□ Zhou Xueze
On February 24, after nearly five years of archaeological excavations, the base site group of buildings outside the west gate of the small town of Qi gucheng in the west of Xiaoxu Village, Qidu Town, Linzi District, Zibo City, was basically identified as the ruins of Jixia Xuegong.
(The small red square area pointed to by the red arrow in the figure is the location of the Minoru Gakugu Shrine)
(Minoru Gakugu House Floor)
The Qi Guo Jixia Xuegong is very important in the history of Chinese cultural development. From the end of the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, along with the great social turmoil and great changes, there was the first golden age of great ideological emancipation and great academic prosperity in Chinese history, and various schools of learning mushroomed after the rain, forming a grand view of "a hundred schools of thought contending". During the Warring States period, the Jixia Xuegong in Linzi, the capital of Qi, was the main garden and center for academic exchanges and cultural dissemination at that time when the sons gathered and a hundred schools of thought contended. Guo Moruo said in the "Ten Criticisms": "The grand situation of the Zhou And Qin sons formed a highest peak here" "The setting of this Jixia school is really of epoch-making significance in the history of Chinese culture. ”
Jixia Xuegong was founded in the period of Tian Qi Huan Gong Tian Wu (reigned from 374 BC to 357 BC), named after its jimen near the capital of the State of Qi, Linzi, which was basically consistent with the Tian Qi regime and died out with the qin dynasty to unify China, lasting about 150 years.
(Relationship between Minoru Gakugu Shrine and Koshiro)
The Jixia Xuegong is very famous in history, and there is no doubt about the location of the "Jimen gate of Linzi, the capital of the State of Qi", but the location of the "Jimen" has not been determined for a long time. In the "Brief History of Linzi Jixia Xuegong" compiled by the Linzi District Party Committee and District Government in September 2016, there are four theories about the location of Jimen: the first, Jimen is the one north of the two west gates of the Qi Ancient City, in the east of shaojiaquan Village in present-day Qidu Town; the second, Jimen is the west gate of the small city of Qi, located at the source of the Shuishui River, south of Shenchi, northwest of Xiaoxu Village in present-day Qidu Town; the third, Jimen is the one on the west side of the two south gates of the small city of Qi, facing the Jishan Mountain in the south of Linzi, southwest of anhezhuang in present-day Qidu Town; the fourth, Jimen was originally built in the southwest of the qi ancient city in the spring and autumn, and a small city was built during the Warring States period, but this gate is gone, but the place name "Jixia" is left, which is located west of today's Qiguo History Museum.
Judging from the information currently available, the location of the Jixia Xuegong adopts the "second" theory, that is, the building base site group located outside the west gate of the small town of Qi's ancient city in the west of Xiaoxu Village, Qidu Town, Linzi District, has been confirmed as the ruins of the Jixia Xuegong.
The basic confirmation of the location of the Minoru Gakuen Palace is inseparable from an argumentative meeting. In August 2021, many senior experts from all over the country came to the Linzi Workstation of shandong Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology to participate in the symposium on important archaeological discoveries in Qi Gucheng and carry out expert demonstration on the group of building sites outside the west gate of Qi Gucheng. At the meeting, the experts had a heated discussion.
Ren Xianghong, professor and doctoral supervisor of the School of History and Culture of Shandong University, participated in the demonstration meeting, and from the perspective of archaeology, he demonstrated the location of the Jixia Xuegong, and basically agreed that "Xiaoxu Village West of Qidu Town" was the site of the Jixia Xuegong.
Archaeology is to determine the age first, and then determine the nature. Ren Xianghong believes that the confirmation of the base site group of the building outside the west gate of the small city of Qi's ancient city is the Jixia Xuegong, which is more consistent with the shape and volume of the building. Qi Ancient City Small City Outside the West Gate Building Site Group, for the row of group of palace-style buildings, at least 4 rows, very standardized, almost the same age, there is a wall, outside the wall is a moat, the whole appears relatively independent, not in the big city, not in the small city, the east wall of this group of buildings is the western wall of the small city, in fact, it is part of the small city, the small city is connected to the big city, like an urn city, together constitute the entire qi country ancient city. It can be seen that at the beginning, this group of buildings was planned and built together with small cities and big cities, and the city walls could not be compared with large cities and small cities, but they were all in the moat and shared a moat.
Of course, there are some doubts about this group of buildings. Judging from the rammed foundation and excavated pottery, before this group of buildings, there were other cultural relics in this area, what is specific, it is not clear; after this group of buildings, there are new uses here, and mint remnants have been widely unearthed in the western part of the building base group, there are "mint" relics, and more than 2,500 fragments of Qi Dao coin fan have been found, which is the largest number of Pre-Qin Qian Fan unearthed in the country in recent years, and the face fan characters are "Qi Da Dao", and a small amount of "Yihua" Fan Mu and Qian Fan and a large number of sulfur slag, pouring bags, blower mouths, smelting and casting sand and other relics have been found. It can be judged that this building site group was abandoned and used as a money minting workshop.
That is to say, there have been "three phases" of cultural relics in this place of Jimen, how to explain? Ren Xianghong believes that the building base site group outside the west gate of the small city is used as the "second phase", and what is the use of the previous "first phase" and the "third phase" after that does not affect the "second phase" is the "possibility" of the Minoru Gakuen Palace. If you use the "end of the first period" as the "upper limit" of the building base site group outside the west gate of the small city, and the "beginning of the third phase" as the "lower limit" of the building base site group outside the west gate of the small city to "card position", it is exactly the time period under Tian QiJi, but it can be determined that the "second phase" building is basically the Minoru Xuegong.
Ren Xianghong came here to investigate since 2000, and later came several times, the relics of the "first phase" cultural relics are inlaid with shells, which is very unusual, and the judgment time is the end of the Spring and Autumn Period or a little later; the third period from the excavated Qi state knife coins and other judgments belong to the late Warring States period, but when it is late, it is difficult to say, but it can be determined that it cannot enter the Han Dynasty. From the perspective of the "upper limit" and "lower limit", there is basically no problem in the construction of the base site group outside the west gate of the small city and the use of the Warring States Tian Qi period. The only regret is that because of the emergence of the mint, the "lower limit" era is not very sufficient, which reminds of the gradual decline at the end of tian qi, and it is impossible for the minor school palace not to be affected.
The small city outside the west gate of the building site group and the small city are built together, Ren Xianghong in the small city 10 construction site of the palace building site, found the fire site, after judgment confirmed, is not a normal fire, Ren Xianghong associated with the Warring States period "Le Yi Fa Qi" incident, because "Le Yi Fa Qi" has a record of burning the Temple Of Qi Du Palace.
In the 28th year of The Reign of Yan Zhao (284 BC), Bai Leyi was made a general and united with the four kingdoms of Qin, Han, Zhao, and Wei to jointly fight Qi (After the war began, Chu also joined the coalition army). Fierce battle at Jixi, defeated the Qi army. Le Yi led the Yan army to take advantage of the victory to conquer the 72 cities of Qi and directly enter the capital city of Linzi. And burned the temple hall of qidu palace, plundered the treasures and huge wealth, and returned them to the Yan kingdom.
If the change in the base site group of the buildings outside the west gate of the small city is explained by the burning of the palace building in 284 BC of "Le Yi Vaqi", then the mint of the "third phase" here can make sense. After Le Yi cut qi, the state of Qi was left with only Ju and Jimo, and Le Yi besieged the city for no more than three years; after the death of King Zhao, king Hui of Yan, who had just taken the throne, won the counter-plan of the Qi general Tian Dan, removed Le Yi, and attacked the city by cavalry; after a long time, he could not attack, but Zhongtian Dan's fire bull array was defeated. The State of Qi took advantage of the situation to recover all lost territory. Le Yi Vaqi's work was lost.
After the restoration of the State of Qi, King Xiang of Qi restored the capital and restored and continued the Minoru Palace, but the scenery was no longer beautiful. In 265 BC, King Xiang of Qi died, and his son Tian Jian succeeded to the throne, known in history as King Jian of Qi, who was cowardly and incompetent, the country was weakening, the Palace of Jixia Xuegong lost its vitality, and many mr. Jixia was bribed by the State of Qin, or entered Qin or "was in cao camp in han". One hypothesis is that the western part of the building base group became a "mint" after the restoration of Tian Qi.
According to the "upper and lower limit years", Ren Xianghong tended to think that the base site group of the building outside the west gate of the small city was the Minoru Gakuen Palace. Moreover, with the "exclusion method", this can also be basically confirmed, for example, the moat in the east is impossible; the north is the water system, nor is it possible; before some people thought that it was in the south of the small city, but the qi ancient city was sitting north and facing south, and the xuegong could not be built near the central axis; the west was a small city, and no similar architectural traces were found.
Many of the experts present held similar views. Sun Bo, president of the Shandong Archaeological Research Institute, explained the changes in the cultural remains of the "three phases": Although Tian Qi restored the Jixia Xuegong, it is likely that it will be difficult to use for a long time, so it will be used for other purposes. At the same time, this building can later be used as a mint workshop, which proves to belong to the King of Qi, and is consistent with the attributes of the Minoru Gakuen Palace. In addition, from the perspective of orientation, the base site group of the building is located on the south side of the west gate of the small city, north to south, and is in line with the bottom of the minor.
Jiang Linchang, professor at the China Academic Research Institute and doctoral supervisor of the School of History and Culture of Shandong University, believes that "Mr. Jixia" is a foreigner with a different surname and a foreign nationality, and his place of discussion cannot be the same as that of the foreign dynasty where the chinese people are discussing politics, but should be outside the foreign dynasty. The location of the suspected "Minoru Gakugu" found this time is in the southwest corner outside the inner castle walls. This location is both outside the city and close to the outer facade on the south side of the city, and it is more reasonable to have the west gate connected. In summary, it was preliminarily agreed that the building base site group on the south side of the west gate of the small city should be related to the "Minoru Gakuen Palace".
Wang Yongbo, honorary chairman of the Shandong Archaeological Society and a second-level researcher, believes that from the perspective of location, layout and scale, the site of the formation cannot be an official office, a private building, let alone a military camp. Because it was impossible for official offices and private buildings to be built outside the city according to the city walls, the specifications of the barracks buildings should not be so luxurious and the location was not appropriate. In short, the site of the formation can only be the Minoru Gakuen Palace, where Mr. Minoru and scholars give lectures, or has the function of "pavilion station",that is, the temporary residence of students.
Zheng Tongxiu, director of the Shandong Museum, said: "The discovery of the west gate building base site group in the small city of Qigucheng is very important, and the rammed earth building site is neatly arranged, especially the courtyard wall has been found, which has the basic layout requirements of the Xuegong. Moreover, the relationship between the layers is clear, the age is relatively clear, and it is in line with the records of the Minoru Gakugu, and I think that it belongs to the Minoru Gakumi Palace. ”
At the meeting, some scholars suggested further arguments. Bai Yunxiang, deputy director of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, said: The group of building sites outside the west gate of the small city of Qi, according to its spatial location, shape and layout and combined with the analysis of relevant literature records, should be the site of the Jixia Xuegong, which I have systematically discussed in the "Notes on Archaeological Research of the Ancient City of Linzi Qi", but the evidence is not sufficient enough, and it is necessary to further carry out field work and in-depth research on the existing doubts.