Xu Guoqing analyzed which work tasks were selected as test questions, which important skills were examined in the work tasks, and what kind of carriers were designed to comprehensively examine these skills, all of which were the keys to affecting the validity of the examination.
Li Hongqu said frankly: "Candidates come from different cities and prefectures in the province, and it takes at least two days to complete the exam. There are many practical operation examinations, and it is also necessary to prepare facilities and equipment and organize examination personnel. It is difficult for schools to organize exams. ”
Be vigilant against the scoring of the vocational education college entrance examination
According to the "15 Questions on the Policy of Vocational Education College Entrance Examination in Shandong Province", the number of undergraduate enrollment in the vocational education college entrance examination in Shandong Province has increased year by year, and by 2022, it will increase to about 70,000 people, and the undergraduate promotion rate of the vocational education college entrance examination will increase.
"The vocational education college entrance examination is an admissions examination system constructed to improve skills, and the purpose is to provide fairer and higher quality educational opportunities for individuals who are interested in specialized and innate endowments to engage in a certain vocational skill learning, and will not seize higher education resources." Qi Zhanyong thinks.
The role of the vocational education college entrance examination in improving the quality of vocational education is mainly reflected in the two links of enrollment and classification training. However, for parents and students, whether they are willing to participate in the vocational education college entrance examination reflects whether vocational education is attractive.
In 2021, the employment rate of 1240 skill college entrance examination graduates of Wuhan Vocational and Technical College was 98.06%, of which 339 were promoted to higher education, and the promotion rate was 27.34%, compared with previous data, more and more people were willing to participate in the vocational college entrance examination. Li Hongqu said: "After receiving vocational education, whether children can continue to improve their academic qualifications, whether they can find suitable jobs, and have a decent salary is a common concern of parents. If these two points are improved, the attractiveness of vocational education will be solved. ”
"The vocational education college entrance examination will soon be implemented on a large scale, but we must be vigilant against making the vocational education college entrance examination only scored, generalized, and formalized." Qi Zhanyong reminded that the vocational education college entrance examination needs to put the individual's technical skill level and development potential in the first place, and avoid taking the quality of the examination results as the only criterion; the vocational education college entrance examination is a type of examination that is different from the ordinary college entrance examination, which reflects its type characteristics in terms of assessment subjects, assessment content, and assessment methods, and cannot "test everyone in one paper"; in the examination content, examination methods and standards, highlight the practice orientation; pay attention to the awareness and ability to solve problems The results of the examination cannot be given by simply setting up a few assessment questions or judging the completed works.
Vocational education college entrance examination should be designed as a whole, and multiple channels should be parallel, after all, it directly corresponds to the needs of the occupation, and the examination should be designed from the perspective of career development needs. Xu Guoqing suggested: "In terms of examination orientation, we should give full play to the leading role of the vocational education college entrance examination in vocational education, combine the actual teaching of vocational education, and design selection standards, examination content and methods." ”
In Li Hongqu's view: "The vocational education college entrance examination and the ordinary college entrance examination are only different selection methods, and there is no difference between good and bad. The selection of the general college entrance examination focuses on examining the students' theoretical foundation, disciplinary ability and academic potential. The vocational education college entrance examination system mainly focuses on the screening and screening of students' application, hands-on practical ability, vocational skills and vocational orientation. ”
As of September 30, 2021, there are 1486 junior colleges and 32 vocational undergraduate schools nationwide, in addition, some provincial undergraduate colleges and universities and applied undergraduates have also set up relevant vocational education majors, but the planned enrollment is not large.
"It is necessary to open up the path of vocational education college entrance examination to higher vocational colleges, applied undergraduates and ordinary undergraduates." Ordinary undergraduate colleges and universities should also recruit students to participate in the vocational education college entrance examination, so as to achieve both horizontal integration and vertical penetration. Even in research universities such as Tsinghua university and Peking University, there are many applied majors. As a college entrance examination system with the same function as the general education college entrance examination system, the vocational education college entrance examination only needs to design and adjust the examination content, examination subjects, and examination forms, and select students who meet the professional learning ability. Therefore, the state should clarify the construction plan and construction progress of the vocational education college entrance examination from the overall perspective. Xu Guoqing said.
Guangming Daily ( 2022-01-07 08 edition)
Source: Guangming Network - Guangming Daily