The long river of history is running endlessly, there are calm waves, there are also waves, let Xiaobian take you into history and understand history.
The Chu-Han rivalry was an era of heroes, and there was a man and his group of followers, as tragic as a meteor, with their martyr-like epic deeds, drawing a brief faint but moving light in the vast night sky of history, and this person and his followers were Tian Heng and his five hundred heroes.
Tian Heng was a descendant of the State of Qi, and at the end of Qin, when Chen Sheng and Wu Guang rebelled, the three brothers Tian Dan, Tian Rong, and Tian Heng also gathered to oppose Qin. During the war, Tian Dan was killed by the Qin general Zhang Handan, and Tian Rong was defeated by Xiang Yu and died in the rebellion. Tian Heng gathered the scattered troops of the Qi state to fight Xiang Yu, at this time, Xiang Yu was attacked by Liu Bang behind his back and forced to abandon the battle. Tian Heng took the opportunity to recover the lost land, and Tian Guang, the son of his brother Tian Rong, became the King of Qi and became the prince of Qi.
Three years later, Liu Bang, the King of Han, in order to unify the world, sent an emissary Li Sheng to unite with Tian Heng. Tian Heng was persuaded to relax his defenses against the Han army. Subsequently, Liu Bang's general Han Xin led an army to attack Tian Heng's Lixia defense army and captured Linzi. At this time, Tian Hengzheng invited the special envoy Li Sheng, and when he heard the news, he was furious and rushed to the crown, scolding Li Sheng for deceiving him, executing him, and retreating in separate troops. Tian Guang, the King of Qi, retreated to Gaomi and urgently sent emissaries to xiang Yu for help. Xiang Yu sent the general Long Ji to lead 300,000 troops, and the Han and Chu sides confronted each other on both sides of the Wei River. At this time, Han's envoy Ji Yiwei defeated the Chu and Qi armies, longhe was killed, and Qi Wang Tian Guang was captured and killed. When Tian Heng received this news, he was extremely sad and indignant, established himself as king, and led his army to fight fiercely with the Han general Yu Yingcheng. Tian Heng was outnumbered and led the remnants to defect to Peng Yue, the king of Liang, in order to make a comeback.
Later, Liu Bang eliminated Xiang Yu and took the throne as Emperor Hangao. After Emperor Hangao ascended the throne, Peng Yue was made the King of Liang, and Tian Hengshi led more than 500 subordinates to flee to Jimotian Hengdao. Emperor Liu Bang of Han gao could not rest assured of Tian Heng, because Tian Heng was deeply popular and worried about future chaos. So he sent emissaries to pardon Tian Heng for his innocence and invited him to Luoyang to worship. Tian Heng told the Qin envoy, "Thank you King Han, but I executed Li Sheng, the brother of the Han general Li Shang, so I can't go, so please allow me to be an ordinary citizen on the island." "
After Qin envoys returned liu bang, Liu Bang immediately told Li Shang: "Qi Wang Tian Heng has come, you dare to move randomly and destroy the Nine Tribes!" Therefore, Liu Bang sent an emissary to proclaim Tian Heng and said, "If Tian Heng comes to the dynasty, he can be crowned a marquis and a king; if he refuses to come, he will raise an army to encircle and annihilate him!" Tian Heng pondered for a long time and agreed to leave for Luoyang with two retinues.
Tian Heng arrived at Yanshi in Henan, only 30 miles from Luoyang, and said to the two retinues: "At first, I and Liu Bang were kings on each side, and now it is humiliating enough to worship him; plus I have executed Li Sheng, but now I want to work with his brother Li Shang as a vassal under the King of Han, do I feel at ease?" The King of Han asked me to go to see him, but he just wanted to see what I looked like. From this to Luoyang is only 30 miles, cut off my head and send it, there will be no major change in appearance, you two do as I order! "Say it, draw your sword and kill yourself." Two of Tian Heng's entourage took Tian Heng's head to Luoyang as instructed to present it to Liu Bang, the Emperor of Han Gao, and Liu Bang sighed and wept over it. Immediately, 2,000 people were sent to Yanshi, and Tian Heng was buried according to the king's great gift, and two of Tian Heng's retinue were made lieutenants. The two retinue stood silently in front of Tian Heng's tomb, did not speak or shed tears, and also committed suicide by brandishing their swords.
When Liu Bang heard the news, he was both surprised and admired, and also solemnly buried the two retinues and buried them next to Tian Heng's tomb. Liu Bang knew that there were still more than five hundred of Tian Heng's subordinates on the sea, so he sent emissaries to appease them. When the emissaries arrived at the island, they brought news of Tian Heng's suicide, and more than five hundred of his subordinates were silent for a long time after listening to it, and they all drew their swords and killed themselves.
A Tian Yoko died, but he pushed a collective imitation! Tian Yoko's fierceness and the bloodiness of the disciples have since become viscous and integrated, weaving a tragic grandeur of people and gods crying together! Of course, it has also triggered the praise and exclamation of the literati and heroes haojie of the past generations, and has gradually become a historical culture - TianHeng culture.
When Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty wrote about the cause of Tian Heng's self-destruction, he poured out his rich personal feelings, saying in the tone of Tian Heng's self-description: "Heng Shi and the King of Han were called lonely in the south, and the current King of Han is the Son of Heaven, and Heng Nai is a dead prisoner and the north is a matter of shame. "In the past, Tian Heng was as lonely in the south as Liu Bang, but now he has to bow down to his subjects, and the soldier can not be disgraced, and the mentality of "shame" eventually leads to killing himself. Liu Bang was very admiring of Tian Heng, saying: "Oh, there is Yi Yefu! From the cloth clothes, the three brothers are more kings, are not they virtuous", and for this drooling, he sent two thousand people to bury Tian Heng with the etiquette of the king; learning that all five hundred strong men under Tian Heng had also committed suicide, Liu Bang sighed, "So the Brothers of Tian Heng can get shiye." Sima Qian finally sighed, "Tian Heng's high festival, the guest Mu Yi and died from Heng, is not the most holy!" "
The Eastern Han Dynasty Cai Yong's "Shu Xing Fu" greatly praised Tian Heng's heroic spirit: "Lead The Ling Ah To ascend to the xi, go to the Yan division and release the work." Yokonobu Shoda Bongshou Xi, the tomb of the hero of the Yoshiji. "In the autumn of the second year (159) of the reign of Emperor Huan of Han, Xu Huang and others who had unauthorized power, knowing that Cai Yong was good at drumming and playing the piano, forced him to enter Beijing. Cai Yong was forced to board the journey and returned home when he arrived at Yanshi. He was deeply dissatisfied with the collapse of the government and government, so he used the place he had experienced when he was forced to go to Beijing as a clue to connect with the rise and fall of good and evil in the previous generation and express his inner feelings. With a reverential mood, Cai Yong enthusiastically praised Tian Heng and his subordinates, who had killed himself with His Sword, admired his grandeur and righteousness, and pushed him to be a thousand autumns.
In the records of Chen Shou's Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms of the Western Jin Dynasty, some strategists mentioned Tian Hengduo when they affirmed their political views. For example, Cheng Yu, a strategist of the State of Wei, said when he consulted Cao Cao: "Tian Heng, Qi Yizhuang's ear, is ashamed to be a high ancestor." He advised Cao Cao not to submit to Yuan Shao, otherwise, he "thought that the general's ambition was not as good as Tian Heng's", and he was deeply ashamed. Zhuge Liang also commented on Tian Hengyue: "Tian Heng, the ear of the strong man of Qi, is not dishonored by keeping righteousness. In this way, liu Bei, as a nobleman of the royal family, would never live under Cao Cao, confessed his will and determination to fight against Cao Jun with Sun Quan, and also aroused Sun Quan's momentum of resistance to Cao.
When reviewing the exploits of the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, Li Zhi of Tang Gaozong proposed that the overall situation of the new dynasty had been stabilized, and all kinds of competing forces should live in harmony: "Righteousness and white water, faith in the Book of Dan. Forgive his life. Sympathetic co-lord, forget the qi in Tian Heng, complain about Zhou Tian, endure the final murder of Wei Leopard. In the east of the time, the mirror is thousands of miles and the river is clear; the demon is in the western atmosphere, and the array is heavy and the clouds are scattered. It can be seen that for the monarch, they want their subjects to be loyal to their own dynasty, not to surrender or submit to the regime of others, and to embody the spirit of indomitable might; they are also willing to recruit people with high talents to serve in their own dynasty and live in harmony with the new regime. The "qi" that Tian Heng possessed, that is, the spiritual aura of being upright and upright, should be forgotten or discarded. Perhaps it is precisely on the basis of such a contradictory mentality that the supreme ruler rarely judges Tian Heng.
The Tang Dynasty was a flourishing period of poetry, and the chanting of Tian Heng and his five hundred scholars was dazzling. The Tang Dynasty poet Li Bai once wrote a poem with his friend Nanling Changzanfu to express his admiration for Tian Heng: "Five hundred people on the sea died on the same day. At that time, it was not good to be wise, and it was a name that had been passed down through the ages. May the King be of the same heart and be merciful to me. The poet Li Duan also wrote a poem "Qianlisi": "Liangzhou wind and moon are beautiful, looking at Juyan Road from afar." Pan under the clouds, green edge plugged trees. Yanshan Suwushang, Sea Island Tian crossed. Even more grassy, pedestrians go out. "Compare Tian Heng's Gao Feng Liang Festival with Su Wu, who insisted on integrity in the Han Dynasty. Du Fu has "forever tied to the Five Lakes Boat, sad and sad" When Han Yu was paying homage to Tian Heng's tomb, he wrote the ancient American text "Hanging Tian Heng Tomb", which effectively expressed his praise for Tian Heng, and highly commented: "Yu Is bo and looks at the world, and Xie Youshu is almost what the master did... Since the ancient dead are not one, the master has still had Geng Guang, kneeling and recommending wine, and the soul seems to have come to enjoy it", expressing deep respect and mourning.
Su Xun's "Theory of the Six Kingdoms" of the Song Dynasty said that the Spring and Autumn Warring States until the Qin and Han dynasties were guests, "all the world's Junjie", that is, "Tian Heng also has five hundred soldiers" as one of the big ends, and he was grateful that "instead of being cursed by Han Xin, it would be better to die tian yoko's festival." "】
Sima Guang's compilation of the Zizhi Tongjian praised it with no stinginess, and gave a poem "Tian Heng Tomb" to Tian Heng's deeds, saying: "In the past, the south was called lonely, and today it is still a disciple of Dai. To endure death can only add humiliation, and stealing life is not enough to love Sue. From martyrdom to the crowd, the wind of eternity provoked cowards. Directly envoys to Yan Chen, Emperor Han, Han Peng may not be exempt from the same accusations. Sima Guang agreed with Tian Heng's unscrupulous and secretive and condescending and humiliating approach, believing that such a spirit inspired the cowards of the world to have courage. If you really choose to submit to Liu Bang, it is estimated that there is no difference between han Xin and Peng Yue's fate of "cunning rabbit death, lackey cooking", and naturally it will not flow for hundreds of years.
The Southern Song Dynasty scholar Hong Mai compared and evaluated Tian Heng and Lü Bu, and praised Tian Heng: "Heng disregarded the prince's lord and regarded death as a return, so Han Zu called him a sage, and Ban Gu thought he was a hero." Han Retreat's way out of his tomb, for the text to hang: "Since ancient times, the deceased is not one, and the master has geng guang to this day." His heroism was awe-inspiring, and he is still alive and well. "
After the national hero Zheng Chenggong successfully recovered Taiwan in 1662, he wrote a poem "Futai": "Open up jing hazel to drive away the Lotus, and start to restore the foundation in ten years." Tian Heng still had three thousand guests, and Ru Couldn't bear to leave. The first two sentences highly summarize the difficult process of recovering Taiwan, and affectionately express the flesh and blood affection of sharing weal and woe with the soldiers and relying on each other in life and death. The last two sentences use Tian Heng's allusion, "three thousand" refers to the majority, and "guest" refers to the general, indicating that he does not want to be subject to Yu Qing's heart.
Chen Tingjing, a scholar of Wenyuange University in the Qing Dynasty, commented on Tian Heng: "Tian Heng can get a soldier, Gao Yiling Qianqiu. The king of the big ones, the princes of the small ones. Generous five hundred people, not with Han Pengli. The rich and the noble were not happy, and Shen Died did what he wanted. So far, the sea is vicissitudes, and the sky is windy and clear. "
The famous poet Wang Shizhen in the early Qing Dynasty, a compatriot of Tian Heng, also attached great importance to Tian Heng's strong "righteousness" temperament: "The Anhui River is Tian Heng Island, and the lamentations of the righteous soldiers are snotty." "
In the fifth year of Daoguang (1825), the late Qing dynasty realist poet Gong Zizhen lived in Kunshan, witnessed the despicable behavior of the "celebrities" in the southeast region who enslaved their faces and knees, and the darkness of the Qing Dynasty's social politics. The prison pot foxes are all counted, and the tuan fan is in the upstream. Avoiding the prison of words, he wrote books for rice sorghum. Tian Heng's five hundred people are safe, will they return to the ranks? The poem starts from the actual feelings, with the five hundred heroes of Tian Heng killing themselves and taking righteousness as the background, lamenting the social situation of the loss of integrity and shamelessness, with a strong critical and satirical effect.
In 1904, Liang Qichao went into exile in Japan due to the failure of the Pengshu Reform Law. The decay of national politics and the cowardice of the national spirit have caused extreme discrimination against China by foreign countries, and even Japan believes that "the history of China, the history of non-military force, the nation of China, and the nation of non-military force." This seriously stimulated Liang Qichao's sensitive mood, and he decided to write a book to carry forward the martial spirit of the Chinese nation, with the ancestors of Wude as a model for future generations, which is the reason for the writing of "The Spirit of Bushido". The book expounds the Shangwu thought of the Chinese Bushido spirit from 15 aspects, introduces the deeds of a total of 71 samurai from the Spring and Autumn Warring States to the beginning of the Han Dynasty who are famous for their martial virtues, and the historical relics of Tian Heng and his disciples belong to the category of "defeated in battle, rather than captured". Liang Qichao commented on Tian Heng in a thick and colorful way, pointing out where his precious spirit lay: "Tai Shi Gong has passed on the King of Tian, and he is praised: He Who is not good at painting, mo can figure He Zhao. That's why the admirers are at their best. If you want to look at the modern history, then the Taiwan Zheng clan, the Shu Shu. Gu died of the Zheng clan, and the Zheng clan general also. To see the guest of the King of Tian, how far away. Since the Taigong of Qi, the world has competed with Lai Xuyi, so its military nationalism has been cultivated deeply and thickly, and it has been concluded for eight hundred years with five hundred people, and it has also lived up to the teachings of Taigong and Guanzi. Mencius said: Striving for a hundred worlds, under a hundred worlds, the hearers will not rise up, and the king of Tian will have a fire. "
In 1928, the famous patriotic painter Xu Beihong felt bitter about this, and used the whole two years to take the story of Tian Heng, which is rich in the spirit of "mighty and unyielding" and high festival, as the theme, and selected the scene of Tian Heng and the five hundred heroes to bid farewell, and created a huge oil painting "Tian Heng Five Hundred Soldiers", focusing on depicting the indomitable passion of the people and praising the quality of "rich and noble cannot be obscene, mighty and unyielding" that the Chinese people have respected since ancient times. It is worth mentioning that Xu Beihong also placed his own image in the crowd of farewells to show his firm and unyielding position. This painting by Xu Beihong greatly publicizes the integrity displayed by many benevolent people at a time when the Chinese nation is in danger of external and internal troubles, and embodies the call of the times for the spirit of human justice and noble sentiments.
In the long history of more than two thousand years, the figure of Tian Heng has left the world with the spiritual connotation of "indomitable" "righteousness" in the historical cultural dissemination: he did not want to go north and do the new monarch of the new dynasty who was originally of the same status, and then the throne and the supreme; he could salute the corporal, win the hearts of the people, and make the doormen swear to die. These are all personal virtues and deeds that were valued by ancient scholars and literati. Whether it is a strategist in a time of war or a literati in peacetime, whether it is a politician who is interested in fame or a hermit who is indifferent to fame and fortune, most of them are willing to accept the historical image of Tian Heng, and proceed from their own position and social needs, reinterpret and publicize it, and let it play the spiritual influence of the times.
Well, today's sharing ends here, and we'll see you next time