The connotation of the terms of bed and bed is inconsistent in ancient times, and it has changed repeatedly, and if it is interpreted one by one, it is complicated and difficult. For the convenience of reading, let's define the bed and bed in the terms of Ming-style furniture, and those who have a fence are the beds, and those who do not have a fence are called beds.
The oracle bone shows that Yin Shang already had a bed without a fence and a bed with a fence, which is a "case-shaped structure". In the oracle bones, the initials of the characters for illness, dreams, burial, and 戕 are all derived from the characters for "牀" (bed). Merchants believe that illness, dreams, and burial are the warnings and punishments of the ancestors, and these things are valued by the royal family, so these words are common. But the bed was only regarded as a practical tool for the nobility, and did not give more cultural meanings such as honor and etiquette.
And because wood products are too difficult to preserve, during the Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn Periods, the beds found by archaeological excavations have basically never been seen, and its development context is unknown. In this way, every discovery of the "Warring States Three Beds" is shocking and incredible.
"Warring States Three Beds" refers to the lacquered Weizi wooden bed excavated from the Zhanguo Chu Tomb in Changtaiguan, Xinyang, Henan, the black lacquered Weizi folding wooden bed excavated from the Tomb of Baoshan No. 2 in Jingmen, Hubei Province, and the lacquered wooden tent frame bed excavated from the Ship Coffin Tomb in Chengdu Commercial Street, Sichuan.
◆Bib bed◆
Xinyang Changtaiguan Warring States Chu Tomb unearthed lacquer painted weizi wooden bed, identified as the middle of the Warring States period, 218 cm long, 136 cm wide, 42.5 cm high, the bed is divided into three parts: bed circumference, bed plate and bed foot.
The bed fence has four horizontal layers of bamboo strips of wood, and the handrail section is square. The vertical direction is straight, and the segments are separated by Shu columns. Horizontal and vertical wood is held in a checkered shape, surrounded by a bed, with copper corners. In the middle of the front and back fences, a gap of about 60 cm is left for people to get on and off the bed.
Warring States A lacquered wooden bed excavated from the tomb of the Guanchu nobles in Changtai, Xinyang, Henan
(Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, et al.: "Briefing on the Excavation of Chu Tomb No. 7 changtaiguan in Xinyang, Henan", Cultural Relics, No. 3, 2004)
The bed plate is made of four square materials, front, back, left and right, and connected by four corners of the cross clasp mortise. The bed plate is built with a horizontal and two vertical firs, that is, two vertical firs "lying down" on the horizontal firs, which is later known as the "Fengzi style" bracket. The movable drawer board is covered with bamboo strips.
Six legs of the bed, placed in the four corners of the bed plate, the middle of the large side. Each is carved into a symmetrical cirrus cloud with a mortise on it, inserted into the tenon eye of the bed plate. It is 19 cm tall, and its initial legs and feet are so short. The foot is located under the four corners of the bed plate, which is a "table-shaped structure", which is different from the "case-shaped structure" where the foot is enclosed in the bed plate.
The bed is covered in black paint with continuous echoes of vermilion. Bamboo pillows on the bed. The tomb also unearthed the qiqi town tomb beast, which is the most characteristic wood carving of Chu culture.
The folding wooden bed excavated from the Tomb of Baoshan No. 2 in Jingmen, Hubei Province, was identified as the middle of the Warring States period, with a black body, 220.8 cm long, 135.6 cm wide and 38.4 cm high. The bed is divided into three parts: bed circumference, bed plate and bed foot. The bed wall has four horizontal layers of bamboo or wooden strips, and the handrail section is round. The vertical direction is straight, and the straight rafter passes through the penetrating eye (mortise) of the horizontal bamboo piece or wooden strip, and the upper end is out of the mortise, forming a checkered fence, which surrounds the bed. In the middle of the front and rear girdles, there is a gap of 57.6 cm for people to get on and off the bed, and its side edges are step-like.
Warring States Hubei Jingmen Baoshan No. 2 Tomb unearthed a black lacquered fence folding wooden bed
(Hubei Provincial Xingsha Railway Archaeological Team: Baoshan Chu Tomb, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1991)
The bed plate is a combination of two small bed plates on the left and right. The small bed plate is each connected by an open mortise into four frames, and each of the boxes is placed with three firs (belts), and the upper bed drawer is laid. They can be disassembled and folded for easy movement or storage. The folding step is to first remove the two heads (beams) connected on the two small bed plates, and then remove the other two horizontal straps (枨) in the bed tray one by one, and fold the large edges inward. Disassembled and folded from the middle of the bed plate, this kind of bib bed, only this one example has been seen.
It is a "table-shaped structure" with straight legs and curved feet under the four corners of the bed plate. Straight legs are also known as grating feet (legs). There is also a straight leg straight ulnar-like foot in the middle under the bed plate. The total height of the legs is 18 cm. Initial bed foot state.
It is worth mentioning, "At that time, there were several old mats pressed on the bed, and on the mat there was a bed of long-decayed quilts. The same tomb unearthed a Simple Policy text called it "bed".
The tomb is dated to the middle of the Warring States period, and the owner of the tomb is a descendant of King Chu Zhao, who is of the first rank of Shang Dafu and Qing. His status was second only to Ling Yin, the highest official in the Chu state. It can be seen that such wooden beds were used in the upper echelons of society in the Chu State. In the Tomb no. 1 of Baoshan Mountain, a bed fence and other components were also excavated, which also shows that the bed of the fence was not unique at that time.
Hubei Jingmen Baoshan No. 2 tomb excavated black lacquer wall folding wooden bed (partial)
According to the logic of the development of utensils, the development of the "table-shaped structure" bed seems to be the progression of the bed after the bed, but the "table structure" bed of the Spring and Autumn Warring States has not yet been found.
The above two "table-shaped structure" enclosure bed examples, from the perspective of the enclosure form, are very similar to the Warring States carriage box form, both are interspersed with horizontal wood vertical timber, combined as a checkered enclosure, surrounded on all sides, with a "back door". The middle section of the bed front and rear fence leaves an exit, echoing the rear door behind the carriage. Horse-drawn carriages were tools of war, high-class means of transport, and ceremonial supplies, representing the highest level of craftsmanship of an era, and it fed other civilian utensils, including the bibliography.
In the Warring States period, the "Record of Examination Workers" has articles related to carriages, such as "wheel people", "public opinion people", and "craftsmen". It can also be seen from the Warring States excavations that the carriage box is made more meticulously than the bed fence.
After the Han Dynasty, there was the title of "Tata". Previously, both those without and with those with fences were called "beds". So did they have a special title at that time? It is not yet known. Yang Sen believes that the "Kuang Bed" and "Basket Bed" in the literature refer to the quilt bed like the lacquer bed of the Warring States Tomb in Changtaiguan, Xinyang. (Yang Sen: "Dunhuang Mural Furniture Image Research", p. 16, Minzu Publishing House) And the traditional interpretation is that the "Kuang bed" is a comfortable bed or a square bed.
◆Tent bed◆
If the above two beds are twin peaks and stand together, then the strangeness of the tent bed on the top of the earth lacquered wooden hanging hill of the Ship Coffin Tomb in Chengdu Commercial Street is rare in history. It was a blockbuster and a thrill.
Lacquered wood hanging top tent bed (restoration), various parts of the components and too much to make stand out from the crowd. Viewed from the bottom up, four sub-glyph-shaped plate feet, each in a group before and after, are connected to a horizontal fir with an open mortise. The front and rear fenders are placed on the feet, which are case-shaped structures. The front and rear bibs are raised at one end and are particularly special. The front and rear fenders are each framed by a combination of an open mortise and a left and right side fetters. In the middle of the box, there is a "large side" in the longitudinal direction to support the drawer board, and there are also two legs under it. The above completed the installation of the bed fence and the foot of the bed. This is different from the large side of the regular bed, the trowel knot style.
On the front and back of the bed, four columns are placed with open mortise. Between the front and rear columns, there are horizontal firs on each side, and the upper child pillar supports the ridge of the top of the bed. The middle of the four columns is thin, the two ends are large, and the upper end has an open mortise.
On the top there is a horizontal wood into a ridge (fang), up to 3.27 meters long, which is also special enough. There are four vertical ridges underneath, with densely arranged rafters between the vertical ridges, and horizontal firs (foreheads) at the lower end of the rafters, forming a sloped roof on both sides of the front and back, which is a large roof of the "hanging top" of the imitation building. The overhanging summit of ancient architecture is a positive ridge and four vertical ridges, with eaves on all sides, that is, the eaves protrude from the front, back, left and right four directions beyond the gable (column). The suspension of the two mountain parts is a major feature. The top of this lacquered bed must have been made of imitation architecture, and today in turn, it can provide physical materials for the study of ancient architecture.
This bed is covered in black paint, and on the outside of the component, the red paint is painted back to the dragon pattern and the cockroach pattern. The bed plate is 2.55 meters long and 1.3 meters wide. The total height of the bed is about 1.8 meters, the author is through the video to understand the combination of the various components of this bed, did not see a more detailed report, and did not understand the combination of the vertical edge fence and the foot, the combination of the vertical edge fence and the bed drawer.
The architectural form of "former dynasty (temple) and back sleeping" was found on the pit of the ship coffin tomb in Chengdu Commercial Street. "The tomb is most likely the family burial place of the enlightened dynasty royal family of the ancient Shu state in the early Warring States period or the shu king himself, dating from about 400 years BC." It was about the early and middle period of the Warring States period, that is, the late Enlightened Ming Dynasty of ancient Shu.
This bed is the earliest lacquered bed in China so far (restored). In the use of the four pillars, it can be called a pioneering work.
This sudden "big roof" inadvertently unveiled the prelude to the development of a category in ancient furniture, which is the hidden bed tent shelf.
During the Warring States period, not only the bed was used, but also the bed tent was used, and the tent frame composed of four columns and the top of the bed was used. A tent is a shelf that supports an account. In addition to the noble role of the bed tent, it can also protect privacy, cold and warmth, and fly insects. The shelf of what later generations called the "shelf bed" existed entirely because of the account, as it has been since ancient times.
The account class is also commonly known as the account. Accounts generally refer to small accounts, and Liu Xi of the Eastern Han Dynasty "Release Names and Release Bed Accounts": "Accounts, Zhang Ye, Zhang Shi also on the bed." The small tent is called the bucket tent, and it is shaped like a bucket. "Small tents are used on the bed, and the top part is shaped like an inverted bucket, so it is called a bucket tent. The Western Han Dynasty's "Urgent Article" Yan Note said: "From top to bottom, the accounter, Zhang Ye." "Words covered from top to bottom called accounts. Wei Caozhi's "Shu Sorrowful Endowment" Yun: "Too much rest on the bed tent, Mu Er's relatives to increase the injury." "The small tent can be determined as the bed tent.
The tents are large tents, tents, and tents. The word 幄 from the scarf, the sound of the house, is shaped like a large tabernacle of houses. In the "Interpretation of the Name and Release of the Bed Tent", it is said: "Ya, yaya." It is given to it in a vessel, shaped like a house. "Wang Mang's Biography" Yun: "Weiyang Palace placed wine, and the inner order was Empress Fu Zhang, sitting next to empress dowager." (Book of Han, vol. 99, "The Biography of Wang Mang", Beijing, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1962, p. 4054.) ）
In both the big tent and the small tent, there are spires in the shape of "buckets" and "roofs".
Chengdu lacquered wooden tent bed is a hanging mountaintop, a two-sided sloped spire, which is a kind of "overburden" and "roof" tent frame, or an earlier one. After the restoration and restoration of various excavated tent shelves in the Warring States and Han Dynasties, it is common to see four-sided slope-type "Yudian Roof" (四阿鼎) and "Four Corners Holding Spire". The top of the hanging mountain, the top of the temple, and the four-corner spire are all "spire" style, which are the styles of ancient building roofs, which shows the connection between architecture and furniture at that time.
The tent frame is also known as the account structure, and the wooden pole is inserted with metal parts to complete the connection. Chengdu Ship Coffin Tomb Earth LacquerEd Wood Four-Poster Bed Tent Frame is made of all wood. At that time, there should still be such bed tents, but it was difficult to preserve all wood.
Before moving to the accounting materials unearthed by the Warring States and han Dynasties, you can more intuitively understand the Wooden Bed of Chengdu, although their morphology is not consistent.
A group of bronze tents excavated from the Gangxin Warring States Tomb in Changqing District, Jinan, is 2.64 meters long and 2 meters wide, and the top structure is a four-sided slope -- "roof of the temple", shaped like a bucket, which is the earliest account structure seen so far.
The first burial pit of the tomb of Marquis Yi of the Warring States of Hubei Province unearthed a "roof of the temple" tent frame, shaped like a bucket. "The restored K1 funeral pit has a curtain of nearly 10 meters wide, a depth of more than 4 meters, a height of nearly 3 meters, and a basically complete structure." (Zhang Changping, "Research on the Restoration of the Curtain of the No. 1 Funeral Pit of the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng", Archaeology, No. 4, 2019)
Warring States Marquis Zeng Yi Tomb No. 1 funeral pit curtain restoration map
(Zhang Changping, "Research on the Restoration of the Curtain of the No. 1 Funeral Pit of the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng", Archaeology, No. 4, 2019)
In the tomb of Liu Sheng, the King of Zhongshan Jing in Mancheng, Hebei Province, two tent structures were excavated, and after restoration, one was a four-a-roofed body, 2.5 meters long and 1.5 meters wide, and this account structure of more than 2 meters must be a bed tent frame. The other is a four-cornered spire whose wooden tent rack parts have decayed, and only the copper parts connecting the wooden tent rack are preserved.
Restoration of the four-A-style tent rack in the Tomb of mancheng Han in Hebei Province, Hebei Province
Restoration of the four-corner pointed tent frame in the Mancheng Han Tomb in Hebei Province
On the Eastern Han Mural in Xinmi, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, the top of the bed tent is the roof of the temple, and the shelf is covered with a tent. On the images unearthed by the Wei and Jin Dynasties, such pointed bed tents can always be seen.
Although the above various tent racks are the top of the temple and the four corners of the spire, they can help understand the two-sided slope roof tent rack of the ship coffin tomb on Chengdu Commercial Street.
Han Dynasty Bed Tent in the Mural of the Han Tomb in Xinmidahuting, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province (Line Drawing)
(Quoted from Sun Ji: "Furniture of the Han Dynasty", "Yan Heng's Time- A Treatise on Ancient Chinese Furniture", Museum of Heritage, Chinese University, Hong Kong)
The spire tent is called the "bucket tent", in addition to the flat-top tent, called the square maple, such as the square maple in the Eastern Han mural tomb in Zhucun, Luoyang City, the bed tent is flat roof, and the shelf is covered with a tent.
Eastern Han Dynasty Fang Feng in the mural tomb of Zhucun in Luoyang City
("Briefing on the Excavation of the Eastern Han Mural Tomb in Zhucun, Luoyang City", Cultural Relics, No. 12, 1992)
There are two forms of bed tent shelf placement, one is supported around the bed, which is more common. The other is used to support the bed on the tatami plate. In addition to the chengdu wooden bed, it can also be seen on the statue of the owner of the mural tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty Tomb in Anping, Hebei Province, the roof of the tent is the roof of the temple, there is a positive ridge and four vertical ridges, the top has slopes before and after the left and right, and there are screens outside the four columns, and the screen falls on the tatami plate.
Eastern Han Dynasty Hebei Anping Tomb Mural Tomb On the top tent of the temple on the statue of the owner of the tomb
Chengdu lacquered wooden tent bed combines four pillars with the top of the bed and the bed plate into a bed, through a long time, nearly 2,000 years, to the Ming Dynasty, the party ended in the form of a shelf bed. It may not be standard, it may not be fine, but its wide openness makes future generations of the same kind dim. It can be said that it is a distant precursor to the canonical four-poster shelf bed of the descendants.
◆Literature◆
In the Literature of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there are also some "bed" characters. The Book of Verses, Ghostly Wind, July, reads: "In October the cricket bee enters the bed." The Book of Verses, Xiaoya Sigan, says: "A man who is born, a bed for sleeping." Both poems are works of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
The Warring States "Book of Shangjun Painting Strategies" Yun: "It is the lord of man on the bed, listening to the sound of silk and bamboo, and ruling the world." The Warring States "Zhuangzi" said: "The same basket bed with the king." Eat the knife. During the Warring States period, in addition to the bed of the sleeping apparatus, there was also the function of the seat, that is, the "Sayings": "The One Who Sits Down".
The Warring States Policy records that Meng Yijun once offered an "ivory bed" to the King of Chu. "Warring States Policy Qi Ce": "Meng Yujun traveled to the country, to Chu, and offered the elephant bed." Bao Biao's note: "Elephant teeth are beds." ”
Finally, look at the follow-up.
When the "Warring States Three Beds" came, there was no preparation at all. A new page rewrites history, and it is overwhelming. But after they passed, the material of the bib bed and the tent bed broke for a long time, and the furniture history could not be expressed consistently again. The "three beds" of the former dragon have no pulse after the dragon, and this time the time is really a bit too long.
In various periods, whenever a certain type of instrument type development ring is broken, there is a gap in the main logical line, first of all, we must consider whether the archaeological excavations are missing? After the "Three Beds of the Warring States", the story of the wooden enclosure bed and the tent bed was silent for a long time, because no excavations were found. Chen Xingcan: "Not all history can leave traces, and the material remains that have left traces have become fragmented and vague after a long period of erosion; what is more fatal is that the work of archaeologists (including investigation and excavation) is fundamentally sampling, which determines that the description, interpretation and restoration of history are incomplete and incomplete. (Chen Xingcan, "Archaeological Excavation and Historical Restoration", Southern Cultural Relics, No. 3, 2006). In addition to sampling fate, wooden furniture is more difficult to preserve, the fate of fate.
There are too many accidental and lucky components in the excavations, but fortunately, there are more lucky excavations in the Warring States period. Then there are many things, mostly in the south, relying on the protection of water and soil.