The innovation and transcendence of Minoru Gakuya in the history of education

Pu Yao Xue Palace

The Minoru Gakuen Palace is by no means a return of official studies in history, but an innovation in the inheritance and rebirth in the midst of change: to combine official and private studies, to let the official studies go out of the official palace and become a university in society; to change the "integration of politics and religion" into a combination of politics and religion, which enhances the connotation of the university's service to the country's politics; the exchange, development, innovation, and breakthrough of Minoru scholarship, and the continuous growth and emergence of philosophical masters, so that it truly has the essential attributes of what later generations call "the so-called university, not only has a building, but also has a master's name".

Minoru Gakugu is an ideological and cultural center integrating academics, politics, and education.

For a long time, the academic community has attached great importance to the discussion and excavation of its academic contributions and status, from the 1930s Qian Mu in his famous work "The Year of the Sons of the Pre-Qin Dynasty", a separate list of "Jixia Tongkao", the first sentence is Yun: "Those who support the warring states scholarship and make Zhen prosperous and prosperous, first recommend Wei Wen, followed by Qi Zhixia." ”

Subsequent research on the academic activities of Minoru, especially the study of its position and contribution in the controversy of the Hundred Schools of Thought, has attracted widespread attention from the academic circles, and after long-term research, consensus has been reached in many aspects, such as: the Belief that the Minoru Academy was the ideological and cultural center of the Warring States period; it was the main position of the Controversy of the Hundred Schools of Thought; its inclusive, independent and free academic spirit was a precious cultural heritage of China and even the world.

Jixia was designed for the political needs of the rulers of the State of Qi, and scholars of the past have long discussed and paid attention to its political nature. For example, in the "New Order: Miscellaneous Matters", it is said: "Mr. Minoru likes to discuss political affairs. The Biography of Xun Qing of Mencius records that "since Zou Yan and Mr. Qi Zhijixia ... How can the books and books that govern chaos be victorious over the lord of the world? However, the discussion of the nature of Education in Minoru and its contribution and status in the history of education in China is weak, lacking both in-depth and divergent.

For example, Guo Moruo, who had a great influence in the history of Jixia research, said in "Criticism of the Huanglao School under Jixia": "The State of Qi in the Wei and Xuan dynasties, and inheriting the customs of the late Spring and Autumn Period, once became the center of the gathering of scholars for a time, and the grand situation of the Zhou and Qin sons formed a peak here. He added: "The setting of this Jixia school is really of epoch-making significance in the history of Chinese culture, and it seems to be the nature of a research institute, which is different from the general order school." ”

Here, Guo Lao fully affirmed the position of the Minoru Gakugu in the Warring States Hundred Schools of Thought and the history of Chinese culture, while actually questioning the nature of Minoru's education.

A re-understanding of the nature of education in Minoru Gakuen

The author has looked at more monographs and papers on the history of Education in China since the founding of the People's Republic of China, and there are very few books on the history of education, and even some educational history works do not mention the Minoru Palace.

In the past thirty years, the research of the Minoru Gakugu has achieved fruitful results, and everyone has gradually paid attention to the contribution of the Minoru Gakugu to the history of education, but even in the study of education in the Warring States period, the research and discussion of the Minoru Gakugu is still weak and is not commensurate with its status.

It seems that in order to explore the position of the Minoru Gakuen in the history of Chinese education, it is first necessary to explore the educational function of the Minoru Gakuen In depth. That is, the identification of the main body of the social and historical function of the Palace of Learning as a university hall? Or the Institute or the Political Senate? If it is a university hall, what significance and contribution does it have compared with the great pioneering work of Confucius to set up private schools more than a hundred years before the end of the world? This is the main question that this article will explore.

In terms of its main social function, the Minoru Gakuen Palace is consistent with the understanding of what later generations called the "Xuegong", that is, it is mainly an educational institution, it is the earliest higher education university hall in the history of Chinese education; it is in the cultural background of corporal Lixian in the Warring States period, the style of raising scholars is directed to the great educational innovation of the government-run university.

From the perspective of the development of China's education history, it inherits and innovates the traditional official education, and like Confucius's private school, it is an unprecedented great initiative. Compared with Confucius's private learning, it not only inherits and develops Confucius's educational ideas, spirits, methods, and even systems and rules, but also achieves innovation and transcendence in many aspects.

The Minoru Gakuen Palace was built into the earliest university in the history of Chinese education, and closely integrated with academic research innovation and service to political reality, becoming the earliest prototype university in later generations.

It should be admitted that the purpose of the Tian Qi rulers in founding the Minoru Academy was not to run a large-scale education, or even to promote academic development. Its intention is just as it is said in the "Chronicle of Mencius XunQing" that "the guests of the princes of the world can be seen in unison," and it is a political need.

However, the historical process and social efficiency of Minoru's development have made it actually a veritable university hall with educational functions as the main body, integrating the cultivation of talents, academic research controversy, and service to realpolitik. It is said that it is based on the educational function, mainly from the following aspects:

a) have the basic elements and conditions of the university

1.1 With a large school building and superior infrastructure. The Chronicle of Mencius Xunqing says that the Xuegong "opened the Qu of the First Kangzhuang, the Great House of the High Gate, and the Honored One". Although the records are brief, they reveal a lot of information: First, the Xuegong has been carefully selected. The "Ten Years of Zuo Chuan Zhaogong" records: "In May Gengchen, he fought in Jiji, Luan and Gao were defeated, and Zhuzhuang was defeated. Du pre-note: "稷, place name, the Six Kingdoms period Qi has a minorukan." Zhuang, the way of the six tracks. "Shi Gong" Yun: "Liu Da is called the Zhuang." The "History and Ji Xie" quotes Liu Xiang to the "Beilu" Yun: "Qi has a Ji Gate, the city gate is also, and the people who talk about it will meet in Ji Xia Ye." ”

It can be seen that the Xuegong was built on the widest avenue in the capital city that leads directly to Jimen. The second is a large-scale and palatial school building complex. Although the description of the "High Gate House" is simple, it has shown the grandeur of the building; Sima Guang's "Jixia Fu" describes it as: "Zhu JuGuan, Linkang Qu ... The high gate is crossed, the summer house has a long eaves, the bottle is clear and clean, and the staff is clean. "The luxury of its facilities.

1.2 There are many teachers and students teaching and learning in the middle. The "History of Tian Jingzhong's Completed Family" records that when King Qi Xuan was in full swing, "Qi Ji was reinstated under the rank of scholar, and hundreds of thousands of people"; Mencius, who had been in the third place and lasted for nearly twenty years, "tens of cars after the car, hundreds of followers" when he traveled around the world ( "Mencius Teng Wen Gongxia"); in the Warring States Strategy Qi Ce, the Qi people called Tian Biao "Mr. Set as an eunuch, raised a thousand bells, and a hundred disciples"; and after the death of the predecessor scholar Chun Yu, "three thousand disciples declined" (Taiping Huanyu Chronicle, vol. 19).

It can be seen from this that there are many scholars and apprentices of various schools, and the number of teachers and students in the palace of learning is large. So many teachers and students gathered together to give lectures, discuss, and discuss, and the pomp and circumstance is conceivable. The Xuegong also held regular large-scale academic debates, and Liu Xiang's "Beilu" recorded that "the people who talk about the discussion will meet in The Jixiaye", and the people who talk about the people show that the participants are wide and not limited to the scope of the school.

1.3 There are certain management systems and rules and regulations. Although, due to the lack of historical data, it is difficult for us to systematically describe the management of the Xuegong, Xun Qing once "three for the sake of wine" in Jixia, indicating that the Xuegong not only has a principal in charge, but also, since it is "three for", it means that it has served three terms, which proves that the Jixia Xuegong has a system of regular appointments or selections. The above-quoted phrase "the meeting of the speakers will be held in Minoruya" not only shows that there is a provision for regular gatherings, but also shows that the management is orderly.

According to the examination of Guo Moruo and other scholars, it is believed that the "Guan Zi Disciple Position" is the student code of the Minoru Academy, which includes specific and strict regulations from eating and living to clothing and clothing, from classroom discipline to after-class review, from respecting teachers to moral cultivation, which can be regarded as a relatively complete set of student management systems.

This has been called "the first relatively complete student code in the history of Chinese education, and it has become a model for later generations of official schools, private schools, and academies to formulate rules and regulations." From this, it can be imagined that the Minoru Academy Palace should have a relatively complete set of teaching management systems, but due to the long history and the destruction of the Qin Fire, it is difficult for us to see the whole picture today.

2) Trinity, mainly learning

Minoru Gakuen Palace exhibits multiple functions of scholarship, politics, and education. However, it is not difficult to understand that education and teaching should be the mainstream of its activities and the main body of its social nature. Imagine that the masters of various schools led the disciples to come, a few dozen people, a large number of hundreds, in this palace of thousands of people, the disciples are the vastst group, and it is difficult to imagine if the educational activities are not the main body.

After thousands of years of exploration, we can see from the limited literature that the Minoru Gakuen Ishigata Isletaka, mainly a large number of academic relics left by its scholars, words and deeds involved in political activities and academic controversies, deeds and stories, and there is a relative lack of information to record the deeds of teaching and educating people, but this does not negate the fact that the nature of Minoru is mainly "Xuegong" and is an institution that gives full play to its educational function.

Here, we would like to make special mention of Liu Xiang's views on the nature of the Jixia Xuegong. Liu Xiang was the greatest philologist of ancient book collation after Confucius, and he was ordered by Emperor Cheng of Han to lead the Confucians to conduct a large-scale collation of ancient books from the pre-Qin to the Western Han Dynasty in the Central Library of the Han Dynasty, which was a great contribution to the inheritance of Chinese civilization. Liu Xiang led the school group of books, and was also specifically responsible for the main school of zhuzi, sutra transmission, and poetry endowment, so the investigation and study of the hundred works and deeds of the warring states of the sons was particularly in-depth and refined.

It can be said that Liu Xiang was the person who had done the most comprehensive investigation and study of the Jixia Xuegong and the Hundred Sons of the Warring States, and he made a very clear statement on the nature of the Jixia Xuegong in the "Beilu" written for the purpose of "distinguishing the academic chapters and examining the source of the mirror": "Qi has a Ji Gate, and the City of Qi is also ximen." There is a school outside, that is, the Qi XuanWang Lixue Institute. Therefore, it is called the study of Minoru. (Taiping Huanyu Ji, vol. XVIII) Judging from the educational factors of the Xuegong, there is no doubt that Liu Xiang's opinion is correct.

3) Characteristics of running schools, mainly study tours

Compared with the traditional official and private schools, the Minoru Gakuen Palace does have its own peculiarities, which are mainly manifested in: it is mainly based on study tours and open schools.

The so-called study tour, in terms of its connotation, mainly includes two aspects: students can freely come to Jixia to seek teachers to study, and teachers can freely enroll and lecture in Jixia, that is, full freedom in teaching and learning is allowed. Like Xunzi, he could "come to study at the beginning of the fifteenth year" ("History of Mencius Xunqing Lie") and study alone; he could also "ride dozens of cars and follow hundreds of followers" like Mencius, that is, bring many students and disciples to study with him.

Of course, people like Chun Yu Jie, Tian Biao, and Mencius and Xunzi after arriving in The Palace of Learning recruited apprentices and carried out teaching activities.

The so-called open schools are mainly manifested in: First, each school of thought, those who come do not refuse. Regardless of position, regardless of likes and dislikes, regardless of origin, those who wish to come are welcome; the second is to come and go freely, without barriers. With a broad mind, courtesy corporal; with an open mind, management of the palace of learning.

These characteristics are certainly related to the atmosphere of the times of courtesy and respect for intellectuals in the Warring States period, and are also innovative in concept and management when the Ruler of Tian Qi founded the Minoru Gakugu.

How to understand the relationship between academia, politics and education as the main body? The author believes that the triple function is organically and harmoniously unified in a whole.

First, serving politics is its pedagogical purpose. In such an era of rapid political changes and extremely fierce disputes among nations, its political function was realized by cultivating a large number of talents for the rulers with the educational practice and academic activities of scholars of various factions as the main body; and its academic function, which had a clear political purpose, was also directly related to the teaching practice activities, the inheritance and development of ideas, and the teaching and discussion exchanges between the various factions; and finally made the Minoru Gakuen Palace a higher education university hall with both academic discussion and controversy and service functions for realpolitik.

Minoru Gakumiya's inheritance and innovation of official learning

The Minoru Gakugu Is an official university hall created by the Tian Qi regime during the Warring States period, tracing back to its roots, which should be the inheritance of the official education system since the Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties, but it is also an innovation and rebirth after the drastic changes in the social system and the collapse of the original official school system.

In the history of Chinese education, the establishment of official schools is very early. In the relevant literature and legends, there was a school in the prehistoric Five Emperors period. A large number of documentary records prove that the official learning of the Xia, Shang, and Three Dynasties was developed, as recorded in the Mencius Teng Wen Gongshang: "Xia Yue School, Yin Yue Order, Zhou Yue Ku, and Xue Ze were all three generations together, so they were all Ming Ren Ren Ye." ”

The name "university" also appeared early. Zheng Xuan's note "Li Ji Wen Wang Shizi" quotes Dong Zhongshu as saying: "The Five Emperors Famous University is known as Chengjun. And at the latest in the Shang Dynasty, there is the setting and title of the "university". The "Li Ji Ming Tang Position" has "Yin people set up right school as a university, left school as primary school"; and the name of "university" and a description of the activities that cause divine blessings in it are found in the oracle bones; combined with the record in the "Book of Rites and Kings" that "Yin people raise the country to be old in right learning, and raise old people to left learning", the so-called university of the Shang Dynasty was actually a place for cultivating the children of nobles to practice etiquette, shooting and moral education, and it was also a place to respect the elderly and pray for the gods.

During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the official system inherited the Shang system, but it was more complete and more complete than in the Yin Shang period, and there were tianzi and princes, and the universities set up by tianzi already had five or four schools in the east, west, south, north, and middle schools, and there were more subjects.

The Dai Li Ji Bao Fu records that: "When the emperor entered the Taixue, the master asked, retired from the school and served the Taifu, and the Taifu punished him for not being able to reach him, then the virtue and wisdom were long and the reason was complete!" It can be seen that the university is not only a place for Tianzi to study by himself, but also a place for receiving teachers and asking questions, and a place for cultivating high-end talents and upper-class rulers.

Synthesizing the education of the Xia, Shang, and Wednesday dynasties, we can summarize as follows: First, the education of the three generations was mainly official learning, organized by the government, the integration of politics and religion, the purpose of teaching was to serve the rulers, and the enrollment and training objects were all for the nobility. Second, by the latest in the Shang and Zhou periods, there were already universities and primary schools, and the subjects were complete and the requirements were high. But it is mainly to cultivate upper rulers, and even mainly the heavenly sons and princes to learn and ask. Third, the functions of universities are diverse. It is not only a place of teaching, but also a place for political and religious activities and martial arts training, as well as a place for respecting the elderly, inheriting morality, and teaching life experience. It has many functions, and it is not yet a university in the later sense.

"After the Spring and Autumn Period, the etiquette collapsed and broke the 'learning in the official palace', knowledge moved downward, private learning rose, and official learning was not prosperous. In the world of the Warring States, the seven major countries competed for supremacy, although the competition for talents was unprecedentedly high, but the situation was changing, wars were still frequent, and no princely state had such a study and recruitment of talents as the State of Qi.

As recorded in the "Wenxin Carved Dragon Chronology": "After the Spring and Autumn Period, the hero of the horn war, the six mud crabs, and the hundred families are terrified." Fang is Shiye, Han Wei Lizheng, Yan Zhao Renquan, Five Beetles and Six Lice, strict than Qin Ling. Only Qi and Chu two countries, quite literary... Therefore, the grass stirs up its fresh wind, and the Lanling is lush and vulgar. The literature records that good literary customs arose in the land of Lanling, but there was no deed of establishing a traditional Chinese culture.

Judging from the available data, in the more than five hundred years of the Spring and Autumn Warring States period, no princely state has ever built a university as vigorously as the State of Qi, and the establishment of the Minoru Xuegong itself is an unprecedented initiative.

The connection and comparison between the Minoru Gakuen Palace and the government-run universities of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties has inherited and developed the historical "university" system.

First, the title of The Temple of Learning is the continuation of the name of the university during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. According to the Western Zhou "Jinggui" inscription collected by Mr. Yang Shuda's "Jiwei Ju Jin Wen Shu", which contains the words "Ding Jiao, Wang Ling Jingsi Shooting, Xuegong Boy Qiufu", it can be seen that during the Western Zhou Dynasty, the school was called "Xuegong".

Second, during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, universities were a combination of politics and religion, with no distinction between officials and teachers. In other words, those who are teachers are officials, and most of the teachers in universities are also important ministers of the state. For example, the teacher of King Chengwang of Zhou when he was young in the Book of Dai Li and Bao Fu was the founding triad: "Summoning the Duke as Taibao, the Duke of Zhou as Taifu, and the Taigong as Taishi." Protect, protect his body; Fu, Fu's virtue; Teacher, the teachings of the Tao, and the office of these three dukes. So in order to put three less, all on the doctor also. Inheriting the historical tradition, the Jixia Xuegong combined administration with religion, and not only set up the Xuegong for political needs, but also the history book Xu Gan's "Treatise on the Middle": "The Duke of Qi Huan (Noon) established the palace under the Jixia, set up the name of a doctor, and attracted the honor of the sages." "It shows that at the beginning of the establishment of the Xuegong, the combination of official and teacher was implemented.

Third, in the creation of the Minoru Gakuen Palace, it has also inherited the social function of the university that is mainly based on teaching and diversified. These have enabled minoru Gakuen to inherit both history and adapt to reality in terms of social nature, which has greatly enhanced its profound historical connotation.

However, the Minoru Gakuen is by no means a return to the history of official learning, but an innovation in the inheritance and rebirth in the midst of change. This makes the state-run university truly have national significance. This revolutionary innovation is most prominently reflected in the following three aspects:

1) The combination of official and private studies enables official studies to go beyond the official palace and become a university in society

The official studies in history are actually the studies set up within the court and the official palace, and the so-called "learning in the official palace" has not gone out of the scope of the aristocratic government, taking the officials as teachers and the children of the officials as a living. The so-called university is mainly distinguished by the seniority of teachers and students, the level of political status, etc., and it is not a university in the real sense later.

The great thing about Confucius's establishment of private schools is that the school has run the society, and knowledge has gone to the lower level.

The establishment of official studies by the power of the state is to subvert the nature of the official school office in the official government, only to serve the official government, absorb and inherit the essential attributes of private learning, face the whole society, hire scholars from all over the world to teach in the minoru palace, recruit students from all over the world to study here, and truly run the Minoru School Palace into a state-run university in the national sense, including all the people, which in terms of system, opened a precedent for the state to run universities in later generations.

2) Changing the "integration of politics and religion" into a combination of politics and religion has enhanced the connotation of the university's service to national politics from a higher level

In history, official learning took officials as teachers and officials and teachers did not distinguish between officials and teachers, in order to cultivate the children of nobles to achieve the unity of politics and religion. The innovation of the Minoru Gakuen Palace is mainly reflected in the purpose of serving the politics of the State of Qi, which is mainly manifested as:

First, using the Xuegong as a platform to attract talents from all over the world to gather in the university, making it the most important governing think tank and political senate for the rulers of the State of Qi.

Second, by appointing famous scholars from the Xuegong as high-ranking officials and taking them in generous manners, they have realized the combination of officials and teachers; at the same time, scholars have not had to deal with specific government affairs corresponding to official positions, the so-called "discussion without ruling the country," which provides an excellent platform and convenient conditions for scholars to participate in and discuss politics, and realizes the combination of politics and religion at a higher level.

Third, on the premise of respecting intellectuals, respecting the laws of running schools, and not interfering in the management affairs of the palace, the combination of education and political services should be realized by allowing scholars to manage the palace independently.

This metamorphosis from the unity of the church and state to the seeming "separation" of church and state has elevated the political service of intellectuals to a new realm with an independent, autonomous, free, and equal political ecological environment, and Mr. Minoru's extraordinary realm of not considering personal gains and losses and often fighting for oneself in his activities of advising the Qi rulers, sending envoys, and relieving difficulties is related to this measure.

3) The academic exchanges and controversies of the Minoru Gakuen Palace, the development and innovation of ideology and culture, and the continuous growth and emergence of philosophical masters have made them truly have the essential attributes of what later generations call "the so-called university, not only has a building, but also a master"

This is not only something that the universities of the Xia and Shang dynasties never had, but also a scene that the officials and private scholars of the same era did not have in the official schools of the same era, and even in China's two-thousand-year feudal society.

It is the close integration of education and academia, and it is the close integration of education, scholarship and service to reality that not only improves the level and quality of talent training, but also makes university education have a supreme position in the national political system, social development and even human growth.

With the continuous development and progress of human society, people have become more and more aware of the indispensability of the attributes of university education, and this, which was realized and achieved great success in the Minoru Gakuen two thousand years ago, cannot but be said to be a miracle.

The development and transcendence of Confucius's private learning

Confucius's establishment of private schools is an unprecedented innovation in the history of Chinese education, and it is also one of Confucius's greatest contributions to Chinese civilization. He not only brought education out of the government, knowledge to the lower level, and opened a new era in the development of Chinese civilization; moreover, he and his students jointly sorted out the literature and ancient books of the past three generations, and with the help of the power of education, these classic documents were passed on and disseminated, although through the Qin fire, they failed to be eliminated, and contributed to the inheritance and development of The five thousand years of Chinese civilization to the greatest and greatest; Confucius summed up, developed, and innovated the ideological culture of the past three generations, founded the Confucian school, and also relied on the power of private education and three thousand disciples and their later studies to carry it forward In the end, it became the backbone of the Chinese nation's ideology and culture.

Compared with confucius's private schools, they are unprecedented innovations in the history of Chinese education, in the new situation of the Warring States era, the Jixia Xuegong inherits and develops the essential attributes and many advantages of Confucius's private studies in the form of state-run official studies, and backed by national strength, from the aspects of school running system, teaching form, educational connotation, etc., innovates and surpasses the private education since Confucius, and actively influences and guides the development direction of private studies in the Warring States. This kind of innovation and transcendence is at least reflected in the following aspects.

1) A loose private learning group that transforms the teaching of one person into a university where masters gather and are taught by all

Confucius private learning, a large number of people, from the available information:

First, from the existing literature and archaeological exploration, there is no site of Confucius's school. Its teaching is basically insidious, and its internal organization and management are relatively loose, not like the schools of later generations, but more like the nature of lectures and lecture halls. Therefore, in Qufu, the hometown of Confucius, we must look for the place where Confucius taught in that year, and the traditional interpretation is "apricot altar". This is a high artificial platform, which is convenient for Confucius to be high and far away when he lectures.

Second, all of them are students of Confucius, and all students are listening to Confucius's lectures and preaching the way of Confucius alone. Confucius "has three thousand disciples, and two of the seventy masters who are proficient in the six arts" ("History of confucius"), and he himself called "seven of the seventy disciples who have received the karmic body" ("Shi ji Zhongni disciples listed biography").

It seems that although there are many students, there are also large differences in academic level, and a very good backbone group with seventy sons as the main body has been formed, but there is no hierarchical teaching system within it, and the teacher is only Confucius. Therefore, when Confucius died, the disciples "lost their hearts for three years and went away" ("History of Confucius's Family") and scattered among the princes.

Compared with Confucius's private school, the Minoru Gakuen Palace has a fixed school building. Judging from the records of the "High Gate House" in the "Historical Records", it should be a large-scale building complex that can accommodate hundreds of thousands of people at the same time, which is not available in the previous official studies, and it is also incomparable to Confucius's private studies.

At the same time, many masters were hired to teach from the subordinates, and there were many teachers. The "History of Tian Jingzhong's Complete Family" says: "Xuanwang Xi literary lobbyists, such as Zou Yan, Receiving, Prudent, huanyuan disciples, seventy-six people, all gave the first to be the first doctor, and discussed it when they were not cured." ”

It can be seen that at least seventy academic masters who have given a high political status are simultaneously teaching and lecturing at the Jixia Xuegong, and the unprecedented building and the unprecedented mastership are not possessed by the previous official studies, and cannot be compared with the private studies since Confucius.

2) Change the ideological inheritance of one family's learning into the exchange, controversy and development dissemination of a hundred schools of learning

This is again the innovation and transcendence of Private Learning since Confucius.

Confucius Private Learning, also known as the Confucian Education Group. Under the teachings of Confucius and the transmission of Confucius thought, from the perspective of "Confucianism divided into eight" after Confucius's death, his disciples and their descendants also produced different teaching systems, debates of different views, and even the emergence of new trends of thought, but the changes did not depart from his sect, and the ideas did not go beyond the scope of Confucian teaching. Among the disciples and later scholars, there are also rebels or opponents of mainstream ideas, but the party is different, and they will be expelled or will take the initiative to leave this private group.

Mo Ziben,"The Cause of The Confucian Scholar, Influenced by the Art of Confucius" (Huainan Zi: Essentials), later became a fierce reactionary of Confucianism; Zou Yan also split off from the Confucians and founded the Yin-Yang Five Elements School. With the broad and imposing mind of the Sea and Hundred Rivers, the Minoru Gakuen Palace accommodates all the sons and hundreds of schools, and welcomes scholars from different sects to come to the Minoru Gakuen Palace for a long time to live and teach apprentices, which provides an excellent opportunity for each school to communicate, argue, absorb, and develop.

This was something that Confucius could not achieve, and it was difficult for all factions of the Warring States to do private learning, and it was precisely this that not only laid the foundation for the status of Minoru in China's academic history, but also enabled the Minoru Palace to set an example and lay the foundation for the development of the connotation of the university in the true sense later.

3) In terms of educational connotation, Confucius's private studies are mainly based on teaching historical knowledge and moral indoctrination, while focusing on studying reality, discussing political affairs, and facing the future

This is a major breakthrough and transcendence of the learning of Confucius in the connotation of education and running schools. The content of Confucius teaching has three main aspects:

First, "as a teacher, he considered his first task to explain the cultural heritage of antiquity to young students", so the main teaching material was the ancient texts he collated, namely: poems, books, rites, music, yi, spring and autumn, and the Six Classics.

Second, the transmission of knowledge is mainly the "six arts" taught by officials since ancient times: etiquette, music, archery, imperial court, books, and numbers.

Third, the so-called "Son's Four Teachings: Literature, Conduct, Loyalty, and Faith" (Analects of Shuer), "even in the political field, he only claims to be an enthusiastic researcher of ancient systems and a disseminator of knowledge of the past." It can be seen that cultural heritage, traditional knowledge and moral education are the mainstays.

Minoru Gakumiya has achieved a major breakthrough in the transformation from history education to serving reality. Limited by the lack of information, we cannot specifically examine the content of the teaching materials and the teaching system of the Minoru Gakuen Palace, and even, because it is a collection of scholars from various schools and a system of its own, there will be no unified teaching materials. However, from the many characteristics of minoru's learning, we can still roughly sort out the general connotation of its teaching:

First, "Mr. Minoru likes to discuss political affairs" ("New Order, Miscellaneous Affairs")," and "each book talks about the affairs of chaos, in order to dry the world" ("History of Mencius Xunqing Column Biography"), indicating that realpolitik is one of its main teaching connotations.

Second, judging from Mencius's more than twenty years in Jixia, he had the ambition to "gain the talents of the world and educate him" (Mencius, "Dedication to the Heart"), and his "way of governing Confucianism, through the Five Classics, especially long in the Poems and Books", historical documents or historical knowledge should also be one of the teaching contents of The Study of Jixia, at least of certain schools.

Third, there are many schools of thought under The Jixia, such as the Yin and Yang Five Elements, the Famous Masters, and the Peasants, etc. From Zou Yan's "Great Kyushu" theory, the "Five Virtues And the Beginning" theory, and the peasants' emphasis on agricultural time and agricultural affairs, in the study of Jixia, the knowledge of natural sciences such as geography and agriculture should also be one of the teaching contents.

This makes the connotation of The Study of Jixia greatly break through the limitations of the original official science and Confucius private learning, and become the earliest paradigm template for university education in the true sense of future generations.

4) Minoru realized the transformation and development of the private education system since Confucius: from individual private education to a higher education entity of the nature of a private education consortium

Especially in the Warring States period, with the emergence of the Hundred Schools of Thought of the Sons, private education and the development of schools were closely integrated, and schools, even different views, actually became the invisible barriers of private studies.

The ruler of Tian Qi founded the Minoru Academy, breaking the boundaries between the schools in education and teaching, and the various factions had equal status and were compatible with each other, and from the inside, it was a place where the private schools of each school lived, while from the outside, it was a whole university hall. An entity that is internally full of educational, academic, and political vitality.

This is where the infinite vitality and vitality of Minoru lies, as well as its great influence and contribution in China and even the world.